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Samshuri MÁ, Borkhanuddin MH. Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952 and Myxobolus selari n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting brain of commercial fishes in Terengganu, Malaysia. Syst Parasitol 2024; 101:39. [PMID: 38733439 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-024-10162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Myxosporean infection in marine water fishes has drawn less attention than in freshwater fishes, which resulted in a higher taxonomic variety in freshwater in Malaysia. This study aimed to address the gap by conducting a myxosporean survey on two commercially significant marine fish species, Nemipterus furcosus (Valenciennes) (Eupercaria incertae sedis: Nemipteridae) and Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch) (Carangiformes: Carangidae), collected from the northeastern part of peninsular Malaysia. During the examination of the organs, two distinct Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 species were discovered in the brain tissue of these fishes, despite the absence of any observable pathological signs. The two Myxobolus species were characterized through morphometry, morphology, and analysis of partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rDNA) gene. As a result, Myxobolus acanthogobii Hoshina, 1952, which infects 2.3% of N. furcosus, is synonymous with a myxobolid species commonly found in Japanese waters, based on its morphological traits, tissue tropism, and molecular diagnostics. Furthermore, a novel species, Myxobolus selari n. sp., was described, infecting the brain of one (11%) individual S. crumenophthalmus. This unique species displayed distinctive features, placing it within a well-supported subclade primarily comprising brain-infecting myxobolids. Maximum likelihood analysis further revealed the close relationships among these brain-infecting myxobolids, underscoring the significance of tissue tropism and host taxonomy for myxobolids. This study represents the initial documentation of Myxobolus species within the southern South China Sea, shedding light on the potential diversity of marine myxosporean in this region. This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7C400E35-7CB8-4DEE-92B7-F75FF3926441.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Árif Samshuri
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Borkhanuddin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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Sandberg TOM, Yahalomi D, Bracha N, Haddas-Sasson M, Pupko T, Atkinson SD, Bartholomew JL, Zhang JY, Huchon D. Evolution of myxozoan mitochondrial genomes: insights from myxobolids. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:388. [PMID: 38649808 PMCID: PMC11034133 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myxozoa is a class of cnidarian parasites that encompasses over 2,400 species. Phylogenetic relationships among myxozoans remain highly debated, owing to both a lack of informative morphological characters and a shortage of molecular markers. Mitochondrial (mt) genomes are a common marker in phylogeny and biogeography. However, only five complete myxozoan mt genomes have been sequenced: four belonging to two closely related genera, Enteromyxum and Kudoa, and one from the genus Myxobolus. Interestingly, while cytochrome oxidase genes could be identified in Enteromyxum and Kudoa, no such genes were found in Myxobolus squamalis, and another member of the Myxobolidae (Henneguya salminicola) was found to have lost its entire mt genome. To evaluate the utility of mt genomes to reconstruct myxozoan relationships and to understand if the loss of cytochrome oxidase genes is a characteristic of myxobolids, we sequenced the mt genome of five myxozoans (Myxobolus wulii, M. honghuensis, M. shantungensis, Thelohanellus kitauei and, Sphaeromyxa zaharoni) using Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. RESULTS Unlike Enteromyxum, which possesses a partitioned mt genome, the five mt genomes were encoded on single circular chromosomes. An mt plasmid was found in M. wulii, as described previously in Kudoa iwatai. In all new myxozoan genomes, five protein-coding genes (cob, cox1, cox2, nad1, and nad5) and two rRNAs (rnl and rns) were recognized, but no tRNA. We found that Myxobolus and Thelohanellus species shared unidentified reading frames, supporting the view that these mt open reading frames are functional. Our phylogenetic reconstructions based on the five conserved mt genes agree with previously published trees based on the 18S rRNA gene. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the loss of cytochrome oxidase genes is not a characteristic of all myxobolids, the ancestral myxozoan mt genome was likely encoded on a single circular chromosome, and mt plasmids exist in a few lineages. Our findings indicate that myxozoan mt sequences are poor markers for reconstructing myxozoan phylogenetic relationships because of their fast-evolutionary rates and the abundance of repeated elements, which complicates assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dayana Yahalomi
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Bracha
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Haddas-Sasson
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Pupko
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 97331, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 97331, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jin Yong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dorothée Huchon
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History and National Research Center, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Colunga-Ramírez G, Suhaimi NS, Cech G, Molnár K, Székely C, Sellyei B. Morphological and molecular characterisation of two closely related species: Myxobolus tihanyensis n. sp. and Myxobolus sandrae Reuss, 1906. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100909. [PMID: 38371736 PMCID: PMC10873720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Based on spore morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, we describe a new Myxobolus species, Myxobolus tihanyensis n. sp., parasitizing the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lake Balaton in Hungary. The brownish plasmodia were found in various locations of the body, mainly in the muscle adjacent with fins and vertebrae. The spores were ovoid, and measured 9.84 ± 0.38 μm in length, 7.69 ± 0.23 μm in width, and 5.35 ± 0.21 μm in thickness, with 8-10 sutural (edge) markings. The polar capsules were mostly equal in size, with 4.91 ± 0.39 μm in length and 2.27 ± 0.24 μm in width. The polar tubule length is 38.15 μm ± 2.70, and coiled 6-7 times. In particular, these morphological data overlap with those of Myxobolus sandrae Reuss1906 infecting the European perch (Perca fluviatilis), the pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), and the Volga pikeperch (Sander volgensis) according to previous descriptions and the taxonomic data here described. However, the phylogenetic analyses separate the two species as sister clades with 16.8% genetic distance. This study has demonstrated that the two species of Myxobolus exhibit phenotypic similarity while displaying significant genetic divergence. Therefore, the importance of including molecular data in the taxonomic description of myxozoans is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Colunga-Ramírez
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nadhirah Syafiqah Suhaimi
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Animal Biotechnology and Animal Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gábor Cech
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Székely
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Sellyei
- HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Budapest, Hungary
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Alejandra Rossin M, Cantatore DMP, Lisnerova M, Taglioretti V, Sibylle Holzer A. Henneguya (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) species infecting Oligosarcus jenynsii (Characiformes: Characidae) in a Neotropical shallow lake from Argentina: morphological and molecular characterisation. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2024; 71:2024.005. [PMID: 38526292 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2024.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Two previously undescribed myxozoan species, Henneguya sardellae sp. n. and H. margaritae sp. n., found infecting connective tissues of the Neotropical characid fish Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther) from Argentina are morphologically and molecularly characterised. Mature spores of H. sardellae sp. n. are ellipsoid, with two, straight and visibly fused caudal appendages cleaved at its blunt terminal end; measuring 33.5 ± 1.2 (30.9-35.5) μm in total length, spore body 17.5 ± 0.6 (16.3-18.6) µm, 7.8 ± 0.4 (7.0-8.8) µm wide and 6.9 ± 0.2 (6.6-7.2) µm thick, with two elongated, unequally-sized polar capsules situated at anterior end, and 11-13 turns of polar tubules. Mature spores of H. margaritae sp. n. are pyriform, with two caudal appendages visible fused together and much longer than spore body, with unequal endings; measuring 35.9 ± 2.8 (29.2-40.7) µm in total length, spore body 11.5 ± 0.9 (9.2-13.0) µm long, 5.8 ± 0.4 (5.1-6.7) µm wide and 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.1-5.8) µm thick, with two polar capsules similar in size, pyriform polar capsules containing polar tubules with 4-5 coils. Both species showed a membraneous sheath surrounding the spore body and caudal appendages; in H. sardellae sp. n. this feature can deploy laterally. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences showed that H. sardellae sp. n. and H. margaritae sp. n. clustered with other myxobolids parasitising Characiformes in Brazil, Cichliformes in Mexico and Cyprinodontiformes in Mexico and the United States. The description of these two new species of Henneguya as the first described species of the genus that parasitise freshwater fish in Argentina highlights the importance of further research on the diversity and distribution of myxozoans in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alejandra Rossin
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Delfina Maria Paula Cantatore
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Martina Lisnerova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronica Taglioretti
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Astrid Sibylle Holzer
- Fish Health Division, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria *Maria Alejandra Rossin and Delfina Maria Paula Cantatore contributed equally to this work. Address for correspondence: Cantatore D.M.P. Laboratorio de Ictioparasitologia, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP). Dean Funes 3350, B7602AYL, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina. E-mail: ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2839-8319
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Zhang J, Wang M, Tan L, Zhao Y. Myxobolus xiushanensis n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the gill arches of Yellowhead Catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco from China. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2023; 35:211-222. [PMID: 37771251 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Myxosporidiosis of bagrid fishes has been a focus of aquaculture research in recent years. The purpose of this study is to characterize a novel myxobolid, named Myxobolus xiushanensis n. sp., infecting Yellowhead Catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco in China. METHODS We used molecular biology, morphology, phylogeny, and histopathology in the present study. RESULT Mature myxospores were circular to ellipsoidal in valve view, measuring 12.2 ± 0.4 μm (mean ± SD; range = 11.2-13.2 μm) in length and 10.6 ± 0.4 μm (9.5-11.1 μm) in width. Two oval polar capsules were equal in width (3.4 ± 0.2 μm; 3.0-3.8 μm) but slightly unequal in length: 5.6 ± 0.3 μm (5.3-6.1 μm) and 4.7 ± 0.2 μm (4.4-5.5 μm). The polar capsule was packed with five to seven spirals of polar tubules. Histopathological investigation demonstrated that the plasmodium under the cuticular layer of the gill arch only induced a local inflammatory response and did not cause serious damage to the gill arch's internal structure. The two small subunit (SSU) ribosomal DNA sequences of M. xiushanensis n. sp. showed 100% similarity and uniqueness, and the highest similarity with other myxosporean sequences in GenBank was 90.27% (query coverage = 94%). The secondary structures of the SSU ribosomal RNA revealed that the present species was distinctly different from related species in regions V4 and V7. Phylogenetic analysis showed that M. xiushanensis n. sp. clustered independently within a branch. CONCLUSION These results enrich our understanding of the biodiversity of myxobolids infecting bagrid fishes and provide fundamental data for the diagnosis of myxosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqi Tan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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D-D Batueva M, Vlasenko P, Solovyev MM, Abasheev RY. Myxobolus nekrasovae n. sp. (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) is a new species parasitizing the gills of the gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106454. [PMID: 37977481 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
A new Myxobolus species, Myxobolus nekrasovi n. sp., was found in the gill arch of the gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio during investigation of fish myxosporean fauna of ponds of Lake Baikal basin. The parasites were studied on the basis of spore morphology, as well as with histological and molecular methods. Mature spores of M. nekrasovi n. sp. are ellipsoidal in frontal view and lemon-shaped in lateral view, measuring 13.84 ± 0.4 (12.2-15) μm in length, 9.73 ± 0.2 (8.5-10.7) μm in width, 6,75 ± 0.1 (6.0-7.6) μm in thickness. Polar capsules are unequal and pyriform, measuring: length 6.31 ± 0.1 (5.4-7.4), width 3.49 ± 0.04 (3.12-4) μm and length 2.88 ± 0.1 (2.1-3.5), width 1.4 ± 0.03 (1-1.6) μm. Phylogenetic analysis with the SSU rDNA gene shows Myxobolus nekrasovae n. sp. as a sister species of the subclade formed by Thellohanellus sinensis, Myxobolus acutus, M. zhaltsanovae that infect gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D-D Batueva
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology of Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047, Ulan - Ude, Russia.
| | - Pavel Vlasenko
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 192 Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Solovyev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia; A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 192 Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
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Casal G, Silva TJ, Soares EC, Oliveira E, Santos M, Rocha S. Morphological, histopathological, ultrastructural and phylogenetic analysis of Henneguya archosargus n. sp. (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) infecting the sparid fish Archosargus probatocephalus in Brazilian waters. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106366. [PMID: 37734487 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of new fish species to the aquaculture industry is essential to halt the progressive decline of natural fish stocks. The sheepshead Archosargus probatocephalus is a commercially valuable sparid fish with potential for breeding in captivity, but with limited information regarding parasitic infections that could pose a significant threat for its sustainable production. Thus, the present study aimed to study the myxozoan diversity infecting A. probatocephalus. A novel Henneguya sp. was detected forming plasmodia in the gill lamellae of specimens inhabiting the Brazilian coast, and is characterized based on morphological, histopathological, ultrastructural, molecular, and phylogenetic data. Myxospore total length was 21.3 ± 0.8 μm, with myxospore body 10.0 ± 0.5 μm long, 6.2 ± 0.3 μm wide, and 4.8 ± 0.5 μm thick. Caudal appendages were 10.3 ± 0.5 μm long and did not present any type of coating. Two pyriform polar capsules, 3.4 ± 0.3 μm long and 1.5 ± 0.2 μm wide, each containing an isofilar polar tubule with 4-5 coils. Histopathological analyses showed large intralamellar polysporic plasmodia associated with vascular congestion of the gill filament and gill lamellae, as well as epithelial hyperplasia causing partial or total fusion of gill lamellae. Maximum likelihood and Baysesian inference SSU rDNA-based phylogenetic analyses showed the novel sequence grouped within the marine clade of Henneguya spp. that mostly parasitize fishes belonging to Eupercaria incertae sedis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graça Casal
- 1H-OXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116, Gandra, Portugal; Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Themis J Silva
- Laboratório de Aquicultura e Análise de Água - LAQUA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil
| | - Emerson C Soares
- Laboratório de Aquicultura e Análise de Água - LAQUA, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - UFAL, Campus de Engenharias e Ciências Agrárias - CECA, Rio Largo, AL, Brazil
| | - Elsa Oliveira
- Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Department of Microscopy, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhang B, Guo Q, Tu X, Gu Z. Identification of Myxobolus distalisensis n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) infecting yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson), with a supplement description of M. voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) Landsberg and Lom, 1991. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:473-485. [PMID: 37314635 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With growing scale of intensive fish cultivation, the risk of parasite infection in commercial fish is increased. Precisely identifying and characterizing the parasites that infect the farmed fish is critical to understanding the dynamics of their communities. Here, two species of Myxobolus were identified in farmed yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco (Richardson) in China. Myxobolus distalisensis n. sp. developed plasmodia in the gill filaments, with oval to elliptical myxospores measuring 11.3 ± 0.6 (10.4-12.6) × 8.1 ± 0.3 (7.5-8.6) × 5.5 ± 0.2 (5.2-5.8) μm. Two pyriform polar capsules of equal size were measured 5.3 ± 0.4 (4.5-6.3) × 2.7 ± 0.1 (2.3-3) μm. Myxobolus voremkhai (Akhmerov, 1960) Landsberg and Lom, 1991 developed plasmodia in the gill arch and had a myxospore morphology similar to the conspecific isolates described in previous studies. The consensus sequences of M. distalisensis was remarkably distinct from those deposited in the GenBank, with exception of whereas M. voremkhai showing 99.84% identity. The genetic data on both isolates differed considerably from each other, revealing only 86.96% molecular identity. Histologically, M. distalisensis resided in the filament cartilage, and the aggressive proliferation of the sporogenic stages led to lytic cartilage corrosion. In contrast, plasmodia of M. voremkhai grossly observed at the base of the gill filament were embedded by the connective tissue in the gills arch. Phylogenetically, both isolates were separately placed in different subclades, indicating difference in their evolutionary history. Besides, the taxon under the family Myxobolidae was demonstrated non-monophyletic origins, and parasite radiation largely followed their host affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shi Zi Shan Street, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-Reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang B, Tu X, Gu Z. Histopathological evaluation of the infection elicited by three species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea), with identification of Myxobolusxiaoganensis n. sp. isolated from the silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106306. [PMID: 37582423 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Several parasites infecting the Asian carp species have been broadly spread along with the global fish trade. However, the diversity of specific parasite groups and their pattern of parasitism remain insufficiently elucidated even in their native regions. Here, we conducted a holistic identification and histological analysis of three Myxobolus species. The oblate myxospores of the first isolates were found infecting the spleen of silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, measuring 6.4 ± 0.4 (5.4-7.1) μm in length, 8.2 ± 0.4 (7.5-9.0) in width, and 5.9 ± 0.3 (5.2-6.2) in thickness. They were morphologically distinct from other congeners and regarded as a novel species, Myxobolus xiaoganensis n. sp. For the second isolates, we associated the formation of round plasmodia on the gill raker of silver carp with Myxobolus allotypica Chen, 1998. The third isolates, encapsulated in the intestinal serosa membrane of the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, was proved to be conspecific to Myxobolus huasaensis Chen, 1998. While M. xiaoganensis n. sp. and M. huasaensis exhibited distinct origins, with genetic differences exceeding 4% from other congeners, M. allotypica displayed complete genetic congruence with an item available in Genbank. Histologically, myxospores of M. xiaoganensis n. sp. were scattered in the spleen, and the branchial and intestinal infections of M. allotypica and M. huasaensis were determined, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a non-monophyletic origin of both the Thelohanellus and Myxobolus genera, with a remarkable association of host affinity with myxosporean clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Alama-Bermejo G, Hernández-Orts JS, García-Varela M, Oceguera-Figueroa A, Pecková H, Fiala I. Diversity of myxozoans (Cnidaria) infecting Neotropical fishes in southern Mexico. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12106. [PMID: 37495605 PMCID: PMC10372099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are a unique group of microscopic parasites that infect mainly fishes. These extremely reduced cnidarians are highly diverse and globally distributed in freshwater and marine habitats. Myxozoan diversity dimension is unknown in Mexico, a territory of an extraordinary biological diversity. This study aimed to explore, for the first time, myxozoan parasite diversity from fishes of the Neotropical region of Mexico. We performed a large morphological and molecular screening using host tissues of 22 ornamental and food fish species captured from different localities of Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas. Myxozoan infections were detected in 90% of the fish species, 65% of them had 1 or 2 and 35% had 3 and up to 8 myxozoan species. Forty-one putative new species were identified using SSU rDNA phylogenetic analyses, belonging to two main lineages: polychaete-infecting (5 species) and oligochaete-infecting (36 species) myxozoans; from those we describe 4 new species: Myxidium zapotecus sp. n., Zschokkella guelaguetza sp. n., Ellipsomyxa papantla sp. n. and Myxobolus zoqueus sp. n. Myxozoan detection increased up to 6 × using molecular screening, which represents 3.7 × more species detected than by microscopy. This study demonstrated that Neotropical fishes from Mexico are hosts of a multitude of myxozoans, representing a source of emerging diseases with large implications for economic and conservation reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jesús S Hernández-Orts
- Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martín García-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hana Pecková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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11
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Zhang B, Tu X, Gu Z. Myxobolus shuifuensis sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the exotic mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala feral in China. Parasitol Int 2023; 94:102732. [PMID: 36623801 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus species represents a group of cosmopolitan metazoan parasites commonly harbored in the farmed and wild fish populations. Here, a species of Myxobolus is found in the kidney of an exotic mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala feral in the Yangtze River and utilized for an integrative characterization. Ellipsoidal myxospores are measured at 15.68 ± 0.8 (13.93-17.11) × 11.42 ± 0.54 (10.34-12.3) × 7.94 ± 0.35 (7.58-8.5) μm in dimension. The polar capsules are pyriform, and unequal in size. The morphological and morphometric characteristics of the present isolates are distinct from those of other congeners. Molecularly, the pairwise comparison based on the SSU rDNA sequence indicates that the present amplicon does not match any sequences available in the GenBank database and shares the highest similarity of 92.12% to Myxobolus pavlovskii (MG520369). Accordingly, we propose a name Myxobolus shuifuensis sp. n. for the present isolates. Phylogenetical trees indicate an apparent host-associated phylogenetic pattern. M. shuifuensis sp. n. groups loosely with other Myxobolus species isolated from Cirrhinus fish. Insead, it forms a sister clade to some myxosporeans belonging to the Thelohanellus genus. This result underpins the species identification and provides evidence for challenging the taxonomic separation among both morphologically comparable genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Tu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Ksepka SP, Bullard SA. A NEW SPECIES OF HENNEGUYA THÉLOHAN, 1892 (CNIDARIA: BIVALVULIDA: MYXOBOLIDAE) INFECTING THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE INTESTINE AND PYLORIC CECA OF RED DRUM, SCIAENOPS OCELLATUS (LINNAEUS) (PERCIFORMES: SCIAENIDAE) FROM COASTAL ALABAMA. J Parasitol 2023; 109:212-220. [PMID: 37313831 DOI: 10.1645/22-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A new species of Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) is described from the submucosa of the intestine and pyloric ceca of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus [Linnaeus, 1766] [Perciformes: Sciaenidae]) from the Gulf of Mexico off Gulf Shores, Alabama. Henneguya albomaculata n. sp. differs from all congeners by the combination of myxospore dimensions, polar tubule coil count, the presence of an iodinophilic vacuole in the sporoplasm, and small-subunit ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (SSU rDNA) sequence. A phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rDNA recovered H. albomaculata sister to Henneguya cynosioniDykova, de Buron, Roumillat, and Fiala, 2011 in a clade composed of 11 species of Henneguya and 1 species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) that collectively infect fishes in marine or estuarine systems. Histologic sections of infected intestine and pyloric ceca revealed plasmodia of H. albomaculata n. sp. developing in the loose connective tissue of the submucosa. The new species comprises the second species of Henneguya reported from red drum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Ksepka
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, Alabama 36849
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13
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Rangel LF, Santos MJ, Rocha S. Synopsis of the species of Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) described since 2012. Syst Parasitol 2023; 100:291-305. [PMID: 37020081 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) encompasses a large number of species that mostly infect freshwater fish belonging to 71 families of Actinopterygii. A synopsis of Henneguya species described between 2012 and 2022 is herein presented. It includes 57 species described during the last decade, and one species missing from the previous synopses, adding to a total of 254 species that have been formally described within this genus. Biological characters and myxospore morphometry are presented for each species record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Rangel
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- CIIMAR, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Rocha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Batueva MDD, Liu XH, Zhang JY, Voronin VN, Naydanov TI, Abasheev RY. A new species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) from the gibel carp Carassius gibelio (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2023; 153:87-93. [PMID: 36951257 DOI: 10.3354/dao03723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus zhaltsanovae n. sp., is described from the gills of gibel carp Carassius gibelio found during a survey of myxozoans from the watershed of Lake Baikal, Russia, based on morphological and molecular characterizations. Plasmodia of M. zhaltsanovae n. sp. develop extravascularly and measure 500-1000 μm long, 25-100 μm wide. The myxospore is circular to oval, measuring 13.23 ± 0.09 (11.3-14.8) µm (mean ± SD, range) in length, 10.19 ± 0.07 (9.1-11.4) µm in width, and 6.49 ± 0.12 (5.4-7.2) µm in thickness. Polar capsules are unequal and subspherical; measurements of polar capsules are: length 5.62 ± 0.06 (4.7-6.7), width 3.44 ± 0.04 (2.4-4.4) µm and length 3.42 ± 0.05 (2.5-4.1), width 1.94 ± 0.04 (1.3-3.3) µm. Phylogenetic analysis with the 18S rDNA gene shows M. zhaltsanovae n. sp. as a sister species of the subclade formed by M. musseliusae, M. tsangwuensis, and M. basilamellaris, which infect common carp Cyprinus carpio.
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15
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Mirandola Dias Vieira DH, Bravin Narciso R, da Silva RJ. Diversity of myxozoans parasitizing the catfish Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae), in southeastern Brazil, based on morphological and molecular evidence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17596. [PMID: 36266420 PMCID: PMC9585194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22418-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhamdia quelen is a commercially important fish in South America. During the survey of myxozoan infections in fishes from Pardo River, Paranapanema River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil, we describe three new species of Henneguya found parasitizing gills of R. quelen: Henneguya bagre n. sp., Henneguya breviscauda n. sp and Henneguya novaerae n. sp. The descriptions were based on myxospores morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA partial sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed a clade formed by species that parasitize Siluriformes, with Henneguya jundiai as a sister species of Henneguya bagre n. sp., Henneguya breviscauda n. sp and Henneguya novaerae n. sp. Our study indicates that the parasites infecting R. quelen belong to a lineage of myxozoans infecting Heptapteridae fishes. Using molecular and morphological characterization, the species were identified as new species for the genus Henneguya. Based on our analysis we recommend monitoring the presence of these parasites in farmed fishes, to analyze possible pathologies caused by them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Henrique Mirandola Dias Vieira
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, Division of Parasitology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Bravin Narciso
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, Division of Parasitology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XInstitute of Biosciences, Division of Parasitology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP 18618-689 Brazil
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16
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Flores-Gonzales APP, Espinoza LL, Aguiar JC, Milanin T. Host–Parasite Interaction and Phylogenetic of a New Cnidarian Myxosporean (Endocnidozoa: Myxobolidae) Infecting a Valuative Commercialized Ornamental Fish from Pantanal Wetland Biome, Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101119. [PMID: 36297176 PMCID: PMC9607115 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are a diverse group of parasitic cnidarians of wide distribution. A new species, Myxobolus matogrossoensis n. sp., is herein described infecting wild specimens of tetra mato-grosso Hyphessobrycon eques, caught in the Pantanal biome, the world’s largest tropical wetland area. Cysts were found in 3 of the 30 examined fishes. Mature myxospores were ovoid in shape in frontal and measured 6.6 ± 0.4 µm (6.2–7.0 µm) in length and 3.5 ± 0.2 µm (3.3–3.7 µm) in width. The two polar capsules were elongated in shape, equal in size and occupying almost half of the myxospore body. They measured 3.3 ± 0.2 µm (3.1–3.5 µm) in length and 1.8 ± 0.1 µm (1.7–1.9 µm) in width. The polar tubules presented three to four turns. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species within a clade containing myxobolid species from South American characiforms fish and appears as a close species of Myxobolus piraputangae and Myxobolus umidus. Nevertheless, the sequences of the new species and P. umidus and P. piraputangae have a large genetic divergence of 12 and 12.2% in their 18S rDNA gene, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a Myxobolus species parasitizing the tetra fish mato-grosso, thus increasing our knowledge of cnidarian myxosporean diversity from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Correspondence: or
| | - Omar Mertins
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | | | - Luis L. Espinoza
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Julio C. Aguiar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
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17
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McAllister CT, Cloutman DG, Leis EM, Camus AC, Trauth SE, Woodyard ET, Robison HW. A NEW SPECIES OF MYXOBOLUS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM THE GILLS OF CREEK CHUB, SEMOTILUS ATROMACULATUS (CYPRINIFORMES: LEUCISCIDAE: PLAGIOPTERINAE), FROM THE OUACHITA DRAINAGE OF ARKANSAS. J Parasitol 2022; 108:476-486. [PMID: 36269893 DOI: 10.1645/22-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During October and November 2021, 33 creek chubs, Semotilus atromaculatus, were collected from 3 sites in Polk County, Arkansas (Ouachita River drainage), and their gills, gallbladder, fins, integument, musculature, and other major organs were examined for myxozoans. The gills of 9 (27%) were infected with a new myxozoan, Myxobolus fountainae n. sp. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from fresh and formalin-fixed preserved spores, while molecular data consisted of a 1918 base pair sequence of the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis grouped M. fountainae n. sp. with the other leuciscid-infecting myxobolids from North America and within a larger clade of European myxozoans. In addition, histological information is provided on the infection. A previous record of Myxobolus muelleriBütschli, 1882, from the gills and ureters of S. atromaculatus is considered invalid and represents an unknown species. Myxobolus fountainae n. sp. is the only named myxozoan known to infect the gill filaments of S. atromaculatus, whereas Myxobolus pendula (Guilford, 1967) infects the gill arches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma 74745
| | | | - Eric M Leis
- La Crosse Fish Health Center-Midwest Fisheries Center, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, Wisconsin 54650
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30677
| | - Stanley E Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University (Emeritus), State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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18
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Milanin T, Aguiar JC, Gonzales-Flores APP, Tavares LER, Morandini AC. Ultrastructure, surface topography, morphology and histological observations of a new parasitic cnidarian of the marbled swamp eel from the world's largest tropical wetland area, Pantanal, Brazil. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101909. [PMID: 36095932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Myxosporeans are a diverse group of microscopic cnidarians of wide distribution that evolved into a parasitic lifestyle. A new myxosporean species, Myxobolus sp., is herein described infecting the mandible of wild specimens of Synbranchus marmoratus, caught in the world's largest tropical wetland area, Pantanal, Brazil. Light, scanning, transmission electron microscopy and histological observations unveiled detailed taxonomic information of the new myxosporean cnidarian. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a detailed description of plasmodia structures which can be used for comparison with plasmodia from other species of myxobolids. Both histological and ultrastructural observations evidenced a connective tissue capsule surrounding the plasmodia of Myxobolus sp. as a histopathological host reaction to the infection of this parasitic cnidarian. Histology showed that tissue tropism of the new myxosporean occurs in a well-defined part of the mandible, with development of plasmodia occurring in the epidermis layer. Mature myxospores from the valvular view featured an ovoid shape and had a short prolongation of the spore valves in the posterior end. Myxospores measured 22.7 ± 1.2 µm (21.5-23.9 µm) in length, 12.5 ± 0.4 µm (12.1-12.9 µm) in width and 11.3 ± 0.5 (10.8-11.8 µm) in thickness. Polar capsules were pyriform equally-sized and measuring 4.6 ± 0.3 µm (3.9-4.3 µm) in length and 2.9 ± 0.1 µm in width (2.8-3.0 µm). Finally, this study substantiates the still hidden myxosporean diversity from South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials, Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C Aguiar
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anai P P Gonzales-Flores
- Research Institute of Peruvian Amazon (IIAP-AQUAREC), Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios 17000, Peru
| | - Luiz E R Tavares
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Bioscience, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - André C Morandini
- Zoology Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), University of São Paulo, 11612-109, SãoSebastião, Brazil
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19
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Ksepka SP, Rash JM, Bullard SA. Two new species of Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) infecting the gill and scales of the smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu (Centrarchiformes: Centrarchidae) in the French Broad River Basin, North Carolina. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102615. [PMID: 35809845 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) are described from the gill and scales of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802 [Centrarchiformes: Centrarchidae]) from the Watauga River, French Broad River Basin, North Carolina, United States. Myxobolus intralamina n. sp. infects the lumen of the lamellar arterioles and Myxobolus infrabractea n. sp. infects the inner surface of the scale. They differ from all congeners by a combination of myxospore dimensions, polar tubule coil count, and the presence or absence of an iodinophilic vacuole in the sporoplasm and an intercapsular process. A phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) recovered M. intralamina n. sp. sister to Myxobolus lepomis and Myxobolus branchiarum and M. infrabractea n. sp. sister to Myxobolus micropterii in a clade composed of five Myxobolus spp. infecting centrarchids and Henneguya spp. (Myxobolidae) infecting percids. Histological sections of infected gill revealed intra-lamellar plasmodia of M. intralamina n. sp. within the lumen of the lamellar arterioles and plasmodia of M. infrabractea n. sp. developing beneath the scales. These new species comprise the first species of Myxobolus reported from a black bass (Micropterus Lacepède, 1802) in the Southeast United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Ksepka
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Jacob M Rash
- North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, 645 Fish Hatchery Road, Marion, NC 28752, USA
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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20
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Vieira DHMD, Agostinho BN, Negrelli DC, da Silva RJ, de Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD. Taxonomy and Systematics of Two New Species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) Parasitizing the Gills of Mugil curema (Mugilidae) from the Brazilian Coast. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1206-1216. [PMID: 35593955 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe two new species of Myxobolus (Myxobolidae) found parasitizing Mugil curema from two locations in Brazil: Myxobolus curemae n. sp. from gill arch and rays and Myxobolus maceioensis n. sp. from gill lamellae. METHODS We based the descriptions on myxospore morphology, histology, and small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. RESULTS Myxospores of the two new species had similar morphology and morphometry but differed in spore body width and length, and ssrDNA sequences differed by 10.5%. These data supported the diagnosis of the parasites as distinct and novel species. The phylogenetic analysis showed a subclade formed by species that parasitize Mugiliformes, with M. maceioensis n. sp. as a sister species of Myxobolus episquamalis and Myxobolus bizerti, while there is a group of six species that are sister related to M. curemae n. sp. Our analysis was consistent with previous studies suggesting that orders of the hosts are strongly correlated with phylogenetic signals in the Myxobolidae. CONCLUSIONS Myxobolus curemae n. sp. and M. maceioensis n. sp. are new species identified parasitizing M. curema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Narciso Agostinho
- Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Débora Caroline Negrelli
- Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Division of Parasitology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, SP, 18618-689, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Doro Abdallah
- Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas E da Saúde, Setor de Parasitologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, 57072-970, Brasil
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21
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Dinh-Hung N, Dong HT, Soontara C, Rodkhum C, Nimitkul S, Srisapoome P, Kayansamruaj P, Chatchaiphan S. Co-infection of Candidatus Piscichlamydia Trichopodus (Order Chlamydiales) and Henneguya sp. (Myxosporea, Myxobolidae) in Snakeskin Gourami Trichopodus pectoralis (Regan 1910). Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:847977. [PMID: 35359670 PMCID: PMC8961658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.847977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes a simultaneous infection of a novel Chlamydia-like organism (CLO) with a Myxozoa parasite, Henneguya sp. in snakeskin gourami Trichopodus pectoralis in Thailand. A new CLO is proposed “Candidatus Piscichlamydia trichopodus” (CPT) based on 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis. Systemic intracellular CPT infection was confirmed by histological examination, in situ hybridization, PCR assay, and sequencing of 16S rRNA. This novel pathogen belongs to the order Chlamydiales but differs in certain aspects from other species. The histopathological changes associated with CPT infection were different from the typical pathological lesions of epitheliocystis caused by previously known CLO. Unlike other CLO, CPT localized in the connective tissue rather than in the epithelial cells and formed smaller clumps of intracellular bacteria that stained dark blue with hematoxylin. On the other hand, typical myxospores of the genus Henneguya with tails were observed in the gill sections. Infection with Henneguya sp. resulted in extensive destruction of the gill filaments, most likely leading to respiratory distress. Due to the frequency of co-infections and the unavailability of culture methods for CLO and Henneguya sp., it was difficult to determine which pathogens were directly responsible for the associated mortality. However, co-infections may increase the negative impact on the host and the severity of the disease. Given the commercial importance of the snakeskin gourami and its significant aquaculture potential, the findings of this study are important for further studies on disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh-Hung
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Bioresources, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management Program, Asian Institute of Technology, School of Environment, Klong Luang, Thailand
| | - Chayanit Soontara
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sukkrit Nimitkul
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
| | - Satid Chatchaiphan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Satid Chatchaiphan
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22
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Zago AC, Vieira DHMD, Franceschini L, da Silva RJ. Morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular analysis of a new species of Myxobolus (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) parasitizing Apareiodon piracicabae (Characiformes, Parodontidae) from Brazil. Parasitol Int 2022; 88:102556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Woodyard ET, Rosser TG, Stilwell JM, Camus AC, Khoo LH, Waldbieser G, Lorenz WW, Griffin MJ. New data on Henneguya postexilis Minchew, 1977, a parasite of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, with notes on resolution of molecular markers for myxozoan phylogeny. Syst Parasitol 2022; 99:41-62. [PMID: 35028798 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-021-10015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous morphological and histological data are supplemented with molecular and ultrastructural data for a Henneguya sp. isolated from farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Mississippi, USA. Myxospores were cryptic, encapsulated within a thin layer of epithelium in the gill lamellae with spore measurements consistent with the original description of Henneguya postexilis Minchew, 1977. Myxospores were 42.7-49.1 µm in total length with spore bodies 12.1-17.2 × 3.6-4.8 × 2.9-3 µm. Polar capsules were of unequal length, with the longer capsule being 4.4-6.7 × 1.1-1.6 µm and the shorter capsule being 4.4-6.4 × 1.1-1.6 µm. Polar tubules had 6-8 turns. Caudal processes were 25.7-38.1 µm in length. Spores were encapsulated in a thin layer of epithelium in the gill lamellae. Molecular data from the most commonly used markers for myxozoan identification and phylogeny, partial 18S small subunit ribosomal gene (SSU), partial 28S large subunit ribosomal gene (LSU), and elongation factor 2 (EF2) were generated for H. postexilis. Additionally, novel data for LSU and EF2 were generated for archived myxozoan specimens from farm-raised catfish (H. mississippiensis, H. ictaluri, H. exilis, H. adiposa, H. sutherlandi, H. bulbosus, Unicauda fimbrethilae), as well as archived specimens from wild fish (H. laseeae [from Pylodictis olivaris], Hennegoides flockae [from Aphredoderus sayanus], Myxobolus cloutmani [from Cycleptus elongatus]. These include the first EF2 sequence data for the genera Hennegoides and Unicauda. Phylogenetic analyses using these data placed H. postexilis in well supported clades with other ictalurid-infecting Henneguya species. Phylogenetic signal assessments on these analyses suggest that while SSU provided the greatest phylogenetic signal, LSU yielded comparable signal, supporting previous work implying this region may be underutilised in reconstructing myxobolid phylogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39759, USA.
| | - Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lester H Khoo
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39759, USA
| | - Geoffrey Waldbieser
- USDA-ARS Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - W Walter Lorenz
- Georgia Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39759, USA
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24
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Ksepka SP, Bullard SA. Two new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Cnidaria: Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) infecting the gill of the black redhorse, Moxostoma duquesnei (Lesueur) (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) in the Little Tennessee River Basin, North Carolina. Syst Parasitol 2021; 98:713-730. [PMID: 34677735 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-021-10007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) are described from the gill of the black redhorse (Moxostoma duquesnei [Leueur][Cypriniformes: Catostomidae]) from the Little Tennessee River Basin, North Carolina, United States. Myxobolus branchiofilum n. sp. infects lumen of the lamellar arterioles and Myxobolus branchiopecten n. sp. infects the bone and cartilage at the tip of the gill rakers. They differ from all congeners by a combination of myxospore dimensions and the presence or absence of an iodinophilic vacuole in the sporoplasm, mucous envelope, intercapsular process, and sutural markings. A phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA recovered M. branchiopectin sister to Myxobolus sp. (AF378343) in a clade composed of 6 species of Myxobolus, which infect predominately cypriniform intermediate hosts. Myxobolus branchiofilum was recovered sister to Myxobolus ictiobus Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou, Alberson, Woodyard, Mischker, Greenway, Wise & Pote, 2016 in a clade composed of 8 species of Myxobolus, which predominately infect catostomid intermediate hosts. Histological sections of infected gill revealed intra-lamellar plasmodia of M. branchiofilum in the lumen of the lamellar arterioles and foci of M. branchiopecten developing in the bone and cartilage of the gill raker tip. These are the first myxozoans reported from the black redhorse. Given that these two new species are morphologically congeneric but recovered in distantly related clades, we discuss the persistent issue of myxobolid genera paraphyly/polyphyly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Ksepka
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, & Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, & Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Holzer AS, Piazzon MC, Barrett D, Bartholomew JL, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734238. [PMID: 34603313 PMCID: PMC8481699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Damien Barrett
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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26
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McAllister CT, Woodyard ET, Stilwell JM, Rosser TG, Fayton TJ, Camus AJ, Griffin MJ, Robison HW. A NEW SPECIES OF MYXOBOLUS (CNIDARIA: MYXOSPOREA: MYXOBOLIDAE) FROM THE BLUE SUCKER, CYCLEPTUS ELONGATUS (LESUEUR) (CYPRINIFORMES: CATOSTOMIDAE: CYCLEPTINAE), FROM ARKANSAS. J Parasitol 2021; 107:582-592. [PMID: 34314485 DOI: 10.1645/20-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
During 9-10 February 2018 and 21-22 February 2020, 7 adult Blue Suckers, Cycleptus elongatus, were collected by hoop nets from the Red River, Little River County (n = 3), and the Black River, Lawrence County (n = 4), Arkansas, and their gills, gallbladders, fins, integument, other major organs, and musculature were examined for myxozoans. All 7 (100%) were infected with an unknown species of gill-infecting Myxobolus sp. Twenty formalin-fixed plasmodia (cysts) of Myxobolus cloutmani n. sp. were elliptoidal, 407 μm long × 270 μm wide. Formalin-fixed myxospores were orbicular to broadly elliptoidal, 8.7 μm long × 7.8 μm wide. Two polar capsules were pyriform and subequal in size, extending over halfway in the myxospore. The larger polar capsule was 5.5 μm long × 3.1 μm wide, while the shorter was 5.1 × 2.9 μm. A coiled polar filament possessed 5 or 6 coils. The myxospore was 3.7 μm thick in sutural view, with a distinct sutural ridge. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data were from formalin-fixed as well as ethanol-preserved spores, while molecular data consisted of a 2,010 base pair sequence of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene and a 2,502 base pair sequence of the partial 28S ribosomal RNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis grouped M. cloutmani n. sp. with the other catostomid-infecting myxobolids. This is the first myxozoan reported from C. elongatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris T McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma 74745
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
| | - Thomas J Fayton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Alvin J Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
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Lisnerová M, Lisner A, Cantatore DMP, Schaeffner BC, Pecková H, Tyml T, Fiala I, Bartošová-Sojková P, Holzer AS. Correlated evolution of fish host length and parasite spore size: a tale from myxosporeans inhabiting elasmobranchs. Int J Parasitol 2021; 52:97-110. [PMID: 34302843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myxozoa represent a diverse group of microscopic cnidarian endoparasites alternating between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Of the approximately 2,600 species described predominantly from teleost fish, only 1.8% have been reported from cartilaginous fishes (Elasmobranchii). As ancestral vertebrate hosts of myxozoans, elasmobranchs may have played an important role in myxozoan evolution, however, they are also some of the largest vertebrate hosts known for this group of parasites. We screened 50 elasmobranchs belonging to nine species and seven families, from various geographical areas, for myxozoan infection. We found a 22% overall prevalence of myxozoans in elasmobranchs and describe five species new to science. We investigated, for the first known time, the evolution of spore size within three phylogenetic clades, Ceratomyxa, Sphaerospora sensu stricto and Parvicapsula. We found that spores from elasmobranch-infecting myxozoans were on average 4.8× (Ceratomyxa), 2.2× (Parvicapsula clade) and 1.8× (Sphaerospora sensu stricto except polysporoplasmic Sphaerospora spp.) larger than those from teleosts. In all analysed clades, spore size was correlated with phylogenetic position. In ceratomyxids, it was further strongly positively correlated with fish body size and habitat depth, independent of cellular composition of the spores and phylogenetic position in the tree. While in macroparasites a host size-correlated increase in parasite size occurs on a large scale and is often related to improved exploitation of host resources, in microscopic parasites size ranges vary at the scale of a few micrometres, disproportionate to the available additional space in a large host. We discuss the ecological role of these changes with regard to transmission under high pressure and an invertebrate fauna that is adapted to deeper marine habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Lisner
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Delfina M P Cantatore
- Laboratorio de Ictioparasitología, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Funes 3350, 7600 Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Bjoern C Schaeffner
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, Keldnavegur 3, 112 Reykjavík, Iceland; South African Shark Conservancy, Old Harbour, 22 Marine Drive, Hermanus 7200, South Africa
| | - Hana Pecková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tyml
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Mathews PD, Bonillo C, Rabet N, Lord C, Causse R, Keith P, Audebert F. Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of a new parasitic cnidarian (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) parasitizing skin of the giant mottled eel from the Solomon Islands. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:104986. [PMID: 34246799 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myxosporeans are microscopic cnidarians associated with severe diseases in aquaculture and wild fish populations. This group of parasitic cnidarians thus warrants close attention concerning its potential impact on susceptible fish stocks. At present, little is known about this group of parasites infecting anguillid eels. From myxospore specimens collected from a freshwater eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Solomon Islands, we describe a new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus based on an integrative taxonomic analysis of morphological, biological traits and molecular data. Furthermore, we determined the phylogenetic position and relationships of this species among other platysporine myxosporeans. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of small subunit ribosomal DNA showed that the species clusters together with Myxobolus portucalensis and Echinactinomyxon type 5 Özer, Wootten and Shinn, 2002, in a well-supported subclade. This is the first report of a myxosporean parasite infecting fish from the Solomon Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Céline Bonillo
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Rabet
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clara Lord
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Causse
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Keith
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Mansour L, Abdel-Haleem HM, Atwa M, Darwish AB, Al-Quraishy S, Abdel-Baki AAS. A new myxozoan parasite, Myxobolus allami sp. n. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from the intestinal wall of Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes) in Arabian Gulf. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34232126 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxobolus allami sp. n. is described from the intestinal wall of the silvery black porgy, Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes), off Saudi Arabian coast of Arabian Gulf. Two of 20 examined fish were found to be infected with irregular-shaped plasmodia 3-8 mm long × 2-3 mm wide. Mature myxospores are subspherical to elliptical in the valvular view and oval in the sutural view, and are 11-13 (12) µm long, 7-8 (7.5) µm wide and 10-12 (10.8) µm thick. Spores have relatively thin valves and mostly (~ 72%) end with short caudal appendages of ~3 µm long. The spores also have two polar capsules, which are oval to elliptical and measure 5-7 (5.7) µm in length and 2-3 (2.7) µm in width. Polar filaments are coiled, with three turns. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that caudal appendages originated from the sutural edge at the posterior pole of the myxospore with density similar to that of its valves. The SSU rRNAgene sequence of the present species does not match any available sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetically, this species is sister to Myxobolus khaliji Zhang, Al-Qurausihy et Abdel-Baki, 2014 within a well-supported clade of Myxobolus-Henneguya with species infecting marine fishes. The combination of molecular data and morphological differences between this and other species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 lead us to propose that the present form be established as a new species, M. allami. The present study also provides more evidence for the idea that caudal appendages cannot be reliably used to distinguish the species of the genera Myxobolus and Henneguya Thélohan, 1892.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamjed Mansour
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Heba M Abdel-Haleem
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Marwa Atwa
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed B Darwish
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Egypt
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Parasitology and Ecology of Aquatic Systems, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Stilwell JM, Rosser TG, Woodyard ET, Richardson BM, López-Porras A, Leary JH, Mischke CC, Camus AC, Griffin MJ. Characterisation of myxozoan fauna of western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird and Gerard) (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), inhabiting experimental catfish ponds in Mississippi, USA. Syst Parasitol 2021; 98:423-441. [PMID: 34114095 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-021-09987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Characterising myxozoan taxa parasitising fish hosts in catfish aquaculture ponds is crucial to understanding myxozoan community dynamics in these diverse and complex ecological systems. This work investigated the myxozoan fauna of the western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, a common, incidental species found in catfish aquaculture ponds in the southeastern United States. 598 fish were sampled in May of 2018 and 2019 from the pond facility of the Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center in Stoneville, Mississippi, USA. Fish were examined microscopically using wet mount preparations of fresh tissue and histology for myxozoans. 18S rRNA gene sequences were amplified from myxospores obtained at necropsy. Updated morphologic, histologic, and 18S rRNA gene sequence features are provided for Henneguya gambusi, Myxobolus pharyngeus, and Myxidium phyllium. Two potentially novel myxozoans were observed during this survey, an undocumented Myxobolus sp. associated with chondrolysis of bones throughout the body and a putative Myxobilatus sp. observed histologically in the renal tubules, ureters, and urinary bladder. However, inadequate samples were obtained for proper species descriptions. Lastly, the life cycle of M. pharyngeus, which is thought to utilize the oligochaete worm Dero digitata as their definitive host, was putatively confirmed by 18S rRNA sequence matching to actinospore stages from oligochaetes in catfish ponds in Mississippi. This work provides novel and expanded morphologic, histologic, molecular and biologic data of five myxozoan parasites of G. affinis, expanding our knowledge of myxozoan diversity in catfish aquaculture ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Thomas G Rosser
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Ethan T Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Bradley M Richardson
- Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, NS, 38776, USA
| | - Adrián López-Porras
- Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, NS, 38776, USA
| | - John H Leary
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Charles C Mischke
- Department of Wildlife Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Forest Resources, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, NS, 38776, USA
| | - Alvin C Camus
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
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Pekmezci GZ, Atkinson SD, Yardimci B, Bolukbas CS, Ozpicak M, Yilmaz S. Novel and known myxobolids (Cnidaria, Myxozoa) infecting Chondrostoma angorense (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae) in Turkey. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102339. [PMID: 33798741 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Turkey has more than 200 endemic freshwater fish species, one of which is the Ankara nase, Chondrostoma angorense Elvira, 1987 (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae), a food fish in northern Turkey. Like most endemic fish species in Turkey, its myxosporean parasite fauna (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) are not yet described. We surveyed twenty C. angorense from Lâdik Lake in northern Turkey, and identified two myxosporean parasites from gills of these fish: Myxobolus arrabonensis Cech, Borzák, Molnár, Székely, 2015, and a co-infection of a novel species, Myxobolus polati sp. nov. We characterized both infections based on myxospore morphology, morphometry, tissue tropism, small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Plasmodia of both species were observed in gills, but had distinct tropism: M. arrabonensis is an intrafilamental vascular type, and M. polati sp. nov. is an intralamellar vascular type. We identified M. arrabonensis on the basis of myxospore characters and 100% similarity to the type DNA sequence from the closely-related host C. nasus. The small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence of M. polati sp. nov. (1946 base pairs; GenBank Accession number MH392318) had a maximum similarity of 98% with any Myxobolus sp. from other Eurasian cypriniforms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. polati sp. nov. is most closely related to gill-infecting Myxobolus diversicapsularis from Rutilus rutilus (L.). The present study is the first record of myxosporean species infecting C. angorense comprising a novel species, M. polati sp. nov. and a known species M. arrabonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokmen Zafer Pekmezci
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey.
| | | | - Banu Yardimci
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Cenk Soner Bolukbas
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Melek Ozpicak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Savas Yilmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
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32
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Xiang Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Molecular data and phylogenetic analysis of Myxobolus pseudonobilis n. sp. infecting the gill filaments of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, 1844. Parasitol Int 2021; 83:102314. [PMID: 33731301 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we combined morphological and phylogenetic methods to characterize Myxobolus pseudonobilis n. sp. infecting Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes, 1844 from Chongqing, China. The morphology and molecular characteristics of M. pseudonobilis n. sp. were distinct from those of other previously described Myxobolus species. Mature myxospores were ovoid in frontal view with spore dimensions of 10.0 ± 0.4 (9.3-10.9) μm in length and 8.5 ± 0.2 (7.9-9.0) μm in width. Two polar capsules occupying approximately half of the myxospore length were unequal in size. The larger polar capsule containing 6 to 7 filament coils measured 5.2 ± 0.3 (4.5-5.8) μm in length and 3.6 ± 0.2 (3.2-3.9) μm in width, while the smaller capsule with 4 to 5 filament coils measured 3.9 ± 0.3 (3.0-4.4) μm in length and 2.5 ± 0.3 (2.1-3.6) μm in width. The comparison of molecular characteristics demonstrated similarities and genetic distances of 18S rDNA sequences of 95.19% - 98.20% and 1.82% - 5.46%, respectively, between M. pseudonobilis n. sp. and its morphologically similar species, and secondary structures were also distinctly different. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis showed that M. pseudonobilis n. sp. was clustered with other myxobolids possessing spores with a blunt anterior end and branched independently. In addition, the morphology of myxosporeans as an important indicator was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinye Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China.
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Tahir UB, Guo Q, Gu Z. Fins infestation induced by Myxobolus xiantaoensis in yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson, 1846: Some pathophysiological and molecular insights. Microb Pathog 2021; 153:104772. [PMID: 33529735 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The myxozoan parasite Myxobolus xiantaoensis is a fin pathogen of commercially important yellow catfish Tachysurus fulvidraco Richardson, 1846, in the freshwater ponds of China. In the present work, four geographical isolates of M. xiantaoensis were sampled from the fins of yellow catfish. It was found that the spores of four isolates exhibited few markable differences in morphometrics. The small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences of four isolates were conspecific to the SSU rDNA sequence of M. xiantaoensis. No genetic level variation was observed, even in the characteristically more variable internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. This absence of variability suggests high gene flow as a result of panmixia in the parasitic populations. ITS phylogeny placed four isolates of M. xiantaoensis in a clade together with myxozoans species infecting Siluriformes. The M. xiantaoensis infection inflicted severe hemorrhages on epidermis of ray-fins, which grew into inflammatory epithelial hyperplasia and lytic cartilage signs. The histochemical analysis of infected fins biopsies is characterized by damage of collagen components of cartilage, resulting in weakness, breaks, and missing fin rays. These tissue sections also had a remarkable inflammatory response around the fin cartilage, with the absence of mature spores and chondrocytes. These results indicate that the fin cartilage damage appeared before the development of tissue inflammation and the parasitic infestation of the fins. The present four geographical isolates of M. xiantaoensis were identified by a holistic approach of species characterization based on biological, morphological, and molecular evidence. These four isolates showed some morphological and genetic variations but within the intraspecific range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urfa Bin Tahir
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Control, and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Control, and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Control, and Prevention, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Nissa K, Kaur H. First record of the genus Hennegoides Lom, Tonguthai and Dyková, 1991 from Punjab (Ind ia) infecting the catfish, Sperata seenghala (Sykes, 1839). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 14:7-12. [PMID: 33364159 PMCID: PMC7750446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Sperata seenghala (Sykes, 1839) the Giant river-catfish, is one of the largest freshwater catfish of Indian sub-continent and commonly called as singhara and seenghala. Catfish is a favourite food fish due to its palatability with high nutritional value. S. seenghala (25-27 cm in length) were procured from Chamkaur Sahib, a sub divisional town in the district of Rupnagar in the Indian State of Punjab. Prominent pale, thread-like plasmodia of Hennegoides seenghalae n. sp. were observed on the gills and histological examination located them in the epithelial lining of the gill filament (Intrafilamental epithelial type, FE). The prevalence was 32% (12 fish were infected out of 37 examined). The total myxospore length of He. seenghalae was 46.6 μm with myxospore body length 7.5 μm strongly vaulted from one side with caudal appendage length of 39.1 (25.5-45) μm. The myxospores were closely compared morphologically with five known species of the genus from Indo-Malayan region and another recently reported from the USA. Molecular analysis based on 18S rDNA sequence (1947bp) indicated 80%-91% sequence similarity with other myxozoan parasites (Myxobolus, Henneguya, Hennegoides and Unicauda). The most closely related species was Hennegoides pangasii, and was placed with the present species in the same subclade. The present study is the first report the genus Hennegoides from India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kharoon Nissa
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, Chandigarh, India
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35
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Batueva MDD. Morphological, histological, and molecular aspects of Myxobolus zaikae n. sp., a parasite of the roach Rutilus rutilus, in Lake Baikal. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 142:75-82. [PMID: 33210614 DOI: 10.3354/dao03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new myxobolid species, Myxobolus zaikae n. sp., was found in the connective tissue near the kidney and liver blood vessels of the common roach Rutilus rutilus, while fish myxosporean fauna were being investigated in Lake Baikal, Russia. The parasites were studied on the basis of spore morphology as well as with histological and molecular methods. Mature spores of M. zaikae n. sp. are round or ellipsoidal in the frontal view and lemon-shaped in the lateral view, measuring 11.37 ± 0.11 µm (10.2-14.0 µm) in length, 10.29 ± 0.10 µm (9.6-11.0 µm) in width, and 6.3 ± 0.08 µm (5.8-7.1 µm) in thickness (mean ± SD; n = 50). Polar capsules are equal and pyriform, measuring 4.5 ± 0.07 µm (3.4-5.2 µm) in length and 2.9 ± 0.03 µm (2.6-3.3 µm) in width. Polar capsules contained polar filaments coiled with 5 to 6 turns. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this newly described species clusters with other myxobolid species infecting the connective tissue of different organs from Palearctic cyprinid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dashi-Dorjievna Batueva
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology of the Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
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36
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Ksepka SP, Hickson BH, Whelan NV, Bullard SA. A new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (Bivalvulida: Myxobolidae) infecting stratum spongiosum of the imperiled sicklefin redhorse, Moxostoma sp. (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) from the Little Tennessee River, North Carolina, USA. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 33173021 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The sicklefin redhorse, Moxostoma sp. (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae), is an innominate imperiled catostomid endemic to the Hiwassee and Little Tennessee river basins, which has been restricted to a few tributaries of these systems by impoundments. During collections to propagate sicklefin redhorse for reintroduction, a myxozoan, described herein, was observed infecting sicklefin redhorse in the Little Tennessee River Basin, North Carolina. Myxobolus naylori Ksepka et Bullard sp. n. infects the stratum spongiosum covering the scales of sicklefin redhorse. Myxospores of the new species differ from all congeners by the combination of having a mucous envelope, intercapsular process, and sutural markings as well as lacking an iodinophilic vacuole in the sporoplasm. A phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA gene recovered the new species in a polytomy with Myxobolus marumotoi Li et Sato, 2014 and a clade comprised of species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882; Thelohanellus Kudo, 1933, and Dicauda Hoffman et Walker, 1973. Histological sections of infected sicklefin redhorse skin revealed myxospores within a plasmodium in the stratum spongiosum dorsal to scales, encapsulated in collagen fibres, and associated with focal erosion of scales directly beneath the plasmodium; in some instances, the scale was perforated by the plasmodium. The specificity of the new species to sicklefin redhorse may make it a useful biological tag to differentiate sicklefin redhorse from morphologically similar species. The new species is the first parasite reported from sicklefin redhorse, a species of concern to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. No species of Myxobolus has been reported from species of Moxostoma in the Southeast United States. As it was observed that Myxobolus minutus Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou, Alberson, Woodyard, Mischker, Greenway, Wise et Pote, 2016 is a primary junior homonym of Myxobolus minutus Nemeczek, 1911, we propose the replacement name Myxobolus diminutus (Rosser, Griffin, Quiniou, Alberson, Woodyard, Mischker, Greenway, Wise et Pote, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Ksepka
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Brian H Hickson
- Southeast Conservation Genetics Lab, Warm Springs Fish Technology Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Auburn, USA
| | - Nathan V Whelan
- Southeast Conservation Genetics Lab, Warm Springs Fish Technology Center, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Auburn, USA.,School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Stephen A Bullard
- Aquatic Parasitology Laboratory, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Morphological and phylogenetic characterisation of Unicauda tavaresii n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae): a parasite of the circumorbital tissue of the eye of two characiform fishes from the Amazon region of Brazil. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:3987-3993. [PMID: 32951144 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06866-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Myxozoans of the family Myxobolidae are common parasites in fish. The diversity and ecology of the species of the genus Unicauda are poorly known, which hampers the understanding of the distribution and prevalence of this group of parasites. In the present study, cysts containing parasites whose morphology was consistent with the genus Unicauda were found in the circumorbital region of the ocular conjunctiva of the freshwater fish Moenkhausia grandisquamis Müller & Troschel, 1845 (Characiformes: Characidae) and Triportheus angulatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 (Characiformes: Triportheidae). The spores have an oval body and long caudal appendage, with a mean total length of 65.2 ± 5.9 μm and width of 5.2 ± 0.7 μm, with two oval and symmetrical polar capsules of 4.9 ± 0.5 μm in length and 1.4 ± 0.2 μm in width, containing polar filaments with five or six coils. An integrated comparative analysis of the morphological characteristics of this parasite and partial sequences of the SSU rDNA gene supported the identification of a new species of histozoic parasite of the genus Unicauda found in fish from the Tocantins River basin, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon region. The new species was denominated by Unicauda tavaresii n. sp.
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de Azevedo RK, Negrelli DC, de Oliveira CP, Abdallah VD, Camara JPS, Matos ER, Vieira DHMD. Morphological and molecular analysis of Henneguya lagunensis n. sp. (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) parasitizing the gills of Eugerres brasilianus from Brazil. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102184. [PMID: 32898661 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodia containing myxospores belonging to the genus Henneguya Thélohan, 1892 were found in the gills of Eugerres brasilianus (Cuvier, 1830). Despite the economic importance, few parasitological studies have been done with this species. We describe Henneguya lagunensis n. sp. using morphological and molecular data. The mature myxospores were rounded, measuring 29.1 ± 2.2 μm in total length, 8.2 ± 1.0 μm in body length, 7.9 ± 0.2 μm in body width, 20.7 ± 2.4 μm in tail length and 4.8 ± 1.0 μm in thickness. The polar capsules measured 3.3 ± 0.4 in length and 1.7 ± 0.3 μm in width. Polar filaments had 4-5 turns, helical. Phylogenetic analysis showed Henneguya lagunensis n. sp. as a sister species of Henneguya cynoscioni Dyková, Buron, Roumillat and Fiala, 2011, within a clade that contained mostly Henneguya species that parasitize marine fish of the order Perciformes. This is the first report of a species of Henneguya parasitizing Eugerres brasilianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Kozlowiski de Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió - Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Débora Caroline Negrelli
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de Botucatu, Distrito de Ribeirão Junior, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Pinto de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió - Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Doro Abdallah
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió - Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Edilson Rodrigues Matos
- Carlos Azevedo Research Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Diego Henrique Mirandola Dias Vieira
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Câmpus de Botucatu, Distrito de Ribeirão Junior, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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39
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Lisnerova M, Blabolil P, Holzer A, Jurajda P, Fiala I. Myxozoan hidden diversity: the case of Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 32764187 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova, 1936 (Myxozoa) was originally described as a parasite of common roach, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus), with developing stages in muscles and spores disseminated in macrophage centres of different organs and tissues. Later, this parasite was described from several other cyprinids, but with relatively large intraspecific differences based on SSU rDNA gene sequences. Within our long-term study on myxozoan biodiversity, we performed a broad microscopic and molecular screening of various freshwater fish species (over 450 specimens, 36 species) from different localities. We investigated the cryptic species status of M. pseudodispar. Our analysis revealed four new unique SSU rDNA sequences of M. pseudodispar as well as an infection in new fish host species. Myxobolus pseudodispar sequence analysis showed clear phylogenetic grouping according to fish host criterion forming 13 well-recognised clades. Using 1% SSU rDNA-based genetic distance criterion, at least ten new species of Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 may be recognised in the group of M. pseudodispar sequences. Our analysis showed the paraphyletic character of M. pseudodispar sequences and the statistical tests rejected hypothetical tree topology with the monophyletic status of the M. pseudodispar group. Myxobolus pseudodispar represents a species complex and it is a typical example of myxozoan hidden diversity phenomenon confirming myxozoans as an evolutionary very successful group of parasites with a great ability to adapt to a new hosts with subsequent speciation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lisnerova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Blabolil
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jurajda
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Fiala
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Espinoza LL, Milanin T, Alama-Bermejo G, Audebert F, Morandini AC. Taxonomy and 18S rDNA-based phylogeny of Henneguya multiradiatus n. sp. (Cnidaria: Myxobolidae) a parasite of Brochis multiradiatus from Peruvian Amazon. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104372. [PMID: 32652114 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new myxozoan species belonging to the genus Henneguya was isolated from the serous membrane of the visceral cavity of the hognosed catfish Brochis multiradiatus from Peruvian Amazon. Whitish plasmodia, macroscopically visible, were found in four of the thirty examined fishes. Mature myxospores were ellipsoidal in shape in frontal view and had a total length of 44.5 ± 0.6 μm (43.9-45.1), spore body measured 18.7 ± 0.9 μm (16.8-19.6) in length, 7.1 ± 0.2 μm (6.6-7.4) in width and 5.5 ± 0.3 μm (4.9-5.6) in thickness. The two polar capsules were elongated and equal in size, measuring 9.1 ± 0.1 μm (8.8-9.4) in length and 1.7 ± 0.1 μm (1.6-1.8) in width, occupying half of the myxospore body. Polar tubules coiled in 10-11 turns perpendicular to the long axis of the polar capsule. The caudal appendage was not bifurcated and measured 25.8 ± 0.6 μm (24.7-26.5) in length. The sequencing of the 18S rDNA gene resulted in 1400 bp and this sequence did not match any of the myxozoans available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis placed the new species in a well-supported subclade of Henneguya spp. infecting callichthyid fishes, with Henneguya loretoensis being the closest species. This study is the first description of a myxozoan species, Henneguya multiradiatus n. sp. from a fish of the genus Brochis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis L Espinoza
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, 2800, San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National de d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005, Paris, France
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Marine Biology Center, University of São Paulo, 11612-109, São Sebastião, Brazil
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41
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Borkhanuddin MH, Cech G, Molnár K, Shaharom-Harrison F, Khoa TND, Samshuri MA, Mazelan S, Atkinson SD, Székely C. Henneguya (Cnidaria: Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infections of cultured barramundi, Lates calcarifer (Perciformes: Latidae) in an estuarine wetlands system of Malaysia: description of Henneguya setiuensis n. sp., Henneguya voronini n. sp. and Henneguya calcarifer n. sp. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:85-96. [PMID: 31768684 PMCID: PMC6942030 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Examination of 35 barramundi (Lates calcarifer) from aquaculture cages in Setiu Wetland, Malaysia, revealed a single fish infected with three Henneguya spp. (Cnidaria: Myxosporea). Characterization of the infections using tissue tropism, myxospore morphology and morphometry and 18S rDNA sequencing supported description of three new species: Henneguya setiuensis n. sp., Henneguya voronini n. sp. and H. calcarifer n. sp. Myxospores of all three species had typical Henneguya morphology, with two polar capsules in the plane of the suture, an oval spore body, smooth valve cell surfaces, and two caudal appendages. Spores were morphometrically similar, and many dimensions overlapped, but H. voronini n. sp. had shorter caudal appendages compared with H. calcarifer n. sp. and H. setiuensis n. sp. Gross tissue tropism distinguished the muscle parasite H. calcarifer n. sp. from gill parasites H. setiuensis n. sp. and H. voronini n. sp.; and these latter two species were further separable by fine-scale location of developing plasmodia, which were intra-lamellar for H. setiuensis n. sp. and basal to the filaments for H. voronini n. sp. small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences distinguished all three species: the two gill species H. setiuensis n. sp. and H voronini n. sp. were only 88% similar (over 1708 bp), whereas the muscle species H. calcarifer n. sp. was most similar to H. voronini n. sp. (98% over 1696 bp). None of the three novel species was more than 90% similar to any known myxosporean sequence in GenBank. Low infection prevalence of these myxosporeans and lack of obvious tissue pathology from developing plasmodia suggested none of these parasites are currently a problem for barramundi culture in Setiu Wetland; however additional surveys of fish, particularly at different times of the year, would be informative for better risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gábor Cech
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, Budapest, H-1581, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Molnár
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, Budapest, H-1581, Hungary
| | - Faizah Shaharom-Harrison
- Faculty of Fisheries & Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Tran Nguyen Duy Khoa
- Department of Coastal Aquaculture, Can Tho University, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Viet Nam
| | - Muhammad Arif Samshuri
- Faculty of Science & Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Suhairi Mazelan
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture & Fisheries Research (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97330, USA
| | - Csaba Székely
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 18, Budapest, H-1581, Hungary.
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