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Zhao D, Suo J, Liang L, Liang R, Zhou R, Ding J, Liu X, Suo X, Zhang S, Tang X. Innovative prevention and control of coccidiosis: targeting sporogony for new control agent development. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104246. [PMID: 39260244 PMCID: PMC11416347 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is one of the most significant diseases affecting the poultry industry, with recent estimates indicating that it causes annual losses exceeding £10 billion globally. Increasing concerns over drug residues and resistance have elevated the importance of safe and effective vaccines as the primary method for controlling coccidiosis and other animal diseases. However, current commercial live vaccines for coccidiosis can negatively impact the feed conversion rates of young broilers and induce subclinical symptoms of coccidiosis, limiting their widespread adoption. Eimeria species, the causative agents of coccidiosis, exhibit unique biological characteristics. Their life cycle involves 2 or more generations of schizogony and 1 generation of gametogony within the host, followed by sporogony in a suitable external environment. Sporogony is crucial for Eimeria oocysts to become infectious and propagate within the host. Focusing on the sporogony process of Eimeria presents a promising approach to overcoming technical challenges in the efficient control of coccidiosis, addressing the urgent need for sustainable and healthy farming practices. This paper systematically reviews existing control strategies for coccidiosis, identifies current challenges, and emphasizes the research progress and future directions in developing control agents targeting sporogony. The goal is to provide guidance for the formulation of scientific prevention and control measures for coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) & Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products and Chemical Drugs of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the MARA, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) & Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products and Chemical Drugs of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) & Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products and Chemical Drugs of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rongqiong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiabo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) & Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products and Chemical Drugs of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the MARA, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the MARA, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) & Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Products and Chemical Drugs of MARA, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Guo H, Zhao Q, Wang H, Zhu S, Dong H, Xie X, Wang L, Chen L, Han H. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of Eimeria tenella ankyrin repeat-containing protein. Eur J Protistol 2024; 94:126089. [PMID: 38749182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis causes disastrous losses to the poultry industry all over the world. Eimeria tenella is the most prevalent of these disease-causing species. Our former RNA-seq indicated that E. tenella ankyrin repeat-containing protein (EtANK) was expressed differently between drug-sensitive (DS) and drug-resistant strains. In this study, we cloned EtANK and analyzed its translational and transcriptional levels using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and western blotting. The data showed that EtANK was significantly upregulated in diclazuril-resistant (DZR) strain and maduramicin-resistant (MRR) strain compared with the drug-sensitive (DS) strain. In addition, the transcription levels in the DZR strains isolated from the field were higher than in the DS strain. The translation levels of EtANK were higher in unsporulated oocysts (UO) than in sporozoites (SZ), sporulated oocysts (SO), or second-generation merozoites (SM), and the protein levels in SM were significantly higher than in UO, SO, and SZ. The results of the indirect immunofluorescence localization showed that the protein was distributed mainly at the anterior region of SZ and on the surface and in the cytoplasm of SM. The fluorescence intensity increased further with its development in vitro. An anti-rEtANK polyclonal antibody inhibited the invasive ability of E. tenella in DF-1 cells. These results showed that EtANK may be related to host cell invasion, required for the parasite's growth in the host, and may be involved in the development of E. tenella resistance to some drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Guo
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xinrui Xie
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lang Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Yuan Y, Yang L, Zhao Q, Xiong L, Yang M, Suo X, Hao Z. Ponazuril: Clinical efficacy, ultrastructure, and histopathology studies of in vivo anticoccidial action against Eimeria tenella. Vet Parasitol 2024; 326:110098. [PMID: 38194736 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ponazuril, a novel antiprotozoal drug in the class of triazine, has shown a promising application on apicomplexan infections in poultry and livestock. However, the effect and mechanism of action of ponazuril against Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) are unclear. The efficacy against E. tenella was initially studied by administering different doses of ponazuril in drinking water. The treated stage and site of ponazuril on E. tenella were observed through ultrastructural and histopathological analyses. Chicks were orally treated with a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight of ponazuril at different endogenous stages of E. tenella post-infection. According to the clinical study, the values of anticoccidial indices (ACI) were 157.0, 162.3, 196.9, 194.5, and 190.9, respectively, when the ponazuril was administered in drinking water at doses of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50 mg/L for two consecutive days after infection. Among them, the 20 mg/L ponazuril group showed the best anticoccidial effect, which was superior to that of the toltrazuril treatment group, with an ACI value of 191.7. Histological analysis indicated that ponazuril effectively relieved cecal lesions, and decreased the number of merozoites. Transmission electron micrographs (TEM) observed that merozoites became irregular in shape, and some apparent protrusions of the outer membrane were presented especially the second-generation merozoites. Additionally, abnormalities in the development of WFBI and WFBII in the macrogametocyte were observed, which may affect the formation of the ovule wall. Moreover, merozoites in the treated group showed uneven and marginalized chromatin and mitochondrial swelling. These results suggested ponazuril is a potential anticoccidial drug, providing information on the mechanism of anticoccidial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li'nan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Ming Yang
- National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Wulumuqi 830052, PR China
| | - Xun Suo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China; National key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, PR China; National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Schwarz D, Lourido S. The multifaceted roles of Myb domain-containing proteins in apicomplexan parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 76:102395. [PMID: 37866202 PMCID: PMC10872578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are a large and diverse clade of protists responsible for significant diseases of humans and animals. Central to the ability of these parasites to colonize their host and evade immune responses is an expanded repertoire of gene-expression programs that requires the coordinated action of complex transcriptional networks. DNA-binding proteins and chromatin regulators are essential orchestrators of apicomplexan gene expression that often act in concert. Although apicomplexan genomes encode various families of putative DNA-binding proteins, most remain functionally and mechanistically unexplored. This review highlights the versatile role of myeloblastosis (Myb) domain-containing proteins in apicomplexan parasites as transcription factors and chromatin regulators. We explore the diversity of Myb domain structure and use phylogenetic analysis to identify common features across the phylum. This provides a framework to discuss functional heterogeneity and regulation of Myb domain-containing proteins particularly emphasizing their role in parasite differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Schwarz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sebastian Lourido
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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