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Mehrdadi S. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles as Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Overcoming Poor Gastrointestinal Absorption and Enhancing Bioavailability of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:48-66. [PMID: 38585451 PMCID: PMC10997935 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Delivery and formulation of oral peptide and protein therapeutics have always been a challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. The oral bioavailability of peptide and protein therapeutics mainly relies on their gastrointestinal solubility and permeability which are affected by their poor membrane penetration, high molecular weight and proteolytic (chemical and enzymatic) degradation resulting in limited delivery and therapeutic efficacy. The present review article highlights the challenges and limitations of oral delivery of peptide and protein therapeutics focusing on the application, potential and importance of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDSs) and their advantages and drawbacks. LBDDSs, due to their lipid-based matrix can encapsulate both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs, and by reducing the first-pass effect and avoiding proteolytic degradation offer improved drug stability, dissolution rate, absorption, bioavailability and controlled drug release. Furthermore, their small size, high surface area and surface modification increase their mucosal adhesion, tissue-targeted distribution, physiological function and half-life. Properties such as simple preparation, high-scale manufacturing, biodegradability, biocompatibility, prolonged half-life, lower toxicity, lower adverse effects, lipid-based structure, higher drug encapsulation rate and various drug release profile compared to other similar carrier systems makes LBDDSs a promising drug delivery system (DDS). Nevertheless, undesired physicochemical features of peptide and protein drug development and discovery such as plasma stability, membrane permeability and circulation half-life remain a serious challenge which should be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Mehrdadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Guarraci FA, Avendano L, Kelly M, Estoesta C, Sencherey B, Valdivia HS, Gale A, Yepez L, Belfield JB, Carter KM, Williams N, Gore AC. Chronic periadolescent leuprolide exposure affects the development of reproductive physiology and behavior of female and male rats differently, but both mature after treatment termination. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:1. [PMID: 36609535 PMCID: PMC9817282 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-022-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GnRH agonists have been used to halt the development of puberty in children with precocious puberty since the 1980s. Recently, drugs like Lupron Depot® (leuprolide acetate), have been used to suppress pubertal progression in adolescents who are questioning their gender identity. However, few preclinical studies have been conducted to investigate potential effects of using GnRH agonists in this context. METHODS The present study tested the effects of daily leuprolide treatment (50 µg/kg, postnatal day (PD) 25-50) on pubertal onset in female (i.e., vaginal opening) and male (i.e., preputial separation) Long-Evans rats. The first estrous cycle immediately after vaginal opening was also measured. Sexual behavior and sexual motivation were tested using the partner-preference paradigm. Female rats were tested during the first behavioral estrus after treatment ended (between PD 51-64). Male rats were tested weekly for four consecutive weeks starting three days after treatment ended (PD 53). RESULTS Consistent with previous findings, leuprolide significantly delayed pubertal onset in both female and male rats. In addition, the first estrous cycle during the treatment period was disrupted by leuprolide, as indicated by a failure to cycle into estrus after vaginal opening until treatment ended. However, leuprolide affected neither sexual motivation nor fertility when female rats were tested within 14 days of leuprolide treatment ending. In contrast, the development of copulatory behavior and sexual motivation was significantly delayed by leuprolide in male rats; however, mature reproductive behavior was observed by the fourth week post-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with previous findings, the present results indicate that male rats may be more sensitive to periadolescent leuprolide administration, taking longer to overcome the effects of leuprolide than female rats. Nevertheless, not long after leuprolide treatment is discontinued, sex-typical reproductive physiology and behavior emerge fully in female and male rats, indicating that the drug's effects are not permanent. If translatable to humans, leuprolide may be a reversible option to give adolescents more time to consider their gender identity with minimal long-term effects on sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fay A. Guarraci
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Layla Avendano
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Megan Kelly
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Cleriza Estoesta
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Bernard Sencherey
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Hannah S. Valdivia
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Amanda Gale
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Lily Yepez
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Jasmine B. Belfield
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Kristen M. Carter
- grid.256058.c0000 0001 0443 1092Department of Biology, Francis Marion University, Florence, SC 29506 USA
| | - Natalie Williams
- grid.263924.80000 0004 1936 8120Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX 78626 USA
| | - Andrea C. Gore
- grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas, at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
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Lupo N, Fidahic U, Hetényi G, Griesser J, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Inhibitory effect of emulsifiers in sedds on protease activity: Just an illusion? Int J Pharm 2017; 526:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Karamanidou T, Bourganis V, Kammona O, Kiparissides C. Lipid-based nanocarriers for the oral administration of biopharmaceutics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:3009-3032. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceutics have been recognized as the drugs of choice for the treatment of several diseases, mainly due to their high selectivity and potent action. Nonetheless, their oral administration is a rather challenging problem, since their bioavailability is significantly hindered by various physiological barriers along the GI tract, including their acid-induced hydrolysis in the stomach, their enzymatic degradation throughout the GI tract and their poor mucosa permeability. Lipid-based nanocarriers represent a viable means for enhancing the oral bioavailability of biomolecules while diminishing toxicity-related issues. The present review describes the main physiological barriers limiting the oral bioavailability of macromolecules and highlights recent advances in the field of lipid-based carriers as well as the respective lipid intestinal absorption mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Karamanidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Bourganis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Kammona
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, PO Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Costas Kiparissides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, PO Box 472, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas, PO Box 60361, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Leonaviciute G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems in oral (poly)peptide drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 12:1703-16. [PMID: 26477549 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.1068287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral administration of most therapeutic peptides and proteins is mainly restricted due to the enzymatic and absorption membrane barrier of the GI tract. In order to overcome these barriers, various technologies have been explored. Among them, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) received considerable attention as potential carriers to facilitate oral peptide and protein delivery in recent years. AREAS COVERED This review article intends to summarize physiological barriers which limit the bioavailability of orally administrated peptide and protein drugs. Furthermore, the potential of SEDDS to protect incorporated peptides and proteins towards peptidases and proteases and to penetrate the mucus layer is reviewed. Their permeation-enhancing properties and their ability to release the drug in a controlled way are described. Moreover, this review covers the results of in vivo studies providing evidence for this promising approach. EXPERT OPINION As SEDDS can: i) provide a protective effect towards a presystemic metabolism; ii) efficiently permeate the intestinal mucus gel layer in order to reach the absorption membrane; and iii) be produced in a very simple and cost-effective manner, they are a promising tool for oral peptide and protein drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gintare Leonaviciute
- a Leopold - Franzens University Innsbruck, Institut of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Austria +43 512 507 58601 ; +43 512 507 58699 ;
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- a Leopold - Franzens University Innsbruck, Institut of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Austria +43 512 507 58601 ; +43 512 507 58699 ;
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Mahjub R, Dorkoosh FA, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Bernkop Schnürch A. Oral self-nanoemulsifying peptide drug delivery systems: impact of lipase on drug release. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:401-7. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1035685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Delivery of peptides by the oral route greatly appeals due to commercial, patient convenience and scientific arguments. While there are over 60 injectable peptides marketed worldwide, and many more in development, most delivery strategies do not yet adequately overcome the barriers to oral delivery. Peptides are sensitive to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the intestine, and are poorly permeable across the intestinal epithelium due to sub-optimal physicochemical properties. A successful oral peptide delivery technology should protect potent peptides from presystemic degradation and improve epithelial permeation to achieve a target oral bioavailability with acceptable intra-subject variability. This review provides a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the current status of oral peptide delivery with an emphasis on patented formulations that are yielding promising clinical data.
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Abstract
Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent isotropic solutions of oil and water successfully formulated by using a combination of suitable surfactant and cosurfactant. The solubilization power of microemulsions for lipophilic, hydrophilic and amphiphilic solutes form a viable approach for enhancing the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs and percutaneous permeation of poorly permeable drugs, mainly due to the large area per volume ratio available for mass transfer. Microemulsions have emerged as novel vehicles for drug delivery due to their versatile applications. They allow sustained release for topical, oral, nasal, intravenous, ocular, parenteral and other administration routes of drugs. They also offer a relevant application platform for improving target specificity, therapeutic activity, and reducing toxicity of drugs.
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Janga KY, Jukanti R, Sunkavalli S, Velpula A, Bandari S, Kandadi P, Veerareddy PR. In situabsorption and relative bioavailability studies of zaleplon loaded self-nanoemulsifying powders. J Microencapsul 2012; 30:161-72. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2012.714408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Gibaud S, Attivi D. Microemulsions for oral administration and their therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:937-51. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.694865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Teutonico D, Montanari S, Ponchel G. Leuprolide acetate: pharmaceutical use and delivery potentials. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:343-54. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.662484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Opportunities and challenges for oral delivery of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic peptide and protein-like drugs using lipid-based technologies. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:1633-53. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide and protein-like drugs are macromolecules currently produced in increasing numbers by the pharmaceutical biotechnology industry. The physicochemical properties of these molecules pose barriers to oral administration. Lipid-based drug-delivery systems have the potential to overcome these barriers and may be utilized to formulate safe, stable and efficacious oral medicines. This review outlines the design of such lipid-based technologies. The mechanisms whereby these formulations enhance the absorption of lipophilic versus hydrophilic peptide and protein-like drugs are discussed. In the case of lipophilic compounds, the advantages of lipid-based drug-delivery systems including increased solubilization, decreased intestinal efflux, decreased intracellular metabolism and possible lymphatic transport are well established as is evident from the success of Neoral® and other drug products on the market. In contrast, with respect to hydrophilic compounds, the situation is more complex and, while promising formulation approaches have been studied, issues including reproducibility of response, intersubject variability and duration of response require further optimization before commercially viable products are possible.
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Thompson EL, Amber V, Stamp GWH, Patterson M, Curtis AE, Cooke JH, Appleby GF, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR, Murphy KG. Kisspeptin-54 at high doses acutely induces testicular degeneration in adult male rats via central mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:609-25. [PMID: 19226253 PMCID: PMC2697701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The kisspeptins are critical regulators of reproduction and a therapeutic target for reproductive disease. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or peripheral injection of kisspeptin potently stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis via gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). However, little is known regarding the effects of kisspeptin administration on testicular function. We investigated the mechanism(s) of kisspeptin-induced testicular degeneration in the rat. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Kisspeptin-54 (50 nmol.day(-1)) was continuously administered subcutaneously (6 h to 3 days) to male Wistar rats and reproductive hormones and testicular histology analysed. We also investigated the effects of a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5, 5 or 50 nmol kisspeptin-54. In order to determine whether the testicular degeneration observed is peripherally or centrally mediated, we investigated effects of i.c.v. injections of 5 nmol kisspeptin-54 and pre-administered a GnRH-receptor antagonist (cetrorelix) to rats peripherally treated with kisspeptin-54. KEY RESULTS Continuous subcutaneous administration of kisspeptin-54 caused testicular degeneration after only 12 h, when gonadotrophins were still markedly raised, suggesting that the degeneration is independent of the desensitization of the HPG axis to kisspeptin-54. Furthermore, a single subcutaneous injection of kisspeptin-54 caused dose-dependent testicular degeneration. Continuous kisspeptin-54 administration is thus not required to cause testicular degeneration. Pretreatment with cetrorelix blocked kisspeptin-induced testicular degeneration, and a single i.c.v. injection of kisspeptin-54 caused testicular degeneration, suggesting it is GnRH-mediated. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Kisspeptin-induced testicular degeneration appears to be centrally mediated, and result from acute hyper-stimulation of the HPG axis. Doses must be carefully considered if kisspeptin is to be used therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- EL Thompson
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - V Amber
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - GWH Stamp
- Department of Histopathology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - M Patterson
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - AE Curtis
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - JH Cooke
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - GF Appleby
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - WS Dhillo
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - MA Ghatei
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - SR Bloom
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - KG Murphy
- Department of Investigative Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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Madhusudhan B, Rambhau D, Apte SS, Gopinath D. Oral Bioavailability of Flutamide from 1‐O‐Alkylglycerol Stabilized o/w Nanoemulsions. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690701528241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shoyele SA, Cawthorne S. Particle engineering techniques for inhaled biopharmaceuticals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:1009-29. [PMID: 17005293 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of biopharmaceuticals for pulmonary delivery is faced with the challenge of producing particles with the optimal properties for deep lung deposition without altering the native conformation of these molecules. Traditional techniques such as milling are continuously being improved while newer and more advanced techniques such as spray drying, spray freeze drying and supercritical fluid technology are being developed so as to optimize pulmonary delivery of biopharmaceuticals. While some of these techniques are quite promising, some are harsh and impracticable. Method scale up, cost-effectiveness and safety issues are important factors to be considered in the choice of a technique. This paper reviews the presently developed techniques for particle engineering biopharmaceuticals.
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Shoyele SA, Slowey A. Prospects of formulating proteins/peptides as aerosols for pulmonary drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2006; 314:1-8. [PMID: 16563674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of proteins/peptides for therapeutic uses has often posed some challenges to drug formulators. The main problem is the relatively weak forces involved in the native conformation of these proteins and so making them quite labile. Furthermore, their susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes in the gut makes oral administration quite challenging. While various routes like, ocular, transdermal, nasal and buccal have been tried, none of these routes has proved to be a potential alternative to the invasive injection. However, various studies have been performed on the formulation of these proteins as aerosols for pulmonary delivery and promising results have been obtained. This article looks at the prospects of inhaled proteins as a delivery route for systemic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday A Shoyele
- 3M Health Care Ltd., Morley Street, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 1EP, United Kingdom.
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