1
|
Boulanger L, Planchon C, Taudière A, McCoy KD, Burgess STG, Nisbet AJ, Bartley K, Galliot P, Creach P, Sleeckx N, Roy L. The Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, travels far but not frequently, and takes up permanent residence on farms. Infect Genet Evol 2024; 120:105584. [PMID: 38521481 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Management of Dermanyssus gallinae, a cosmopolitan hematophagous mite responsible for damage in layer poultry farming, is hampered by a lack of knowledge of its spatio-temporal population dynamics. Previous studies have shown that the circulation of this pest between farms is of strictly anthropogenic origin, that a mitochondrial haplogroup has been expanding on European farms since the beginning of the 21st century and that its local population growth may be particularly rapid. To refine our understanding of how D. gallinae spreads within and among farms, we characterized the genetic structure of mite populations at different spatial scales and sought to identify the main factors interrupting gene flow between poultry houses and between mitochondrial haplogroups. To this end, we selected and validated the first set of nuclear microsatellite markers for D. gallinae and sequenced a region of the CO1-encoding mitochondrial gene in a subsample of microsatellite-genotyped mites. We also tested certain conditions required for effective contamination of a poultry house through field experimentation, and conducted a survey of practices during poultry transfers. Our results confirm the role of poultry transport in the dissemination of mite populations, but the frequency of effective contamination after the introduction of contaminated material into poultry houses seems lower than expected. The high persistence of mites on farms, even during periods when poultry houses are empty and cleaned, and the very large number of nodes in the logistic network (large number of companies supplying pullets or transporting animals) undoubtedly explain the very high prevalence on farms. Substantial genetic diversity was measured in farm populations, probably as a result of the mite's known haplodiploid mode of sexual reproduction, coupled with the dense logistic network. The possibility of the occasional occurrence of asexual reproduction in this sexually reproducing mite was also revealed in our analyses, which could explain the extreme aggressiveness of its demographic dynamics under certain conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Boulanger
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France
| | - C Planchon
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France
| | - A Taudière
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France
| | - K D McCoy
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, MIVEGEC, Domaine La Valette - 900, rue Jean François BRETON, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - S T G Burgess
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - A J Nisbet
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - K Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - P Galliot
- Institut Technique de l'AVIculture (ITAVI), FranceITAVI, 41 rue Beaucemaine, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - P Creach
- Institut Technique de l'AVIculture (ITAVI), FranceITAVI, 41 rue Beaucemaine, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - N Sleeckx
- Experimental Poultry Centre, 77 Poiel, Geel 2440, Belgium
| | - Lise Roy
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, 1919 route de Mende, 3400 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Qiu X, Ni J, Liao S, Qi N, Li J, Lv M, Lin X, Cai H, Hu J, Song Y, Yin L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhang H, Sun M. Immunoprotective effects of DNA vaccine against Eimeria tenella based on EtAMA3 and EtRON2 L2. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110141. [PMID: 38367528 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is the most pathogenic and harmful intestinal parasitic protozoan. Recombinant DNA vaccines open options for promising strategies for preventing avian coccidiosis, replacing chemical drugs and live oocyst vaccines. Two important antigenic proteins, EtAMA3 (also known as SporoAMA1) and EtRON2L2, act together to promote the invasion of E. tenella sporozoites. In this study, a recombinant DNA vaccine, designated pcDNA3.1(+)-AR, was constructed based on EtAMA3DII, EtRON2L2D3, and EtRON2L2D4. Chickens were intramuscularly immunized with different doses (25, 50, or 100 μg) of pcDNA3.1(+)-AR to evaluate its immunoprotective effects in vivo. The chickens in the 50 μg and 100 μg groups had higher cytokine concentrations (interleukin 2, interferon-gamma, and interleukin 10), and lesion scores (81.9% and 67.57%, respectively) and relative oocyst production (47% and 19%, respectively) reduced compared with the unchallenged group, indicating partial protection against E. tenella. These results suggest that pcDNA3.1(+)-AR is a promising vaccine candidate against avian coccidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xixi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junli Ni
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongle Song
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Haoji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liang S, Zhu S, Wang Q, Zhao Q, Dong H, Huang B, Yu Y, Han H. Eimeria tenella pyrroline -5-carboxylate reductase is a secreted protein and involved in host cell invasion. Exp Parasitol 2024; 259:108712. [PMID: 38336093 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis, which caused by Eimeria spp, is a parasitic protozoal disease. At present, control measures of this disease depend mainly on anticoccidial drugs and live vaccines. But these control strategies have drawbacks such as drug resistance and limitations in live vaccines production. Therefore, novel control approaches are urgently need to study to control this disease effectively. In this study, the function and characteristics of the pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase of Eimeria tenella (EtPYCR) protein were preliminary analyzed. The transcription and translation level were analyzed by using qPCR and Western blot. The results showed that the mRNA transcription and translation levels of EtPYCR were higher in unsporulated oocysts (UO) and second generation merozoites (Mrz) than that in sporulated oocysts (SO) and sporozoites. Enzyme activity showed that the enzyme activity of EtPYCR was also higher in the UO and Mrz than that in the SO and sporozoites. Immunofluorescence localization showed EtPYCR was mainly located on the top of sporozoites and the whole cytoplasm and surface of Mrz. The secretion assay indicated that EtPYCR was secretion protein, but not from micronemes. Invasion inhibition assay showed that rabbit anti-rEtPYCR polyclonal antibodies can effectively inhibit sporozoite invasion of DF-1 cells. These results showed that EtPYCR possess several important roles that separate and distinct from its conversion 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) into proline and maybe involved in the host cell invasion and development of parasites in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China; Tangshan Food and Drug Comprehensive Testing Center, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China; Shaanxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Xian, 710016, China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rico-Torres CP, Valenzuela-Moreno LF, Robles-González E, Cruz-Tamayo AA, Huchin-Cab M, Pérez-Flores J, Xicoténcatl-García L, Luna-Pastén H, Ortiz-Alegría LB, Cañedo-Solares I, Cedillo-Peláez C, García-Lacy F, Caballero-Ortega H. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic animals from Campeche, México, reveals virulent genotypes and a recombinant ROP5 allele. Parasitology 2024; 151:363-369. [PMID: 38379406 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii has at least 318 genotypes distributed worldwide, and tropical regions usually have greater genetic diversity. Campeche is a state located in the southeastern region of México and has favourable climate conditions for the replication and dissemination of this protozoan, similar to those in South American countries where broad genetic diversity has been described. Thus, in this study, 4 T. gondii isolates were obtained from tissues of stray dogs and free-range chickens in Campeche, México, and were genotyped by Mn-PCR-RFLP with 10 typing markers (SAG1, altSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico) and 5 virulence markers (CS3, ROP16, ROP17, ROP18 and ROP5) to provide new information about the distribution and virulence prediction of T. gondii genotypes. Two isolates of T. gondii genotype #116 and 2 of genotype #38 were obtained from stray dogs and chickens, respectively. The parasite load found in these species was between <50 and more than 35 000 tachyzoites per mg of tissue. Virulence marker genotyping revealed a recombinant 1&3 ROP5 RFLP pattern in 2 ToxoDB #116 isolates with no prediction of virulence in a murine model, while in the 2 ToxoDB #38 isolates, the ROP18/ROP5 combination predicted high virulence. Considering all the typed markers, there is a predominance of type I and III alleles, as constantly reported for the isolates characterized in various regions of México. It is crucial to determine their phenotype to corroborate the genetic virulence profile of the T. gondii isolates obtained in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Huchin-Cab
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México
| | - Jonathan Pérez-Flores
- Departamento de Observación y Estudio de la Tierra, la Atmósfera y el Océano, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, México
| | | | - Héctor Luna-Pastén
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
| | | | - Irma Cañedo-Solares
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, México
| | | | - Fernando García-Lacy
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma X, Liu B, Gong Z, Wang J, Qu Z, Cai J. Comparative proteomic analysis across the developmental stages of the Eimeria tenella. Genomics 2024; 116:110792. [PMID: 38215860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is the main pathogen responsible for coccidiosis in chickens. The life cycle of E. tenella is, arguably, the least complex of all Coccidia, with only one host. However, it presents different developmental stages, either in the environment or in the host and either intracellular or extracellular. Its signaling and metabolic pathways change with its different developmental stages. Until now, little is known about the developmental regulation and transformation mechanisms of its life cycle. In this study, protein profiles from the five developmental stages, including unsporulated oocysts (USO), partially sporulated (7 h) oocysts (SO7h), sporulated oocysts (SO), sporozoites (S) and second-generation merozoites (M2), were harvested using the label-free quantitative proteomics approach. Then the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) for these stages were identified. A total of 314, 432, 689, and 665 DEPs were identified from the comparison of SO7h vs USO, SO vs SO7h, S vs SO, and M2 vs S, respectively. By conducting weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), six modules were dissected. Proteins in blue and brown modules were calculated to be significantly positively correlated with the E. tenella developmental stages of sporozoites (S) and second-generation merozoites (M2), respectively. In addition, hub proteins with high intra-module degree were identified. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses revealed that hub proteins in blue modules were involved in electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Hub proteins in the brown module were involved in RNA splicing. These findings provide new clues and ideas to enhance our fundamental understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying parasite development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | - Zhenxing Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Province 750021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Y, Zhang S, Duan C, Crouch C, Suo J, Tang X, Liu X, Liu J, Bruton B, Tarpey I, Suo X. Developing efficient strategies for localizing the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein subcellularly in transgenic Eimeria parasites. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4851. [PMID: 38418588 PMCID: PMC10902363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Eimeria species serve as promising eukaryotic vaccine vectors. And that the location of heterologous antigens in the subcellular components of genetically modified Eimeria may determine the magnitude and type of immune responses. Therefore, our study aimed to target a heterologous fluorescent protein to the cell surface or microneme, two locations where are more effective in inducing protective immunity, of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina sporozoites. We used an enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) as a tagging biomarker, fusing variously with some localization or whole sequences of compartmental proteins for targeting. After acquiring stable transgenic Eimeria populations, we observed EYFP expressing in expected locations with certain strategies. That is, EYFP successfully localized to the surface when it was fused between signal peptides and mature products of surface antigen 1 (SAG1). Furthermore, EYFP was efficiently targeted to the apical end, an optimal location for secretory organelle known as the microneme, when fused to the C terminus of microneme protein 2. Unexpectedly, EYFP exhibited dominantly in the apical end with only weak expression on the surface of the transgenic sporozoites when the parasites were transfected with plasmid with EYFP fused between signal peptides and mature products of E. tenella SAG 13. These strategies worked in both E. tenella and E. acervulina, laying a solid foundation for studying E. tenella and E. acervulina-based live vaccines that can be further tailored to the inclusion of cargo immunogens from other pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Colin Crouch
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Beth Bruton
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Ian Tarpey
- MSD Animal Health, Walton Manor, Milton Keynes, MK7 7AJ, UK
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang S, Wang D, Bai Y, Zheng G, Han Y, Wang L, Hu J, Zhu H, Bai Y. Expression of Toll-like receptors and host defence peptides in the cecum of chicken challenged with Eimeria tenella. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13022. [PMID: 38384176 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria protozoa, affects poultry farming. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and host defence peptides (HDPs) help host innate immune responses to eliminate invading pathogens, but their roles in Eimeria tenella infection remain poorly understood. Herein, 14-day-old chickens were treated orally with 50,000 E. tenella oocysts and the cecum was dissected at different timepoints. mRNA expression of 10 chicken TLRs (chTLRs) and five HDPs was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. chTLR7 and chTLR15 were upregulated significantly at 3 h post-infection while other chTLRs were downregulated (p < .05). chTLR1a, chTLR1b, chTLR2b and chTLR4 peaked at 36 h post-infection, chTLR3, chTLR5 and chTLR15 peaked at 72 h post-infection and chTLR21 expression was highest among chTLRs, peaking at 48 h post-infection (p < 0.05). For HDPs, cathelicidin (CATH) 1 to 3 and B1 peaked at 48 h post-infection, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 peaked at 96 h post-infection, and CATH 2 expression was highest among HDPs. CATH2 and CATH3 were markedly upregulated at 3 h post-infection (p < .05). The results provide insight into innate immune molecules during E. tenella infection in chicken, and indicate that innate immune responses may mediate resistance to chicken coccidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Danni Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- School of Agricultural Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guijie Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huili Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mousa MR, Attia MM, Salem HM, Al-Hoshani N, Thabit H, Ibrahim MA, Albohiri HH, Khan SA, El-Saadony MT, El-Tarabily KA, El-Saied MA. Coinfection of the gut with protozoal and metazoal parasites in broiler and laying chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103227. [PMID: 38041891 PMCID: PMC10731381 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The chicken business faces substantial economic losses due to the risk of parasitic coinfection. Because the current study aimed to investigate enteric parasitic coinfections problems among the suspected examined chicken farms, samples were collected during the field investigation from suspected freshly dead birds, clinically diseased, apparently healthy, and litter samples for further laboratory parasitological, histopathological, and immunological examinations. Variable mortalities with various clinical indicators, such as ruffled feathers, weight loss, diarrhea of various colors, and a decline in egg production, occurred on the farms under investigation. In addition, the treatment protocols of each of the farms that were evaluated were documented and the m-RNA levels of some cytokines and apoptotic genes among the infected poultry have been assessed. The prevalence rate of parasitic coinfection in the current study was found to be 8/120 (6.66%). Parasitological analysis of the samples revealed that they belonged to distinct species of Eimeria, cestodes, and Ascaridia galli. When deposited, A. galli eggs were nonembryonated and ellipsoidal, but cestodes eggs possessed a thin, translucent membrane that was subspherical. Eimeria spp. oocysts in layer chickens were identified as Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima in broiler chickens. Our findings proved that coinfection significantly upregulated the IL-1β, BAX, and Cas-3 genes. Conversely, the IL-10, BCL-2, and AKT mRNA levels were downregulated, indicating that nematode triggered apoptosis. The existence of parasite coinfection was verified by histological investigation of the various intestinal segments obtained from affected flocks. A. galli and cestodes obstructed the intestinal lumen, causing different histological alternations in the intestinal mucosa. Additionally, the lamina propria revealed different developmental stages of Eimeria spp. It was determined that parasite coinfection poses a significant risk to the poultry industry. It was recommended that stringent sanitary measures management methods, together with appropriate treatment and preventative procedures, be employed in order to resolve such issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Mousa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Nawal Al-Hoshani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasnaa Thabit
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Haleema H Albohiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Ahmad Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohamed A El-Saied
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Srivastava SK, Parker C, O'Brien CN, Tucker MS, Thompson PC, Rosenthal BM, Dubey JP, Khan A, Jenkins MC. Chromosomal scale assembly reveals localized structural variants in avian caecal coccidian parasite Eimeria tenella. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22802. [PMID: 38129566 PMCID: PMC10739835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria tenella is a major cause of caecal coccidiosis in commercial poultry chickens worldwide. Here, we report chromosomal scale assembly of Eimeria tenella strain APU2, a strain isolated from commercial broiler chickens in the U.S. We obtained 100× sequencing Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) and more than 800× Coverage of Illumina Next-Seq. We created the assembly using the hybrid approach implemented in MaSuRCA, achieving a contiguous 51.34 Mb chromosomal-scale scaffolding enabling identification of structural variations. The AUGUSTUS pipeline predicted 8060 genes, and BUSCO deemed the genomes 99% complete; 6278 (78%) genes were annotated with Pfam domains, and 1395 genes were assigned GO-terms. Comparing E. tenella strains (APU2, US isolate and Houghton, UK isolate) derived Houghton strain of E. tenella revealed 62,905 high stringency differences, of which 45,322 are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (0.088%). The rate of transitions/transversions among the SNPs are 1.63 ts/tv. The strains possess conserved gene order but have profound sequence heterogeneity in a several chromosomal segments (chr 2, 11 and 15). Genic and intergenic variation in defined gene families was evaluated between the two strains to possibly identify sequences under selection. The average genic nucleotide diversity of 2.8 with average 2 kb gene length (0.145%) at genic level. We examined population structure using available E. tenella sequences in NCBI, revealing that the two E. tenella isolates from the U.S. (E. tenella APU2 and Wisconsin, "ERR296879") share a common maternal inheritance with the E. tenella Houghton. Our chromosomal level assembly promotes insight into Eimeria biology and evolution, hastening drug discovery and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subodh K Srivastava
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Carolyn Parker
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Celia N O'Brien
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Matthew S Tucker
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Peter C Thompson
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jitender P Dubey
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Asis Khan
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Mark C Jenkins
- USDA-ARS Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-East Building 1040, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Liu D, Zhu Y, Wang F, Cai W, Feng Q, Su S, Hou Z, Xu J, Hu J, Tao J. Comparative proteomic analysis of wall-forming bodies and oocyst wall reveals the molecular basis underlying oocyst wall formation in Eimeria necatrix. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:460. [PMID: 38111000 PMCID: PMC10729351 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The durable oocyst wall formed from the contents of wall-forming bodies (WFBs) protects Eimeria parasites from harsh conditions and enhances parasite transmission. Comprehending the contents of WFBs and proteins involved in oocyst wall formation is pivotal to understanding the mechanism of the oocyst wall formation and the search for novel targets to disrupt parasite transmission. METHODS Total proteins extracted from WFBs and the oocyst wall of Eimeria necatrix were subjected to comparative proteomic analysis using tandem mass tag in conjunction with liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry techniques. After functional clustering analysis of the identified proteins, three proteins, including E. necatrix disulfide isomerase (EnPDI), thioredoxin (EnTrx) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EnPGK), were selected for further study to confirm their potential roles in oocyst wall formation. RESULTS A total of 3009 and 2973 proteins were identified from WFBs and the oocyst wall of E. necatrix, respectively. Among these proteins, 1102 were identified as differentially expressed proteins, of which 506 were upregulated and 596 downregulated in the oocyst wall compared to the WFBs. A total of 108 proteins, including compositional proteins of the oocyst wall, proteases, oxidoreductases, proteins involved in glycosylation, proteins involved in synthesis of the acid-fast lipid layer and proteins related to transport, were proposed to be involved in oocyst wall formation. The approximate molecular sizes of native EnPDI, EnTrx and EnPGK proteins were 55, 50 and 45 kDa, respectively. EnPDI was present in both type 1 and type 2 WFBs, EnTrx was present only in type 2 WFB2 and EnPGK was present only in type 1 WFBs, whereas all of them were localized to the outer layer of the oocyst wall, indicating that all of them participate in the formation of the oocyst wall. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the proteomes of WFBs and the oocyst wall of E. necatrix. The data obtained from this study form a basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying oocyst wall formation of Eimeria parasites. They also provide valuable resources for future studies on the development of novel therapeutic agents and vaccines aimed at combating coccidian transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Domann N, Rezende SR, Fleury ACC, Barbosa IMFN, Ribeiro IDC, Dornelas JB, de Oliveira TFC, de Moura VOL, Storchilo HR, de Castro AM, Garcia JL, Cardoso LPV, Rezende HHA. Molecular characterization and epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-range chickens in the southwest region of Goiás: new genotypes. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 32:e009823. [PMID: 38055433 PMCID: PMC10704866 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to isolate Toxoplasma gondii from tissues of free-range chickens in the southwestern region of Goiás, to detect and molecularly characterize the genetic material of the parasite, and to determine the seroprevalence of the protozoan parasite in these animals. A seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies of 76% (19/25) was found among the chickens, while genetic material from their tissues was detected in 56% (14/25). A total of 14 isolates was obtained in the bioassay, ten of which were considered acute, eight were considered isolates of high virulence lethal to mice, and four of low virulence, considered non-lethal but with the ability to chronify the infection. Seven of the ten isolates showed significant morphometric differences from the RH strain, in terms of nucleus-complex-apical distance, length and width. Genotyping of the acute isolates was performed by RFLP-PCR, using 11 genetic markers: SAG1, SAG2 (3'SAG2 and 5'SAG2), alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and APICO. The results were compared and classified according to the genotypes listed on the ToxoDB Platform, where different profiles were observed indicating the presence of two known genotypes (#7 and #63) and five new genotypes (NEW 3, NEW4, NEW5, NEW6, NEW 7). The results showed high seroprevalence, isolation rate, molecular detection and genotypic variations of T. gondii in free-range chickens in the southwestern region of Goiás.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Domann
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Stéfanne Rodrigues Rezende
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Amanda Cristina Corrêa Fleury
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Isabella da Costa Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Júlia Batista Dornelas
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | | | - Vanessa Oliveira Lopes de Moura
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Heloísa Ribeiro Storchilo
- Laboratório de Estudos da Relação Parasito-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria de Castro
- Laboratório de Estudos da Relação Parasito-Hospedeiro, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - João Luís Garcia
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de Londrina – UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Ludimila Paula Vaz Cardoso
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| | - Hanstter Hallison Alves Rezende
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Bacteriologia e Micologia, Universidade Federal de Jataí – UFJ, Jataí, GO, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Q, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhu XQ, Suo X. Live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines for chickens. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:1087-1099. [PMID: 37770352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Chicken coccidiosis, caused by infection with single or multiple Eimeria species, results in significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to generate attenuated Eimeria strains, and the use of live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines for disease prevention has achieved tremendous success. In this review, we evaluate the advantages and limitations of the methods of attenuation as well as attenuated Eimeria strains in a historical perspective. Also, we summarize the recent exciting research advances in transient/stable transfection systems and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing developed for Eimeria parasites, and discuss trends and challenges of developing live attenuated anticoccidial vaccines based on transgenesis and genome editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province 271018, PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi Province 030801, PR China.
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100093, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jaramillo-Ortiz JM, Burrell C, Adeyemi O, Werling D, Blake DP. First detection and characterisation of Eimeria zaria in European chickens. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110068. [PMID: 37931476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The global poultry industry has experienced dramatic growth in recent decades, increasing the significance of pathogens of chickens. Protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria can cause the disease coccidiosis, compromising animal health and welfare, and incurring significant annual costs. Seven Eimeria species have long been recognised to infect chickens, supplemented by three new candidate species first reported from Australia in 2007/8. Named Eimeria lata, Eimeria nagambie and Eimeria zaria, one or more of these new species have been reported in Australia, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Venezuela, and most recently the United States of America, but none have been detected in Europe. Here, a panel of 56 unvaccinated broiler chicken farms were sampled in the final week of production from France, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom to assess the occurrence of all ten Eimeria species using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Overall, 39 of 56 (69.6%) farms were found to host at least one species. Eimeria acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima were most common, with E. mitis and E. praecox also widespread. Eimeria necatrix was detected on one farm in France, while E. brunetti was not detected. Eimeria zaria was detected for the first time in Europe, appearing in Greece and Italy (one occurrence each). New primers were designed to confirm detection of E. zaria and provide template for phylogenetic comparison with the reference isolate from Australia. Detection of E. zaria in Europe reinforces the importance of integrated control for coccidiosis given the lack of protection induced by current anticoccidial vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Jaramillo-Ortiz
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Caela Burrell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwayomi Adeyemi
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Höglund J, Daş G, Tarbiat B, Geldhof P, Jansson DS, Gauly M. Ascaridia galli - An old problem that requires new solutions. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2023; 23:1-9. [PMID: 37516026 PMCID: PMC10409999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Reports of Ascaridia galli in laying hens in Europe have increased since the ban on conventional battery cages in 2012. As this parasite is transmitted directly via the faecal-oral route by parasite eggs containing a larva, it is reasonable to assume that the escalating problem is related to the increased exposure now occurring in modern welfare-friendly cage-free housing systems. On many farms, A. galli reappears in subsequent flocks, even though the birds have no access to the outdoors, biosecurity is high and empty houses are cleaned and disinfected during downtime. Since the egg production cycle lasts only ≈80 weeks and recombinant antigen production for helminth vaccines has not yet been solved, the development of a vaccine seems to be an unrealistic option. Therefore, disrupting the life cycle of the parasite by other means, including the strategic use of dewormers, appears to be the key to controlling infection. Of concern is that only one class of anthelmintics is licenced for poultry in Europe and that are usually administered indiscriminately through the birds' drinking water and often too late when the parasite is already established. If current calendar-based parasite control strategies are not changed, there is a risk that resistance to anthelmintics may develop, as has already been demonstrated with nematodes in livestock. We insist that treatments can be more effective and the risk of developing drug resistance can be mitigated if we invest in a better understanding of A. galli responses to more prudent and judicious use of anthelmintics. This review identifies knowledge gaps and highlights aspects of sustainable parasite control that require further research to support commercial egg producers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gürbüz Daş
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology 'Oskar Kellner', Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Behdad Tarbiat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory for Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Désirée S Jansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Matthias Gauly
- Free University of Bolzano, Department of Animal Science, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang F, Zhang A, Fan X, Feng Q, Zhang Z, Liu D, Su S, Hou Z, Xu J, Kang X, Pan Z, Hu H, Tao J. Expression of a SAG protein with a CAP domain from Eimeria necatrix and its role in invasion and immunoprotection. Vet Parasitol 2023; 324:110060. [PMID: 37931477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria necatrix is a high pathogenic pathogen, which seriously endangers the poultry industry. The surface antigens (SAGs) of Apicomplexa are a kind of membrane protein anchored on the surface of the parasites through its carboxyl terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) structure. However, little is known about GPI-linked surface proteins in E. necatrix. In the present work, the E. necatrix sag gene (Ensag-CAP) was amplified and cloned for expression of the recombinant protein (rEnSAG-CAP). The full length Ensag-CAP gene was 813 bp, coding 270 amino acids with a predicated molecular weight of 28.86 kDa and contained a CAP domain with four sequence motifs CAP1, CAP2, CAP3 and CAP4. The rEnSAG-CAP was about 32 kDa and mainly expressed in a soluble form. Western blot analysis indicated that the rEnSAG-CAP could be recognized by anti-rEnSAG-CAP monoclonal antibody (anti-rEnSAG-CAP McAb) and the convalescent serum of chicken infected with E. necatrix. Native protein of EnSAG-CAP was detected in second-generation merozoites (MZ-2) using anti-rEnSAG-CAP polyclonal antibody (anti-rEnSAG-CAP pAb). The findings from the indirect immunofluorescence assay and enzyme digestion utilizing Bacillus cereus phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) revealed that EnSAG-CAP predominantly localized at the surfaces of SZ and MZ-2 via a GPI anchor. It was observed that EnSAG-CAP can be cleaved from MZ-2 by PI-PLC. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that transcript levels of Ensag-CAP in MZ-2 was significantly higher than that in SZ (P < 0.05). The anti-rEnSAG-CAP McAb in vitro could significantly inhibit the sporozoite invasion into MDBK cells (P < 0.01), which suggests that the protein might participate in sporozoite invasion into MDBK cells. rEnSAG-CAP afforded an immune protection against E. necatrix. The ACI value was 164.99 in the chickens immunized with 200 µg rEnSAG-CAP. Chickens immunized with rEnSAG-CAP had a significantly higher antigen-specific serum IgY response (P < 0.0001). The data indicates that EnSAG-CAP could serve as a potential candidate antigen for the development of a recombinant coccidiosis vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Amin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuelian Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhizhi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China
| | - Hunjie Hu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Lu M, Zhang Z, Huang X, Huang J, Liu J, Huang J, Song X, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. The microneme adhesive repeat domain of MIC3 protein determined the site specificity of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria mitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291379. [PMID: 38022512 PMCID: PMC10663340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of host and tissue tropisms among parasites of veterinary and medical importance has long posed a substantial challenge. Among the seven species of Eimeria known to parasitize the chicken intestine, a wide variation in tissue tropisms has been observed. Prior research suggested that microneme protein (MIC) composed of microneme adhesive repeat (MAR) domain responsible for initial host cell recognition and attachment likely dictated the tissue tropism of Eimeria parasites. This study aimed to explore the roles of MICs and their associated MARs in conferring site-specific development of E. acervuline, E. maxima, and E. mitis within the host. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that MIC3 of E. acervuline (EaMIC3), MIC3 of E. maxima (EmMIC3), MIC3 of E. mitis (EmiMIC3), MAR3 of EaMIC3 (EaMIC3-MAR3), MAR2 of EmMIC3 (EmMIC3-MAR2), and MAR4 of EmiMIC3 (EmiMIC3-MAR4), exhibited binding capabilities to the specific intestinal tract where these parasites infect. In contrast, the invasion of sporozoites into host intestinal cells could be significantly inhibited by antibodies targeting EaMIC3, EmMIC3, EmiMIC3, EaMIC3-MAR3, EmMIC3-MAR2, and EmiMIC3-MAR4. Substitution experiments involving MAR domains highlighted the crucial roles of EaMIC3-MAR3, EmMIC3-MAR2, and EmiMIC3-MAR4 in governing interactions with host ligands. Furthermore, animal experiments substantiated the significant contribution of EmiMIC3, EmiMIC3-MAR4, and their polyclonal antibodies in conferring protective immunity to Eimeria-affiliated birds. In summary, EaMIC3, EmMIC3, and EmiMIC3 are the underlying factors behind the diverse tissue tropisms exhibited by E. acervuline, E. maxima, and E. mitis, and EaMIC3-MAR3, EmMIC3-MAR2, and EmiMIC3-MAR4 are the major determinants of MIC-mediated tissue tropism of each parasite. The results illuminated the molecular basis of the modes of action of Eimeria MICs, thereby facilitating an understanding and rationalization of the marked differences in tissue tropisms among E. acervuline, E. maxima, and E. mitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiangrui Li
- The Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu-Chuang A, Hartmann D, Maitre A, Mateos-Hernández L, Frantová H, Urbanová V, Obregon D, Cabezas-Cruz A, Perner J. Variation of bacterial community assembly over developmental stages and midgut of Dermanyssus gallinae. Microb Ecol 2023; 86:2400-2413. [PMID: 37249591 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial microbiota play an important role in the fitness of arthropods, but the bacterial microflora in the parasitic mite Dermanyssus gallinae is only partially explored; there are gaps in our understanding of the microbiota localization and in our knowledge of microbial community assembly. In this work, we have visualized, quantified the abundance, and determined the diversity of bacterial occupancy, not only across developmental stages of D. gallinae, but also in the midgut of micro-dissected female D. gallinae mites. We explored community assembly and the presence of keystone taxa, as well as predicted metabolic functions in the microbiome of the mite. The diversity of the microbiota and the complexity of co-occurrence networks decreased with the progression of the life cycle. However, several bacterial taxa were present in all samples examined, indicating a core symbiotic consortium of bacteria. The relatively higher bacterial abundance in adult females, specifically in their midguts, implicates a function linked to the biology of D. gallinae mites. If such an association proves to be important, the bacterial microflora qualifies itself as an acaricidal or vaccine target against this troublesome pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - David Hartmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Apolline Maitre
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
- INRAE, UR 0045 Laboratoire de Recherches Sur Le Développement de L'Elevage (SELMET-LRDE), 20250, Corte, France
- EA 7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse, Corte, France
| | - Lourdes Mateos-Hernández
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Helena Frantová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dasiel Obregon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jan Perner
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Khalife S, El Safadi D. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered chickens in Tripoli, Lebanon. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 46:100941. [PMID: 37935542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite that has a wide range of intermediate hosts. It infects all warm-blooded animals, including humans and birds. The latter typically pick up the infection by ground feeding, and people can contract the parasite from eating undercooked chicken meat. In recent years, investigations into T. gondii infection in poultry have been reported worldwide. However, there is no epidemiological data regarding the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in chicken in Lebanon. Thus, the current investigation was carried out to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of T. gondii infection in chicken destined for human consumption in the Tripoli district of Lebanon. For this, a cross-sectional study was carried out between April 2021 and February 2022. Blood samples were collected from 400 chickens in four poultry abattoirs in Tripoli. The modified agglutination test (MAT) was used to test sera for T. gondii antibodies. The association of T. gondii seroprevalence with potential risk factors was assessed using the Chi-square test. Multivariate analysis was used to confirm the association. The seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies reported in this study was 13% (52/400); it was higher in the free-range chicken group (19.3%, 29/150) than in the caged group (9.2%, 23/250) (OR = 2.365; 95% CI: 1.311-4.267) (P = 0.004). The wet season and the presence of cats in the poultry farms were significantly associated with an increased seropositivity to T. gondii infection (P ≤ 0.0001). Given the occurrence of T. gondii antibodies in slaughtered chicken in this area, the consumption of raw or undercooked chicken meats may pose a serious threat to public health and highlight the need to implement appropriate precautionary strategies to halt the spread of T. gondii to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khalife
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Dima El Safadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mo J, Xiang J, Li J, Yang M, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhang G, Yang Y, Liu G, Lu Y, Hu D, Si H. Natural Magnolol ameliorates coccidiosis infected with Eimeria tenella by affecting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota of chicks. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102975. [PMID: 37708766 PMCID: PMC10506099 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnolol, a natural extract from magnolia officinalis, has received growing interest in its bioactive properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Nevertheless, there is little research on Magnolol in the treatment of parasitic infections currently. Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection causes damage to epithelial cells and cecal mucosa, resulting in increased intestinal permeability, which is pretty detrimental to the balance of the intestinal microenvironment. However, at present, in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis, the abuse of antibiotics is quite serious, which has brought losses and harms to the chicken farming industry that cannot be ignored. In this study, based on the excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Magnolol, we proved that it does have a desirable therapeutic potential on chicks infected with E. tenella. Actually, the results showed that the clinical symptoms of the chicks infected with E. tenella were relieved and their growth performance was restored by Magnolol treatment. Furthermore, Magnolol improved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of chicks. Meanwhile, the Magnolol reversed the imbalance of the intestinal microbiota of sick chicks, which recovered the diversity, promoted the potential beneficial bacteria, and inhabited the potential pathogenic bacteria. Overall, Magnolol may be an alternative to chemical drugs that are effective in treating E. tenella infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jun Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Jiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Meng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Zhidan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Geyin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yunqiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Gengsong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Yujie Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Dandan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530004, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hao Z, Chen J, Sun P, Chen L, Zhang Y, Chen W, Hu D, Bi F, Han Z, Tang X, Suo J, Suo X, Liu X. Distinct non-synonymous mutations in cytochrome b highly correlate with decoquinate resistance in apicomplexan parasite Eimeria tenella. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:365. [PMID: 37848977 PMCID: PMC10583425 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria are the causative agents of chicken coccidiosis. Parasite resistance to most anticoccidial drugs is one of the major challenges to controlling this disease. There is an urgent need for a molecular marker to monitor the emergence of resistance against anticoccidial drugs, such as decoquinate. METHODS We developed decoquinate-resistant strains by successively exposing the Houghton (H) and Xinjiang (XJ) strains of E. tenella to incremental concentrations of this drug in chickens. Additionally, we isolated a decoquinate-resistant strain from the field. The resistance of these three strains was tested using the criteria of weight gain, relative oocyst production and reduction of lesion scores. Whole-genome sequencing was used to identify the non-synonymous mutations in coding genes that were highly associated with the decoquinate-resistant phenotype in the two laboratory-induced strains. Subsequently, we scrutinized the missense mutation in a field-resistant strain for verification. We also employed the AlphaFold and PyMOL systems to model the alterations in the binding affinity of the mutants toward the drug molecule. RESULTS We obtained two decoquinate-resistant (DecR) strains, DecR_H and XJ, originating from the original H and XJ strains, respectively, as well as a decoquinate-resistant E. tenella strain from the field (DecR_SC). These three strains displayed resistance to 120 mg/kg decoquinate administered through feed. Through whole-genome sequencing analysis, we identified the cytochrome b gene (cyt b; ETH2_MIT00100) as the sole mutated gene shared between the DecR_H and XJ strains and also detected this gene in the DecR_SC strain. Distinct non-synonymous mutations, namely Gln131Lys in DecR_H, Phe263Leu in DecR_XJ, and Phe283Leu in DecR_SC were observed in the three resistant strains. Notably, these mutations were located in the extracellular segments of cyt b, in close proximity to the ubiquinol oxidation site Qo. Drug molecular docking studies revealed that cyt b harboring these mutants exhibited varying degrees of reduced binding ability to decoquinate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings emphasize the critical role of cyt b mutations in the development of decoquinate resistance in E. tenella. The strong correlation observed between cyt b mutant alleles and resistance indicates their potential as valuable molecular markers for the rapid detection of decoquinate resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkai Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Guangxi, China
| | - Feifei Bi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenyan Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang F, Ye Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Su S, Hou Z, Xu J, Tao J, Liu D. Characterization of the novel glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductase EnOXIO1 in Eimeria necatrix. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:110002. [PMID: 37567028 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Eimeria species are intracellular obligate parasites, among the most common pathogens affecting the intensive poultry industry. Oxidoreductases are members of a class of proteins with redox activity and are widely found in apicomplexan protozoans. However, there have been few reports related to Eimeria species. In this study, total RNA was extracted from the gametocytes of E. necatrix Yangzhou strain to amplify the EnOXIO1 gene using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. After cloning and sequence analysis, the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a(+)-EnOXIO1 was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the recombinant protein rEnOXIO1 was expressed by induction with isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside. The full length EnOXIO1 gene was 2535 bp encoding 844 amino acids, and the EnOXIO1 protein had a molecular weight of about 100 kDa and was mainly expressed in inclusion bodies. Western blot analysis indicated that the rEnOXIO1 protein had good antigenicity and cross-reactivity and was specifically recognized by a 6 ×HIS labeled monoclonal antibody, mouse anti-recombinant protein polyclonal antibody, and recovery serum from chickens infected with E. necatrix, E. acervulina, and E. tenella sporulated oocysts. The results of laser confocal immunofluorescence localization showed that the EnOXIO1 protein was mainly located on the wall-forming bodies in gametocytes and played an important role in the formation of the oocyst wall. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that transcript levels of EnOXIO1 were highest in the gametocyte stage. Protein expression levels of EnOXIO1 were higher in the gametocyte stage than in other developmental stages according to western blot analysis. Vaccination of chickens against E. necatrix was achieved with recombinant protein rEnOXIO1, which triggered humoral immunity and antibody production, increased average body weight gain, reduced oocyst output and alleviated lesions after E. necatrix infection. The highest ACI value (172.36) was observed in chickens that received 200 μg rEnOXIO1 compared with other immunization groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhuang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lele Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shijie Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhaofeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinjun Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianping Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhou BH, Ding HY, Yang JY, Chai J, Guo HW, Tian EJ. Diclazuril-induced expression of CDK-related kinase 2 in the second-generation merozoites of Eimeria tenella. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 255:111575. [PMID: 37302489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diclazuril is a classic anticoccidial drug. The key molecules of diclazuril in anticoccidial action allows target screening for the development of anticoccidial drugs. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are prominent target proteins in apicomplexan parasites. In this study, a diclazuril anticoccidiosis animal model was established, and the transcription and translation levels of the CDK-related kinase 2 of Eimeria tenella (EtCRK2) were detected. mRNA and protein expression levels of EtCRK2 decreased in the infected/diclazuril group compared with those in the infected/control group. In addition, immunofluorescence analysis showed that EtCRK2 was localised in the cytoplasm of the merozoites. The fluorescence intensity of EtCRK2 in the infected/diclazuril group was significantly weaker than that in the infected/control group. The anticoccidial drug diclazuril against E.tenella affects the expression pattern of EtCRK2 molecule, and EtCRK2 is a potential target for new drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bian-Hua Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luolong District, Luoyang 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Yan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luolong District, Luoyang 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luolong District, Luoyang 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chai
- School of information technology and urban construction, Luoyang Vocational and Technical College, Keji Avenue 6, Yibin District, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Guo
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Longzi Hubei Road 6, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Er-Jie Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Kaiyuan Avenue 263, Luolong District, Luoyang 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Feng X, Deng J, Zhang Z, Yu F, Zhang J, Shi T, Sun H, Qi M, Liu X. Dominant infection of Cryptosporidium baileyi in broiler chickens in Zhejiang Province, China. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1993-2000. [PMID: 37347286 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07898-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a common enteric parasite in chickens. A total of 812 fecal specimens were collected from 11 broiler farms in Zhejiang Province, China, and analyzed by nested PCR amplification based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 6.3% (51/812), and five of 11 farms were Cryptosporidium positive. Broilers aged > 90 days accounted for the highest infection rate of 16.1% (6/56), followed by those aged 30-60 days (10.6%, 38/358) and 60-90 days (4/378, 1.1%). Two Cryptosporidium species were identified by sequence analysis, with the predominant species being C. baileyi (96.1%, 49/51) and the minor infection being C. meleagridis (3.9%, 2/51). Based on the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, two C. meleagridis-positive isolates were identified as one known subtype, IIIbA24G1R1. This study indicated the common occurrence of C. baileyi in broiler chickens in this region and low zoonotic transmission potential of Cryptosporidium to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongchao Sun
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xuehan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shohana NN, Rony SA, Ali MH, Hossain MS, Labony SS, Dey AR, Farjana T, Alam MZ, Alim MA, Anisuzzaman. Ascaridia galli infection in chicken: Pathobiology and immunological orchestra. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1001. [PMID: 37773698 PMCID: PMC10540146 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ascaridia galli is the largest gut-dwelling helminth of chickens, which confers adverse effects on meat and egg production; thus, on the animal protein supply and the economy. Both adult and immature parasites affect gut health, but larval stages play a major role in pathology. AIMS Here, we present immunology and pathology of A. galli in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literatures were surveyed through online platforms such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Researchgate. RESULTS The larvae cause excessive mucus production, damage to the intestinal gland, hemorrhage, anemia, diarrhea, and malnutrition. The adult worms can cause death by intestinal obstruction and intussusception. Although both cellular and humoral immunity are involved in fighting against ascariasis, the role of naturally acquired immunity is poorly defined. In cellular immunity, Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13), goblet cells (mucin), gut-associated lymphoid tissues, CD8α+ intraepithelial cells, TCRγδ + T cells, and TGF-β4 form a protective band. Type 2 immunity provides protection by forming a network of endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns, chitin, and parasitic antigens. Among antibodies, IgY is the most prominent in chickens and provides temporary humoral protection. During parasitic infection, infiltration of various immune cells is evident, especially in the intestinal epithelium, lamina propria, and crypts of the duodenum and jejunum. In chickens older than 12 weeks, gradual reduction of worm burden is more successful than the younger birds. Female chickens exert a short-lived but higher level of protection by passing IgY to chicks in the form of egg yolk antibodies. In laying conditions, immunity differs between breeds. This review provides an overview of the silent but inevitable pathological changes induced by A. galli and the interaction of host immunity with the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharmin Aqter Rony
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Md. Haydar Ali
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal ScienceHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU)DinajpurBangladesh
| | - Md. Shahadat Hossain
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Anita Rani Dey
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Thahsin Farjana
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | | | - Md. Abdul Alim
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| | - Anisuzzaman
- Department of ParasitologyBangladesh Agricultural UniversityMymensinghBangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khan A, Afzal M, Rasool K, Ameen M, Qureshi NA. In-vivo anticoccidial efficacy of green synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles using Ficus racemosa Linn leaf extract. (Moraceae) against Emeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:110003. [PMID: 37586136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an acute gastrointestinal parasitic disease and causes approximately $2.80 to $3.27 per m2 loss in a broiler farm of a 33-day-old flock. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were green synthesized using the aqueous leaf extract of Ficus racemosa as a reducing and capping agent to reduce the emerging resistance in coccidia spores against conventional treatments and boost the immune level in broilers. These IONPs were evaluated for their impacts on the growth performance, biochemistry, blood profile, and histology in the coccidiodized broiler chicken with Emeria tenella under in vivo conditions. The characteristics and stability of particles were obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray absorption (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential and zeta size. The results indicated that IONPs at the moderate dose of 15 mg/kg (p = 0.001) reduced the coccidial impacts by eliminating oocyst shedding per gram feces (up to 91%) and reducing clinical symptoms (lesions (LS = 0), bloody diarrhea (No), and mortality (0%) in chicken at day 10 of treatment as compared to the negative control group-B (infected & non-treated). A dose-dependent and time-dependent trend were observed during treatments (10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) of 1-3 weeks using IONPs against the coccidial impacts on the growth parameters (body weight gain, mean feed consumption, feed conversion ratio) and biochemistry (plasma glucose, total protein, uric acid, ALT, AST, and ALP) in chickens. Additionally, F. racemosa IONPs at a dose of 15 and 20 mg/kg significantly recovered the parasitized and highly damaged hepatocytes, liver tissues, and ceca tissues after 1-3 weeks of treatment in broiler chickens. Overall, the 15 mg/kg concentration of IONPs exhibited fast recovery and growth enhancement in coccidiodized broilers. Therefore, the 15 mg/kg dose of green synthesized IONPs using leaf extract of F. racemosa could be a potential and safe anticoccidial agent with targeted implications in the poultry industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asiya Khan
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; Parasitology & Entomology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Daska Road 51040, Pakistan.
| | - Khadija Rasool
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ameen
- Parasitology & Entomology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Daska Road 51040, Pakistan
| | - Naveeda Akhtar Qureshi
- Parasitology Lab, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen L, Tang X, Sun P, Hu D, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen J, Liu J, Gao Y, Hao Z, Zhang N, Chen W, Xie F, Suo X, Liu X. Comparative transcriptome profiling of Eimeria tenella in various developmental stages and functional analysis of an ApiAP2 transcription factor exclusively expressed during sporogony. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:241. [PMID: 37468981 PMCID: PMC10354945 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05828-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The apicomplexan parasites Eimeria spp. are the causative agents of coccidiosis, a disease with a significant global impact on the poultry industry. The complex life cycle of Eimeria spp. involves exogenous (sporogony) and endogenous (schizogony and gametogony) stages. Unfortunately, the genetic regulation of these highly dynamic processes, particularly for genes involved in specific developmental phases, is not well understood. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis to identify expressed genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at seven time points representing different developmental stages of Eimeria tenella. We then performed K-means clustering along with co-expression analysis to identify functionally enriched gene clusters. Additionally, we predicted apicomplexan AP2 transcription factors in E. tenella using bioinformatics methods. Finally, we generated overexpression and knockout strains of ETH2_0411800 to observe its impact on E. tenella development. RESULTS In total, we identified 7329 genes that are expressed during various developmental stages, with 3342 genes exhibiting differential expression during development. Using K-means clustering along with co-expression analysis, we identified clusters functionally enriched for oocyte meiosis, cell cycle, and signaling pathway. Among the 53 predicted ApiAP2 transcription factors, ETH2_0411800 was found to be exclusively expressed during sporogony. The ETH2_0411800 overexpression and knockout strains did not exhibit significant differences in oocyst size or output compared to the parental strain, while the resulting ETH2_0411800 knockout parasite showed a relatively small oocyst output. CONCLUSIONS The findings of our research suggest that ETH2_0411800 is not essential for the growth and development of E. tenella. Our study provides insights into the gene expression dynamics and is a valuable resource for exploring the roles of transcription factor genes in regulating the development of Eimeria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biosafety Risk Prevention and Control (North) of MARA, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Dandan Hu
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenkai Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fujie Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Endale H, Aliye S, Mathewos M, Adimasu W. Identification and estimation of the prevalence of ectoparasites of backyard chicken in Boloso Sore District, Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 42:100884. [PMID: 37321789 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry ectoparasites are the basic cause of retarded growth, low liveliness and poor condition of birds directly by inducing irritation, discomfort, tissue damage, blood loss, toxicosis, allergies and dermatitis which in turn reduce the quality and quantities of meat and egg production and indirectly by being mechanical or biological vectors of pathogens. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to April 2021 to identify and estimate the prevalence of ectoparasites of chicken managed under a backyard system in the selected area of Boloso Sore district of Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia. A total of 322 chickens of different age groups, breeds and both sexes were selected by simple random technique and examined for ectoparasite. RESULTS From the total, 56.52%(182/322) of chickens were infested with one or more species of ectoparasites that mainly grouped into fleas 30.34%(98/322), lice 21.7%(70/322) and fowl tick 4.34%(14/322), there by six species of ectoparasites were identified. Among them, Echidnophaga gallinacean (stick tight flea) 30.34%(98/322) was the most prevalent ectoparasite species followed by lice species (Menopon gallinae 11.80% (38/322), Menacanthus stramineous 6.21%(20/322), Goniocotes gigas 2.48% (8/70) and Goniocotes gallinae 1.24%(4/322) while the least identified was fowl tick (Argas persicus) 4.34%(14/322). Age of the chicken was shown statistically significant (p < 0.05) association with the infestation of ectoparasites in which young chicken was found more (72.5%) infested than adults (27.5%). Also, there was a statistically significant (P < 0.05) difference in the prevalence rate of ectoparasites between both sexes of the chicken, in which females (71.4%) was higher than that of male chicken (28.6%). The local breed was found more highly infested (57.1%) than exotic breeds (42.9%) but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05) flea infestation in adults 34.14% (43/126) than in young 28.06% (55/196), females 31.34% (63/201) than males 20.66% (25/121), and local breed 31.76% (54/170) than exotic breed 28.95% (44/152). Lice prevalence was statistically nonsignificant (p-value >0.05) higher in adults 38.89% (49/126) than young 10.71% (21/196), female 25.87% (52/201) than males 14.88% (18/121) and local breed 24.12% (41/170) than exotic breed 19.08% (29/152). CONCLUSION Generally, the study indicated that the external parasites were highly prevalent in backyard chickens in the study area, which was associated with a lack of attention to the hygienic management system, treatment and control practices which necessitate the application of integrated prevention and control measures like awareness creation to the community on the overall effect of ectoparasites on the productivity of poultry and prevention methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Endale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
| | - Saliman Aliye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Wubishet Adimasu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Alves LFA, Johann L, Oliveira DGP. Challenges in the Biological Control of Pests in Poultry Production: a Critical Review of Advances in Brazil. Neotrop Entomol 2023; 52:292-301. [PMID: 36656489 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-01021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Poultry farming is an important activity in animal protein production worldwide, either by laying hen farming or broilers. Over the last decades, the change in production systems with confinement of large numbers of hens has increased productivity and reduced costs; however, it has also increased sanitary issues. In this setting, arthropods that are adapted to poultry houses have gained great importance. They cause direct damage to hens, either by blood spoliation caused by ectoparasites or lesions in the digestive tract (e.g., lesser mealworm) or by indirect damages, by transmitting pathogens or by affecting egg quality, when they attain pest status. Synthetic chemical products comprise the most frequently used control strategy against these pests, with relative efficacy and many side effects. In Europe, some countries also adopt alternative prevention or control measures. In Brazil, however, although there are some groups of researchers that work on developing alternative control, its use is virtually zero. The present review shows a critical overview of this context in Brazil, based on the alternatives that have already been studied and made available, but have not been implemented, yet, and the potential stumbling blocks created by the very poultry market against these advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Angeli Alves
- Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Western Parana State University, Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil.
- Bolsista de Produtividade Em Pesquisa/CNPq, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Liana Johann
- Bolsista de Produtividade Em Pesquisa/CNPq, Brasília, Brazil
- University of Vale do Taquari - Univates, Lajeado, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhou X, Wang L, Zhu P, Yang Z, Wang Z, Chen Y, Gu X, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Yang G, Chen S, Wu S, Xie Y. Comprehensive molecular characterization of complete mitogenome assemblies of 33 Eimeria isolates infecting domestic chickens. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:109. [PMID: 36935516 PMCID: PMC10026407 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria is one of the most severe chicken diseases and poses a great economic threat to the poultry industry. Understanding the evolutionary biology of chicken Eimeria parasites underpins development of new interactions toward the improved prevention and control of this poultry disease. METHODS We presented an evolutionary blueprint of chicken coccidia by genetically characterizing complete mitogenome assemblies of 33 isolates representing all seven known Eimeria species infecting chickens in China. Further genome- and gene-level phylogenies were also achieved to better understand the evolutionary relationships of these chicken Eimeria at the species level. RESULTS 33 mitogenomes of chicken eimerian parasites ranged from 6148 bp to 6480 bp in size and encoded typical mitochondrial compositions of apicomplexan parasites including three protein-coding genes (PCGs), seven fragmented small subunit (SSU) and 12/13 fragmented large subunit (LSU) rRNAs. Comparative genomics provided an evolutionary scenario for the genetic diversity of PCGs-cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and 3 (cox1 and cox3) and cytochrome b (cytb); all were under purifying selection with cox1 and cox3 being the lowest and highest evolutionary rates, respectively. Genome-wide phylogenies classified the 33 Eimeria isolates into seven subgroups, and furthermore Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix were determined to be more closely related to each other than to the other eight congenic species. Single/concatenated mitochondrial protein gene-based phylogenies supported cox1 as the genetic marker for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies for avain coccidia. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, these are the first population-level mitogenomic data on the genus Eimeria, and its comprehensive molecular characterization provides valuable resources for systematic, population genetic and evolutionary biological studies of apicomplexan parasites in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Pengchen Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Konan Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 1088477, Japan
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Shuangyang Wu
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Burrell A, Marugan-Hernandez V, Graefin Von Der Recke K, Aguiar-Martins K, Gabriel HB, Tomley FM, Vaughan S. Refractile bodies of Eimeria tenella are proteinaceous membrane-less organelles that undergo dynamic changes during infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1082622. [PMID: 37033474 PMCID: PMC10081493 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1082622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionRefractile bodies (RB) are large membrane-less organelles (MLO) of unknown function found as a prominent mismatched pair within the sporozoite stages of all species of Eimeria, parasitic coccidian protozoa.MethodsHigh resolution imaging methods including time-lapse live confocal microscopy and serial block face-scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) were used to investigate the morphology of RB and other intracellular organelles before and after sporozoite invasion of host cells.ResultsLive cell imaging of MDBK cells infected with E. tenella sporozoites confirmed previous reports that RB reduce from two to one post-infection and showed that reduction in RB number occurs via merger of the anterior RB with the posterior RB, a process that lasts 20-40 seconds and takes place between 2- and 5-hours post-infection. Ultrastructural studies using SBF-SEM on whole individual sporozoites, both pre- and post-host cell invasion, confirmed the live cell imaging observations and showed also that changes to the overall sporozoite cell shape accompanied RB merger. Furthermore, the single RB post-merger was found to be larger in volume than the two RB pre-merger. Actin inhibitors were used to investigate a potential role for actin in RB merger, Cytochalasin D significantly inhibited both RB merger and the accompanying changes in sporozoite cell shape.DiscussionMLOs in eukaryotic organisms are characterised by their lack of a membrane and ability to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and fusion, usually in an actin-mediated fashion. Based on the changes in sporozoite cell shape observed at the time of RB merger together with a potential role for actin in this process, we propose that RB are classed as an MLO and recognised as one of the largest MLOs so far characterised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Burrell
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Virginia Marugan-Hernandez
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Virginia Marugan-Hernandez, ; Sue Vaughan,
| | - Karolin Graefin Von Der Recke
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Kelsilandia Aguiar-Martins
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Heloisa Berti Gabriel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, United Kingdom
| | - Sue Vaughan
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Virginia Marugan-Hernandez, ; Sue Vaughan,
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
da Silva JT, Alvares FBV, Oliveira CSDM, de Sousa LC, Lima BA, Feitosa TF, Brasil AWDL, Vilela VLR. Prevalence of endoparasites by microscopic analysis in free-range chickens in a Brazilian semiarid region. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2022; 31:e010722. [PMID: 36515318 PMCID: PMC9901881 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and diversity of endoparasitic fauna and the risk factors associated with parasite infections in free-range chickens in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Ten municipalities were visited and, in each of them, ten farms, to collect animal feces and apply epidemiological questionnaires. Feces from 417 poultry were used to perform EPG (eggs per gram) and OoPG (oocysts per gram) tests. Prevalences of 40.52% (169/417) and 39.08% (163/417) were observed for nematodes and coccidia, respectively. In 17% (71/417), mixed infections by nematodes and coccidia were observed. Nematodes of Heterakoidea superfamily were present in 100% of the positive samples (169/169), followed by Trichuris spp. (57.3%; 97/169). All the protozoan oocysts observed belonged to the genus Eimeria (100%; 163/163). The variable of presence of drooping wings was considered to be a factor associated with infection by coccidia (odds ratio = 5.412; confidence interval: 1.179-24.848; p = 0.030). It was concluded that there is high prevalence of nematodes and coccidia in free-range chickens in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Better sanitary management measures, with greater hygiene of facilities, together with chemical control of parasites, can improve productivity by reducing the rate of gastrointestinal parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Trajano da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | | | | | - Luana Carneiro de Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba – IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Brendo Andrade Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba – IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba – IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| | | | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande – UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba – IFPB, Sousa, PB, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma Y, Liu Q, Liu B, Wang P, Wang X, Sun W, Pan B. A blood digestion scoring method for poultry red mites, Dermanyssus gallinae. Parasitology 2022; 149:1623-1630. [PMID: 35993334 PMCID: PMC11010521 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is one of the most detrimental ectoparasite on poultry farms worldwide. The blood fed on birds provides the mites with nutrition and energy for their activities, development and reproduction. In the evaluation of the efficacy of novel drugs or vaccines against PRMs, their effects on blood digestion are generally used as a key parameter. The blood digestion of haematophagous arthropods (including D. gallinae) is usually assessed by weighing; however, this method shows some limitations. The main objective of the present study was to develop a scoring method that can quickly and visually evaluate the blood digestion status of PRMs. A 0–4 point scoring criterion was established to describe the blood digestion status of D. gallinae based on the changes in appearance in the intestinal tract of PRMs during the blood digestion process. There was a good consistency between the results obtained by the blood digestion scoring and the weighing, indicating the reliability of this new method. The results obtained from volunteers were consistent with the results from researchers with low coefficient of variation, indicating that the scoring method has good practicability. The applicability of the scoring method was confirmed in an efficacy study, where it was found that doramectin could significantly inhibit the blood digestion of PRMs, lowering the blood digestion score.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Ma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| | - Boxing Liu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| | - Baoliang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, Hai Dian District, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chambless KN, Cornell KA, Crespo R, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Diversity and Prevalence of Ectoparasites on Poultry from Open Environment Farms in the Western-United States of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. J Med Entomol 2022; 59:1837-1841. [PMID: 35869567 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Open-environment poultry farms that allow chickens to forage outdoors are becoming increasingly common throughout the United States and Europe; however, there is little information regarding the diversity and prevalence of ectoparasites in these farming systems. Eight to 25 birds were captured and surveyed for ectoparasites on each of 17 farms across the states of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California. Among the farms sampled, six louse species (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera & Amblycera) and two parasitic mite species (Acari: Mesostigmata) were collected and identified: Goniodes gigas (Taschenberg, 1879; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on one farm, Menacathus cornutus (Schömmer, 1913; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on one farm, Menopon gallinae (Linnaeus, 1758; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on six farms, Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758; Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) on five farms, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch, 1818; Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) on nine farms, Goniocotes gallinae De Geer (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) on 11 farms, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778; Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae) on two farms, and Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1877; Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) on one farm. The diversity of ectoparasites on these open environment poultry farms highlights a need for additional research on ectoparasite prevalence and intensity in these poultry farming systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra N Chambless
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kevin A Cornell
- Department of Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Avian Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kouam MK, Fokeng AN, Biekop HF, Hako Touko AB, Tebug TT. Prevelance and clinical signs of chewing lice in local chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Menoua Division, Western highlands of Cameroon. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100772. [PMID: 36041807 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ectoparasite infestations are a major concern in local poultry sector as they cause body weight loss, drop in laying performance and disease transmission. Thus, a study was conducted from April to June 2021 to assess the prevalence and clinical signs of ectoparasites in backyard chickens in Menoua, West region of Cameroon. Ectoparasites were investigated on 400 local chickens. Results showed that out of 400 chickens, 133 (33.3%) were infested with at least one species of ectoparasite. Two chewing lice including Menopon gallinae (26.3%) and Goniocotes gallinae (4.5%) and one blood-feeding louse including Menacanthus stramineus (16.0%) were identified. The prevalence was significantly associated with the sampling site (p < 0.05), with the highest prevalence recorded in Balessing (49.5%), followed by Foreke (38.8%) and Bamendou (27.1%). There was a positive and significant correlation between M. gallinae and M. stramineus (r = 0.329, p < 0.05)), M. gallinae and G. gallinae (r = 0.199, p < 0.05), M. stramineus and G. gallinae (r = 0.103, p < 0.05). Single infestation was the most frequent (19.0%) followed by double infestation which consist of M. gallinae and M. stramineus (9.5%), M. gallinae and G. gallinae (3%), and M. stramineus and G. gallinae (1.5%). The infested chickens exhibited some degree of restlessness, frequent grooming of the feathers associated with skin irritation, itching and mechanical damage on the skin. The skin lesions were localized on the cloaca, thigh, wing, neck and chest areas of the body; petechiae as well as whitish scabs were observed on the lesions. The feathers were ruffled, and the bases of some of the feathers were gnawed as a result of lice bites. In conclusion, chewing lice occur in local chickens in Menoua Division, inducing severe clinical signs. Thus, commercial poultry farms (raising exotic breeds) with access to free range chickens (local chickens) in Menoua Division are exposed to lice infestations from these local chickens. Further investigations are required in the dry season in order to be well acquainted with ectoparasites occurring in the local chickens in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc K Kouam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 122, Dschang, Cameroon; Center for Research on Filariases and other Tropical Diseases (CRFilMT), P.O. Box 5797, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Armand N Fokeng
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 122, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Herman F Biekop
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 122, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Arnaud B Hako Touko
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 122, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Thomas T Tebug
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 122, Dschang, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Anane A, Dufailu OA, Addy F. Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum prevalence and genetic variance of A. galli in rural chicken from the Northern Region, Ghana. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 29:100692. [PMID: 35256120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rural chicken production in Ghana is predominantly done under the extensive system that exposes birds to parasitic infections. We investigated the prevalence of Ascaridia spp. and Heterakis spp. and as a preliminary study characterized the genetic variance of the Ascaridia galli isolates from rural chicken in Kumbungu, Savelugu and Tolon Districts in the Northern Region, Ghana. A total of 86 chickens aged 6-10 weeks were dissected and GIT inspected for nematodes. Nematode were described based on morphological features to be A. galli and H. gallinarum. Additionally, the mitochondrial cox1 gene (475 bp) of Ascaridia isolates was amplified and sequenced. The overall prevalence of nematodes was 47.67%: A. galli 37.21% and H. gallinarum 20.93%. Prevalence values of A. galli in the Kumbungu, Savelugu and Tolon Districts were 25.00%, 36.00%, 56.00%, respectively, and that of H. gallinarum, respectively were 16.67%, 28.00% and 20.00%. A Chi-square test (x2 = 6.0907, p < 0.048) showed an association of A. galli prevalence to the district of origin of birds. From 20 A. galli cox1 sequences analyzed, all sequences were identified as A. galli. Two haplotypes were recorded, namely, GHA1 and GHA2. Haplotype GHA1 was found to have wide distribution globally, whereas GHA2 appear to be novel in the present study. The data shows the importance of A. galli and H. gallinarum infection in rural chicken in northern Ghana and pave way for further epidemiological study of avian nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Anane
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, P. O.Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Osman Adamu Dufailu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, P. O.Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Francis Addy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, P. O.Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pulido-Murillo EA, Tkach VV, Pinto HA. The life cycle of Philophthalmus aylacostoma n. sp. (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae), a new eye fluke species transmitted by Aylacostoma spp. (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:933-944. [PMID: 35106652 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07447-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Philophthalmus is a cosmopolitan genus of digeneans that includes ocular parasites of birds and mammals. Despite broad distribution and veterinary importance of these digeneans, there are still gaps in knowledge about their diversity and biology, especially in South America. Herein, we conducted morphological, life cycle, and molecular studies of megalurous cercariae found in aquatic gastropod molluscs Aylacostoma chloroticum and A. tuberculatum collected in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Adult parasites reared experimentally in the eyes of chicks are described here as Philophthalmus aylacostoma n. sp. The new species differs from its congeners known in the Americas by a combination of traits, including the sucker width ratio, the oral sucker to pharynx width ratio, egg size, and the type of vitellarium in adult forms. The new species is morphologically closest to Philophthalmus megalurus, from which it differs by the smaller body and larger eggs, as well as by the measurements of cercariae and the family of snails that act as the intermediate host. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rDNA and comparison of cox1 sequences confirm that P. aylacostoma n. sp. is distinct from four previously sequenced named species of the genus. Moreover, cox1 sequences revealed conspecificity of our specimens with an isolate of Philophthalmus sp. previously reported, also in thiarid snails, in Paraná River, Brazil. The interspecific divergence in cox1 between the new species and other species with sequences available for comparison varied between 12 and 15%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Pulido-Murillo
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Hudson A Pinto
- Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Koziatek-Sadłowska S, Sokół R. An in vitro evaluation of the sensitivity and responses of Dermanyssus gallinae to selected acaricides. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101798. [PMID: 35339937 PMCID: PMC8957046 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermanyssus gallinae is an obligatory ectoparasite of birds which feeds on blood and significantly compromise the well-being of commercially raised laying hens. In this study, the mortality rates and responses of D. gallinae to 2 acaricides with a physical mode of action (Dergall and Mite Max) and 2 acaricides with a chemical mode of action (Milben Ex and Bio PK) were evaluated in tree dilutions (S1–3) and compared at 8-time intervals after application. The evaluation involved a novel method that simulates real-world conditions in a commercial poultry farm. Tested products have shown high efficacy (84.3–100%) against D. gallinae in the producer recommended solution (S1). Acaricides with a physical mechanism of action were as effective as chemical agents in eradicating poultry red mites. The compared preparations differed only in the onset of action which was longer in acaricides with a physical mode of action (1–6 h for chemical 24 h for physical in S1). An increase in the concentration of the active ingredient did not significantly speed up the onset of action of the evaluated preparations. However, the efficacy of Dergall and Bio PK decreased when the applied dose was halved, to 12% and 0% respectively. A decrease in the dose Mite Max led to a somewhat smaller, but not statistically significant decrease in mite mortality rates (74%). The proposed method for evaluating acaricide efficacy can be helpful in selecting the most effective preparations and the optimal concentration of the working solution to be applied in commercial layer farms, thus reducing the costs associated with the eradication of D. gallinae. The developed method enables a reliable evaluation of acaricides with both a physical and chemical mode of action, and it supports observations of the parasites’ responses to the applied treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Koziatek-Sadłowska
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Rajmund Sokół
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chiang YH, Lin YC, Wang SY, Lee YP, Chen CF. Effects of Artemisia annua on experimentally induced leucocytozoonosis in chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101690. [PMID: 35149282 PMCID: PMC8842078 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The biting midge Culicoides arakawae is the vector for the parasite Leucocytozoon caulleryi. Birds infected with L. caulleryi develop leucocytozoonosis. Given the food safety concern regarding drug residue in eggs, discovering a natural alternative to antibiotics is a worthy of exploration. Thus, we investigated the effects of the antimalarial herb Artemisia annua on experimentally induced leucocytozoonosis in chickens. We reared C. arakawae in the laboratory. Eggs were cultured, developing into larvae, pupae, and imagoes. Female midges sucked the blood of sick chickens and then were ground into a solution injected into healthy chickens. The control group was given empty capsules daily, whereas the 2 experimental groups were given 40 mg/kg sulfadimethoxine or 0.5 g of A. annua powder. Leucocytozoon gametocytes were detected in chicken blood through Giemsa staining. PCR detected the cytochrome b gene of L. caulleryi in the infected chickens. No significant among-group differences in body weight gain were observed before d 14 postinoculation (P > 0.05). Body weight gain in the control group was significantly lower from day 14 to 28 postinoculation (P < 0.05). After day 14, rectal temperature in the experimental groups decreased significantly compared with that in the control group. Lower rates of pale comb and green feces were observed in the animals receiving treatment from day 0. The experimental groups had a higher recovery rate and recovered earlier than did the control group. By day 31, all the animals had recovered. PCR detected L. caulleryi in the infected chickens with high sensitivity and accuracy. The animals receiving A. annua exhibited increased weight gain and reduced parasite concentrations in the blood. This in turn reduced mortality and the occurrence of pale comb and green feces. The findings are informative for research on leucocytozoonosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Huan Chiang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yang Wang
- Department of Forestry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Pai Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tucker MS, O’Brien CN, Jenkins MC, Rosenthal BM. Dynamically expressed genes provide candidate viability biomarkers in a model coccidian. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258157. [PMID: 34597342 PMCID: PMC8486141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria parasites cause enteric disease in livestock and the closely related Cyclosporacayetanensis causes human disease. Oocysts of these coccidian parasites undergo maturation (sporulation) before becoming infectious. Here, we assessed transcription in maturing oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, a widespread chicken parasite, predicted gene functions, and determined which of these genes also occur in C. cayetanensis. RNA-Sequencing yielded ~2 billion paired-end reads, 92% of which mapped to the E. acervulina genome. The ~6,900 annotated genes underwent temporally-coordinated patterns of gene expression. Fifty-three genes each contributed >1,000 transcripts per million (TPM) throughout the study interval, including cation-transporting ATPases, an oocyst wall protein, a palmitoyltransferase, membrane proteins, and hypothetical proteins. These genes were enriched for 285 gene ontology (GO) terms and 13 genes were ascribed to 17 KEGG pathways, defining housekeeping processes and functions important throughout sporulation. Expression differed in mature and immature oocysts for 40% (2,928) of all genes; of these, nearly two-thirds (1,843) increased their expression over time. Eight genes expressed most in immature oocysts, encoding proteins promoting oocyst maturation and development, were assigned to 37 GO terms and 5 KEGG pathways. Fifty-six genes underwent significant upregulation in mature oocysts, each contributing at least 1,000 TPM. Of these, 40 were annotated by 215 GO assignments and 9 were associated with 18 KEGG pathways, encoding products involved in respiration, carbon fixation, energy utilization, invasion, motility, and stress and detoxification responses. Sporulation orchestrates coordinated changes in the expression of many genes, most especially those governing metabolic activity. Establishing the long-term fate of these transcripts in sporulated oocysts and in senescent and deceased oocysts will further elucidate the biology of coccidian development, and may provide tools to assay infectiousness of parasite cohorts. Moreover, because many of these genes have homologues in C. cayetanensis, they may prove useful as biomarkers for risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Tucker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Celia N. O’Brien
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark C. Jenkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Rosenthal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Poulle ML, Le Corre M, Bastien M, Gedda E, Feare C, Jaeger A, Larose C, Shah N, Voogt N, Göpper B, Lagadec E, Rocamora G, Geers R, Aubert D, Villena I, Lebarbenchon C. Exposure of pelagic seabirds to Toxoplasma gondii in the Western Indian Ocean points to an open sea dispersal of this terrestrial parasite. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255664. [PMID: 34407103 PMCID: PMC8372946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that uses felids as definitive hosts and warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts. While the dispersal of T. gondii infectious oocysts from land to coastal waters has been well documented, transmission routes to pelagic species remain puzzling. We used the modified agglutination test (MAT titre ≥ 10) to detect antibodies against T. gondii in sera collected from 1014 pelagic seabirds belonging to 10 species. Sampling was carried out on eight islands of the Western Indian Ocean: Reunion and Juan de Nova (colonized by cats), Cousin, Cousine, Aride, Bird, Europa and Tromelin islands (cat-free). Antibodies against T. gondii were found in all islands and all species but the great frigatebird. The overall seroprevalence was 16.8% [95% CI: 14.5%-19.1%] but significantly varied according to species, islands and age-classes. The low antibody levels (MAT titres = 10 or 25) detected in one shearwater and three red-footed booby chicks most likely resulted from maternal antibody transfer. In adults, exposure to soils contaminated by locally deposited oocysts may explain the detection of antibodies in both wedge-tailed shearwaters on Reunion Island and sooty terns on Juan de Nova. However, 144 adults breeding on cat-free islands also tested positive. In the Seychelles, there was a significant decrease in T. gondii prevalence associated with greater distances to cat populations for species that sometimes rest on the shore, i.e. terns and noddies. This suggests that oocysts carried by marine currents could be deposited on shore tens of kilometres from their initial deposition point and that the number of deposited oocysts decreases with distance from the nearest cat population. The consumption of fishes from the families Mullidae, Carangidae, Clupeidae and Engraulidae, previously described as T. gondii oocyst-carriers (i.e. paratenic hosts), could also explain the exposure of terns, noddies, boobies and tropicbirds to T. gondii. Our detection of antibodies against T. gondii in seabirds that fish in the high sea, have no contact with locally contaminated soils but frequent the shores and/or consume paratenic hosts supports the hypothesis of an open-sea dispersal of T. gondii oocysts by oceanic currents and/or fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lazarine Poulle
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- CERFE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Boult-aux-Bois, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthieu Le Corre
- UMR Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE), CNRS IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Matthieu Bastien
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- UMR Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE), CNRS IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Elsa Gedda
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Chris Feare
- WildWings Bird Management, Haslemere, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Jaeger
- UMR Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE), CNRS IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Université de la Réunion, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Nirmal Shah
- Center for Environment and Education, Nature Seychelles, Roche Caïman, Mahé, Seychelles
| | | | | | - Erwan Lagadec
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| | - Gérard Rocamora
- Island Biodiversity and Conservation Centre, University of Seychelles, Anse Royale, Seychelles
- Island Conservation Society, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - Régine Geers
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Aubert
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Epidémio-Surveillance et Circulation des Parasites dans les Environnements (ESCAPE), EA 7510, CAP SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Camille Lebarbenchon
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Saint Denis, La Réunion, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Khumpim P, Chawengkirttikul R, Junsiri W, Watthanadirek A, Poolsawat N, Minsakorn S, Srionrod N, Anuracpreeda P. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Leucocytozoon sabrazesi in chickens in Thailand. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16686. [PMID: 34404893 PMCID: PMC8370975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucocytozoon sabrazesi is the intracellular protozoa of leucocytozoonosis, which is transmitted by the insect vectors and affects chickens in most subtropical and tropical regions of the globe, except South America, and causing enormous economic losses due to decreasing meat yield and egg production. In this study, L. sabrazesi gametocytes have been observed in the blood smears, and molecular methods have been used to analyse the occurrence and genetic diversity of L. sabrazesi in blood samples from 313 chickens raised in northern, western and southern parts of Thailand. The nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) assay based on the cytb gene revealed that 80.51% (252/313) chickens were positive of L. sabrazesi. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. sabrazesi cytb gene is conserved in Thailand, showed 2 clades and 2 subclades with similarity ranged from 89.5 to 100%. The diversity analysis showed 13 and 18 haplotypes of the sequences from Thailand and from other countries, respectively. The entropy analyses of nucleic acid sequences showed 26 high entropy peaks with values ranging from 0.24493 to 1.21056, while those of amino acid sequences exhibited 5 high entropy peaks with values ranging from 0.39267 to 0.97012. The results; therefore, indicate a high molecular occurrence of L. sabrazesi in chicken blood samples with the associated factors that is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Hence, our results could be used to improve the immunodiagnostic methods and to find appropriate preventive control strategies or vaccination programs against leucocytozoonosis in order to mitigate or eliminate the harmful impact of this infection on chicken industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pacharaporn Khumpim
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | | | - Witchuta Junsiri
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Amaya Watthanadirek
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Napassorn Poolsawat
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Sutthida Minsakorn
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nitipon Srionrod
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Panat Anuracpreeda
- Parasitology Research Laboratory (PRL), Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Minutti AF, Gonçalves Vieira FE, Sasse JP, Martins TA, de Seixas M, Tosi Cardim S, de Barros LD, Garcia JL. Comparison of serological and molecular techniques to detect Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Vet Parasitol 2021; 296:109515. [PMID: 34242913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare different indirect and direct diagnostic techniques to diagnose Toxoplasma gondii in free-range chickens. Samples of 386 chickens obtained from 24 Paraná properties were used for serological analysis by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), modified agglutination test (MAT), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Animals positive by IFAT and/or MAT had their tissues submitted to the mouse bioassay, and those who were positive in this technique had their blood, tissues, and acidic pepsin tissue digestion submitted to PCR (conventional, nested, and quantitative-PCR (qPCR)). One hundred and nineteen chickens (30.8 %) were positive in at least one of the serological tests, being 102 (26.4 %) in the IFAT, 64 (16.6 %) in the MAT, and 62 (16.0 %) in the ELISA. The IFAT was used as a gold standard, and the MAT showed higher sensitivity (46.0 %) and specificity (94.0) compared to ELISA (43.5 % and 93.6 %, respectively). Ninety samples of eighteen chickens positive in the mouse bioassay were subjected to PCR, and according to molecular tests, the conventional PCR detected the T. gondii DNA in 30 % (27/90) of the samples, in 38.8 % (35/90) with nested-PCR and 40.0 % (36/90) with real-time. According to molecular analyzes, the sensitivity was higher in ITS1 nested-PCR (69.4 %) and specificity in conventional PCR-529bp (90.7 %), using the qPCR as the gold standard. MAT and ELISA had similarities in concordance analyzes. The IFAT was the serological technique with the highest agreement with the mouse bioassay, and serological tests in parallel showed to be a good screening option for the isolation of T. gondii in chick tissues. The PCR markers effectively detected the parasite DNA, and the heart was the tissue with the highest number of positives samples. The conventional PCR had sensitivity similar to nested-PCR and qPCR and could be a cheaper alternative to diagnose T. gondii infection in chicken tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Minutti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - João Pedro Sasse
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Thais Agostinho Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mércia de Seixas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Tosi Cardim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Norte do Paraná - UNOPAR, Arapongas, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lu M, Panebra A, Kim WH, Lillehoj HS. Characterization of immunological properties of chicken chemokine CC motif ligand 5 using new monoclonal antibodies. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 119:104023. [PMID: 33497732 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CCL5 (formerly RANTES) belongs to the CC (or β) chemokine family and is associated with a plethora of inflammatory disorders and pathologic states. CCL5 is mainly produced and secreted by T cells, macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts and acts as a chemoattractant to recruit effector cells to the inflammation sites. Chicken CCL5 (chCCL5) protein is closely related to avian CCL5 orthologs but distinct from mammalian orthologs, and its modulatory roles in the immune response are largely unknown. The present work was undertaken to characterize the immunological properties of chCCL5 using the new sets of anti-chCCL5 mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Eight different mAbs (6E11, 6H1, 8H11, 11G1, 11G11, 12H1, 13D1, and 13G3) were characterized for their specificity and binding ability toward chCCL5. Two (13G3 and 6E11) of them were selected to detect native chCCL5 in chCCL5-specific antigen-capture ELISA. Using 13G3 and 6E11 as capture and detection antibodies, respectively, the ELISA system detected serum chCCL5 secretions in Clostridium perfringens- and Eimeria-infected chickens. The intracellular expressions of chCCL5 in primary cells or cell lines derived from chickens were validated in immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry assays using both 13G3 and 6E11 mAbs. Furthermore, 6E11, but not 13G3, neutralized chCCL5-induced chemotaxis in vitro using chicken PBMCs. These molecular characteristics of chCCL5 demonstrate the potential application of anti-chCCL5 mAbs and CCL5-specific antigen-capture detection ELISA for detecting native chCCL5 in biological samples. The availability of these new immunological tools will be valuable for fundamental and applied studies in avian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Alfredo Panebra
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Memon FU, Yang Y, Leghari IH, Lv F, Soliman AM, Zhang W, Si H. Transcriptome Analysis Revealed Ameliorative Effects of Bacillus Based Probiotic on Immunity, Gut Barrier System, and Metabolism of Chicken under an Experimentally Induced Eimeria tenella Infection. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040536. [PMID: 33917156 PMCID: PMC8067821 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis in the cecum tissues of negative control untreated non-challenged (NC), positive control untreated challenged (PC), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) fed challenged chickens (BS + ET) in order to examine the underlying potential therapeutic mechanisms of Bacillus based probiotic feeding under an experimental Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection. Our results for clinical parameters showed that birds in probiotic diet decreased the bloody diarrhea scores, oocyst shedding, and lesion scores compared to positive control birds. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed that in total, 2509 up-regulated and 2465 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the PC group versus NC group comparison. In the comparison of BS + ET group versus PC group, a total of 784 up-regulated and 493 down-regulated DEGs were found. Among them, several DEGs encoding proteins involved in immunity, gut barrier integrity, homeostasis, and metabolism were up-regulated by the treatment of probiotic. Functional analysis of DEGs also revealed that some gene ontology (GO) terms related with immunity, metabolism and cellular development were significantly affected by the exposure of probiotic. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the DEGs in the cecum of B. subtilis-fed challenged group were mainly participated in the pathways related with immunity and gut barrier integrity, included mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM)–receptor interaction, tight junction, and so on. Taken together, these results suggest that Bacillus based probiotic modulate the immunity, maintain gut homeostasis as well as barrier system and improve chicken metabolism during E. tenella infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Uddin Memon
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (F.U.M.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.); (A.M.S.); (W.Z.)
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam 70060, Pakistan;
| | - Yunqiao Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (F.U.M.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.); (A.M.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Imdad Hussain Leghari
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam 70060, Pakistan;
| | - Feifei Lv
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (F.U.M.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.); (A.M.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Ahmed M. Soliman
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (F.U.M.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.); (A.M.S.); (W.Z.)
- Agricultural Research Center, Biotechnology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (F.U.M.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.); (A.M.S.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (F.U.M.); (Y.Y.); (F.L.); (A.M.S.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao P, Wang C, Ding J, Zhao C, Xia Y, Hu Y, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Zhao J, Fang R. Evaluation of immunoprotective effects of recombinant protein and DNA vaccine based on Eimeria tenella surface antigen 16 and 22 in vivo. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1861-1871. [PMID: 33689009 PMCID: PMC7943400 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis triggered by Eimeria tenella is accompanied by haemorrhagic caecum and high morbidity. Vaccines are preferable choices to replace chemical drugs against coccidiosis. Surface antigens of apicomplexan parasites can adhere to host cells during the infection process. Therefore, truncated fragments coding E. tenella surface antigen 16 (EtSAG16) and 22 (EtSAG22) were cloned into pET-28a prokaryotic vector to express recombinant protein 16 (rEtSAG16) and 22 (rEtSAG22), respectively. Likewise, pEGFP-N1-EtSAG16 and pEGFP-N1-EtSAG22 plasmids were constructed using pEGFP-N1 eukaryotic vector. Further, pEGFP-N1-EtSAG4-16-22 multiple gene plasmid carrying EtSAG4, 16 and 22 were designed as cocktail vaccines to study integral immunoprotective effects. Western blot and RT-PCR (reverse transcription) assay were performed to verify expressions of EtSAG16 and 22 genes. Immunoprotective effects of recombinant protein or DNA vaccine were evaluated using different doses (50 or 100 μg) in vivo. All chickens in the vaccination group showed higher cytokine concentration (IFN-γ and IL-17), raised IgY antibody level, increased weight gain, lower caecum lesion score and reduced oocyst shedding compared with infection control groups (p < 0.05). The highest anticoccidial index (ACI) value 173.11 was from the pEGFP-N1-EtSAG4-16-22 plasmid (50 μg) group. In conclusion, EtSAG16 and 22 might be alternative candidate genes for generating vaccines against E. tenella infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Chaofei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Jun Ding
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jingshan, 431800 Hubei China
| | - Chengfeng Zhao
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Anlu, 432600 Hubei China
| | - Yingjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lagler J, Schmidt S, Mitra T, Stadler M, Grafl B, Hatfaludi T, Hess M, Gerner W, Liebhart D. Comparative investigation of IFN-γ-producing T cells in chickens and turkeys following vaccination and infection with the extracellular parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 116:103949. [PMID: 33253751 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The re-emerging disease histomonosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis that affects chickens and turkeys. Previously, protection by vaccination with in vitro attenuated H. meleagridis has been demonstrated and an involvement of T cells, potentially by IFN-γ production, was hypothesized. However, comparative studies between chickens and turkeys on H. meleagridis-specific T cells were not conducted yet. This work investigated IFN-γ production within CD4+, CD8α+ and TCRγδ+ (chicken) or CD3ε+CD4-CD8α- (turkey) T cells of spleen and liver from vaccinated and/or infected birds using clonal cultures of a monoxenic H. meleagridis strain. In infected chickens, re-stimulated splenocytes showed a significant increase of IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells. Contrariwise, significant increments of IFN-γ-producing cells within all major T-cell subsets of the spleen and liver were found for vaccinated/infected turkeys. This indicates that the vaccine in turkeys causes more intense systemic immune responses whereas in chickens protection might be mainly driven by local immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lagler
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Selma Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Taniya Mitra
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Beatrice Grafl
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tamas Hatfaludi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michael Hess
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Poultry Vaccines (IPOV), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dieter Liebhart
- Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang D, Wu G, Yang X, Tian W, Huo N. Molecular phylogenetic identification and morphological characteristics of Raillietina echinobothrida (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea: Davaineidae) in commercial chickens in North China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1303-1310. [PMID: 33634412 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Raillietina echinobothrida (R. echinobothrida) is one of the most pathogenic and prevalent tapeworms threat to the commercial chickens in China. However, there is a lack of research on their molecular identification and morphological characteristics. This study explored the molecular identification markers for R. echinobothrida in North China based on 18s ribosomal RNA (18s rRNA) gene and the ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) gene. The BLAST results of 18s rRNA (1643 bp) and ITS-2 (564 bp) gene sequences showed that the isolated intestinal tapeworms were R. echinobothrida. Phylogenetic trees obtained by maximum likelihood (ML) or neighbor-joining (NJ) method revealed that the R. echinobothrida in North China had the closest evolutionary relationship with the species found on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China. Morphological observations by hematoxylin staining and scanning electron microscope showed four round suckers and a retractable rostellum on the spherical scolex of R. echinobothrida. Two rows of alternately arranged hooks distributed around the rostellum. There were 30-40 testes in each mature segment. A well-developed cirrus pouch lied outside the excretory duct of mature segment. The gravid segment contained 200-400 eggs and there was a well-developed oncosphere in each egg. In addition, abundant ultrastructural features in mature proglottid of R. echinobothrida in North China were identified by transmission electron microscopy. In conclusion, the present study established ways of molecular phylogenetic identification for R. echinobothrida based on 18s rRNA and ITS-2 gene, and identified the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of R. echinobothrida in North China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Taigu, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Taigu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nairui Huo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Taigu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hamidović A, Etougbétché JR, Tonouhewa ABN, Galal L, Dobigny G, Houémènou G, Da Zoclanclounon H, Amagbégnon R, Laleye A, Fievet N, Piry S, Berthier K, Pena HFJ, Dardé ML, Mercier A. A hotspot of Toxoplasma gondii Africa 1 lineage in Benin: How new genotypes from West Africa contribute to understand the parasite genetic diversity worldwide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008980. [PMID: 33571262 PMCID: PMC7904144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Through international trades, Europe, Africa and South America share a long history of exchanges, potentially of pathogens. We used the worldwide parasite Toxoplasma gondii to test the hypothesis of a historical influence on pathogen genetic diversity in Benin, a West African country with a longstanding sea trade history. In Africa, T. gondii spatial structure is still non-uniformly studied and very few articles have reported strain genetic diversity in fauna and clinical forms of human toxoplasmosis so far, even in African diaspora. Sera from 758 domestic animals (mainly poultry) in two coastal areas (Cotonou and Ouidah) and two inland areas (Parakou and Natitingou) were tested for T. gondii antibodies using a Modified Agglutination Test (MAT). The hearts and brains of 69 seropositive animals were collected for parasite isolation in a mouse bioassay. Forty-five strains were obtained and 39 genotypes could be described via 15-microsatellite genotyping, with a predominance of the autochthonous African lineage Africa 1 (36/39). The remaining genotypes were Africa 4 variant TUB2 (1/39) and two identical isolates (clone) of Type III (2/39). No difference in terms of genotype distribution between inland and coastal sampling sites was found. In particular, contrarily to what has been described in Senegal, no type II (mostly present in Europe) was isolated in poultry from coastal cities. This result seems to refute a possible role of European maritime trade in Benin despite it was one of the most important hubs during the slave trade period. However, the presence of the Africa 1 genotype in Brazil, predominant in Benin, and genetic analyses suggest that the triangular trade was a route for the intercontinental dissemination of genetic strains from Africa to South America. This supports the possibility of contamination in humans and animals with potentially imported virulent strains. The parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide-distributed pathogen, able to infect all warm-blooded animals. There are important differences in the clinical expression of the infection in direct relation with the parasite genetic profile. In some regions, the geographical structuration of its genetic diversity points towards a crucial role of human activities in some lineages introduction or sorting. Benin is a West African country with a history of extensive transcontinental exchanges. Our genetic study of Toxoplasma in Benin shows a surprisingly homogeneous and autochthonous diversity, which contrasts with previous studies from other West and Central African countries. In Benin, the absence of European Toxoplasma lineages may be explained by the extreme rarity of the house mouse (Mus musculus), a host species that was previously described as highly susceptible to the mouse-virulent African strains. Might Benin be the origin region for the Africa 1 lineage, our results suggest that Guinean Gulf coasts may be a starting point of this lineage towards South America, especially Brazil, during the slave trade. As a whole, the present study provides further insights into the recent evolutionary history of Toxoplasma gondii and its consequences on human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azra Hamidović
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonas Raoul Etougbétché
- UAC, EPAC, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Lokman Galal
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
| | - Gauthier Dobigny
- UAC, EPAC, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Cotonou, Benin
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Gualbert Houémènou
- UAC, EPAC, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Unité de Recherche sur les Invasions Biologiques, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Honoré Da Zoclanclounon
- Laboratoire d’Expérimentation Animale, Unité de Biologie Humaine, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Richard Amagbégnon
- Laboratoire de biologie médicale, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de la Mère et de l’Enfant Lagune (CHU-MEL), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Anatole Laleye
- Laboratoire d’Expérimentation Animale, Unité de Biologie Humaine, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Nadine Fievet
- UMR216-MERIT, IRD, Université Paris-5, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Centre d’Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l’Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Bénin
| | - Sylvain Piry
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Berthier
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, MUSE, Montpellier, France
| | - Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, IRD, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology, GEIST, Limoges, France
- Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose/Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Fu Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Fei C, Wang X, Wang M, Wang C, Zhang K, Xue F, Liu Y. Pharmacokinetics and anticoccidial activity of ethanamizuril in broiler chickens. Vet Parasitol 2021; 289:109318. [PMID: 33249303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The treatment effect of ethanamizuril (EZL) to broiler chickens experimentally infected with 8 × 104Eimeria tenella was evaluated. On the third day after infection, the broiler chickens were treated with EZL by gavage at doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg body weight (bw) for once. For double administration, the challenged broiler chickens were administered EZL at doses of 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg bw by gavage continually on the third day and fourth day and once a day. Throughout the experimental period, performance parameters including body weight gain, mortality, cecal lesion score, bloody diarrhoea and oocyst output were recorded. The anticoccidial efficacy was evaluated using the anticoccidial index (ACI). Meanwhile, the concentrations of EZL in chicken cecal contents were measured, and the data were analyzed with a non-compartmental model. The results indicated that EZL showed good anticoccidial activity at single dose of 4 mg/kgbw, with the corresponding ACI of 175.73. When the challenged chickens were treated with EZL under double administration, the EZL showed a medium level of anticoccidial activity at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw, with the corresponding ACI of 162.48. The maximum concentrations (Cmax) of EZL in content were 2.43 ± 1.16, 4.28 ± 1.56, and 8.57 ± 1.33 mg/kg after the chickens were administrated at doses of 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg bw, respectively. The respective areas under the curve were 36.93 ± 8.91, 96 ± 16.31, and 262.76 ± 51.52 mg/kg h. The respective half-lives (T1/2) were 10.82 ± 2.02, 10.53 ± 2.23, and 10.60 ± 1.50 h. The results show that when the concentrations of EZL in chicken cecal contents reached 4.28 ± 1.56 mg/kg, there is a significant therapeutic effect on chicken coccidiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Fu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junwen Zhou
- China College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chenzhong Fei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Feiqun Xue
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Dubey JP, Murata FHA, Cerqueira-Cézar CK, Kwok OCH, Su C. Epidemiologic significance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in turkeys, ducks, ratites and other wild birds: 2009-2020. Parasitology 2021; 148:1-30. [PMID: 33070787 PMCID: PMC11010194 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are common in humans and animals worldwide. Wild and domestic avian species are important in the epidemiology of T. gondii infections because felids prey on them and excrete millions of oocysts in the environment, disseminating the infection. Herbivorous birds are also excellent sentinels of environmental contamination with T. gondii oocysts because they feed on the ground. Toxoplasma gondii infections in birds of prey reflect infections in intermediate hosts. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked avian tissues. Here, the authors reviewed prevalence, persistence of infection, clinical disease, epidemiology and genetic diversity of T. gondii strains isolated from turkeys, geese, ducks, ratites and avian species (excluding chickens) worldwide 2009-2020. Genetic diversity of 102 T. gondii DNA samples isolated worldwide is discussed. The role of migratory birds in dissemination of T. gondii infection is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
| | - F. H. A. Murata
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
| | - C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
| | - O. C. H. Kwok
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, MD20705-2350, USA
| | - C. Su
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN37996-0845, USA
| |
Collapse
|