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Ahmed S, Mansour M, Ishak RAH, Mortada ND. Customizable Resveratrol Spray-dried Micro-composites for Inhalation as a Promising Contender for Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Pharm 2023:123117. [PMID: 37315636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed tremendous expansion in utilization of plant-derived medicines as resveratrol (RES) in treating several diseases like idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). RES can exhibit its role in treating IPF via its outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The goal of this work was to formulate RES-loaded spray-dried composite microparticles (SDCMs) suitable for pulmonary delivery via dry powder inhaler (DPI). They were prepared by spray drying of a previously prepared RES-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs) dispersion using different carriers. RES-loaded BSA NPs, prepared by the desolvation technique, acquired suitable particle size of 177.67±0.95 nm and entrapment efficiency of 98.7±0.35% with perfectly uniform size distribution and high stability. Considering the attributes of the pulmonary route, NPs were co-spray dried with compatible carriers viz. mannitol, dextran, trehalose, leucine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid to fabricate SDCMs. All formulations showed suitable mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 5 µm; that is suitable for deep lung deposition. However, the best aerosolization behavior was attained from using leucine with fine particle fraction (FPF) of 75.74%, followed by glycine with FPF of 54.7%. Finally, a pharmacodynamic study was conducted on bleomycin-induced mice, and it strongly revealed the role of the optimized formulations in alleviating PF through suppressing the levels of hydroxyproline, tumor necrosis factor-α and matrix metalloproteinase-9 with obvious improvements in the treated lung histopathology. These findings indicate that in addition to leucine, the glycine amino acid, which is not commonly used yet, is very promising in the formulation of DPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nahed D Mortada
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Postal Code 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Recent progress in drying technologies for improving the stability and delivery efficiency of biopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2023; 53:35-57. [PMID: 36568503 PMCID: PMC9768793 DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00610-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Most biopharmaceuticals are developed in liquid dosage forms that are less stable than solid forms. To ensure the stability of biopharmaceuticals, it is critical to use an effective drying technique in the presence of an appropriate stabilizing excipient. Various drying techniques are available for this purpose, such as freeze drying or lyophilization, spray drying, spray freeze-drying, supercritical fluid drying, particle replication in nonwetting templates, and fluidized bed drying. Area covered In this review, we discuss drying technologies and their applications in the production of stable solid-state biopharmaceuticals, providing examples of commercially available products or clinical trial formulations. Alongside this, we also review how different analytical methods may be utilized in the evaluation of aerosol performance and powder characteristics of dried protein powders. Finally, we assess the protein integrity in terms of conformational and physicochemical stability and biological activity. Expert opinion With the aim of treating either infectious respiratory diseases or systemic disorders, inhaled biopharmaceuticals reduce both therapeutic dose and cost of therapy. Drying methods in the presence of optimized protein/stabilizer combinations, produce solid dosage forms of proteins with greater stability. A suitable drying method was chosen, and the process parameters were optimized based on the route of protein administration. With the ongoing trend of addressing deficiencies in biopharmaceutical production, developing new methods to replace conventional drying methods, and investigating novel excipients for more efficient stabilizing effects, these products have the potential to dominate the pharmaceutical industry in the future.
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3
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Reeves MA, Royal JM, Morris DA, Jurkiewicz JM, Matoba N, Hamorsky KT. Spray-Dried Formulation of Epicertin, a Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit Variant That Induces Mucosal Healing. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040576. [PMID: 33919585 PMCID: PMC8073836 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epicertin (EPT) is a recombinant variant of the cholera toxin B subunit, modified with a C-terminal KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention motif. EPT has therapeutic potential for ulcerative colitis treatment. Previously, orally administered EPT demonstrated colon epithelial repair activity in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute and chronic colitis in mice. However, the oral dosing requires cumbersome pretreatment with sodium bicarbonate to conserve the acid-labile drug substance while transit through the stomach, hampering its facile application in chronic disease treatment. Here, we developed a solid oral formulation of EPT that circumvents degradation in gastric acid. EPT was spray-dried and packed into enteric-coated capsules to allow for pH-dependent release in the colon. A GM1-capture KDEL-detection ELISA and size-exclusion HPLC indicated that EPT powder maintains activity and structural stability for up to 9 months. Capsule disintegration tests showed that EPT remained encapsulated at pH 1 but was released over 180 min at pH 6.8, the approximate pH of the proximal colon. An acute DSS colitis study confirmed the therapeutic efficacy of encapsulated EPT in C57BL/6 mice upon oral administration without gastric acid neutralization pretreatment compared to vehicle-treated mice (p < 0.05). These results provide a foundation for an enteric-coated oral formulation of spray-dried EPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela A. Reeves
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.A.R.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Joshua M. Royal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.A.R.); (J.M.R.)
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.A.M.); (J.M.J.)
| | - David A. Morris
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.A.M.); (J.M.J.)
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jessica M. Jurkiewicz
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.A.M.); (J.M.J.)
| | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (M.A.R.); (J.M.R.)
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.A.M.); (J.M.J.)
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (K.T.H.); Tel.: +1-502-852-8412 (N.M.); +1-502-852-1445 (K.T.H.)
| | - Krystal T. Hamorsky
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.A.M.); (J.M.J.)
- Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Correspondence: (N.M.); (K.T.H.); Tel.: +1-502-852-8412 (N.M.); +1-502-852-1445 (K.T.H.)
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4
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Screening of novel excipients for freeze-dried protein formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 160:55-64. [PMID: 33508435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The typical excipients used as bulking agents and lyoprotectants for freeze-drying are usually limited to only a few selected substances, such as sucrose and mannitol. Considering the sheer diversity amongst proteins, it is doubtful that this limited choice should, in every case, provide the best possible option in order to achieve the most stable product. In this work, a screening of 12 proteins with 64 excipients was conducted in order to increase the knowledge space of potential excipients. Three critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the freeze-dried products, namely the solid state, the cake appearance and the protein integrity based on changes in tryptophan fluorescence were investigated by high throughput X-ray powder diffraction, image analysis and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. It was found, that in some cases the excipient had a dominating influence on the CQAs, whilst in other cases the CQAs were primarily protein dependent, or that the CQAs were dependent on the combination of both. In the course of this investigation, a general view of potentially relevant excipients, and their interplay with various proteins, was obtained, thereby furthermore paving the way for the use of novel freeze-drying excipients.
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5
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Formulating monoclonal antibodies as powders for reconstitution at high concentration using spray-drying: Trehalose/amino acid combinations as reconstitution time reducing and stability improving formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 156:131-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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AbouGhaly MHH, Du J, Patel SM, Topp EM. Effects of ionic interactions on protein stability prediction using solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS). Int J Pharm 2019; 568:118512. [PMID: 31301464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium incorporation in solid-state hydrogen deuterium exchange with mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) has been correlated with protein aggregation on storage in sugar-based solid matrices. Here, the effects of sucrose, arginine and histidine buffer on the rate of aggregation of a lyophilized monoclonal antibody (mAb) were assessed using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology. Lyophilized formulations were characterized using ssHDX-MS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ssFTIR) to assess potential correlation with stability in solid state. The samples were subjected to storage stability at 5 °C and stressed stability at 40 °C/75% RH for 6 months, and the aggregation rate was measured using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different levels of arginine had no significant effect on deuterium uptake in ssHDX-MS, although stability studies showed that aggregation rate decreased with increasing arginine concentration. Similarly, when histidine buffer was replaced with phosphate buffer at the same pH and molarity, ssHDX-MS showed no differences in deuterium uptake, but storage stability studies showed a significant increase in aggregation rate. The results suggest that proteins can be stabilized in amorphous solids by ionic interactions which ssHDX-MS does not detect, an important indication of the limitations of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H H AbouGhaly
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Jiali Du
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Sajal M Patel
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Topp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Mirfakhraei Y, Faghihi H, Zade AHM, Darabi M, Vatanara A. Optimization of Stable IgG Formulation Containing Amino Acids and Trehalose During Freeze-Drying and After Storage: a Central Composite Design. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:154. [PMID: 30919164 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical and structural stability of freeze-dried immunoglobulin G (IgG) were examined by applying trehalose and amino acids (glycine, phenylalanine, and serine). The efficacy of amino acids was statistically compared considering their side-chain characteristics. The amount of amino acids (X1) and trehalose (X2) was considered as independent variables. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC-HPLC) was utilized to calculate the soluble aggregates, as dependent variables. The amounts of excipients were optimized through the central composite design (CCD). The beta-sheet conformation of IgG was quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal behavior and molecular integrity of IgG were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Optimized formulations of powders were as follows: 24.5 mg serine-139.5 mg trehalose, 14 mg glycine-118 mg Trehalose, and 25 mg phenylalanine-139.5 mg trehalose. The amounts of soluble aggregates after processing were 0, 4.50, and 2.20%, respectively. The corresponding induced aggregates following storage conditions were 1.02, 7.0, and 3.70%. In all preparations, there were no detectable fragments. The native conformation of IgG was well preserved in the presence of amino acids. Excluding the glycine-based sample with minor endotherm at about 45°C, serine and phenylalanine incorporating powders were fully amorphous at examination temperatures. Trehalose was more potent than the amino acids in the stabilization of IgG. Serine was the most effective amino acid; phenylalanine and glycine were the next ones, respectively. Glycine crystallization was assumed to have accounted for low stabilization capability. The statistically synergistic phenomenon was only observed in the co-application of trehalose and phenylalanine. Graphical abstract.
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Hackl E, Darkwah J, Smith G, Ermolina I. Effect of Arginine on the Aggregation of Protein in Freeze-Dried Formulations Containing Sugars and Polyol: II. BSA Reconstitution and Aggregation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2934-2947. [PMID: 29980982 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current paper continues our study on the ability of L-arginine to prevent/reduce the aggregation of proteins that results from the various stresses during the lyophilisation and/or storage of lyophilized protein-based products. The first part of our study, i.e. formulation development, was devoted to the rational design and optimization of an L-arginine containing lyophilized formulation which can resist the natural tendency of L-arginine to absorb atmosphere moisture. Mannitol and trehalose were chosen among other excipients to be included in the protein-based formulation, as mannitol in a combination with L-arginine has been shown to reduce moisture sorption while trehalose provides a degree of lyoprotection. In the present study, a number of formulations, which comprised bovine serum albumin (BSA) with and without L-arginine, and with five different ratios of trehalose-to-mannitol (from 30:70 to 80:20) were lyophilised and assessed. The internal structures and the moisture sorption/retention of the lyophilized formulations were characterised. To study the effect of L-arginine on BSA solid-phase stability, the lyophilized powder was exposed to accelerated storage conditions (high moisture (75% RH) and temperature (22 or 45 °C)) for up to 24 h. The lyophilized BSA formulations were then reconstituted and solution-state protein aggregation assessed by turbidimetry at 360 nm and fluorescence spectroscopy using the thioflavin T assay. It was demonstrated that L-arginine can be used in protein-based freeze-dried formulations to significantly reduce the aggregation of protein during the manufacturing, storage and subsequent reconstitution. The results also revealed the importance of a sufficient amount of mannitol in the arginine-containing formulations.
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Emami F, Vatanara A, Park EJ, Na DH. Drying Technologies for the Stability and Bioavailability of Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E131. [PMID: 30126135 PMCID: PMC6161129 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid dosage forms of biopharmaceuticals such as therapeutic proteins could provide enhanced bioavailability, improved storage stability, as well as expanded alternatives to parenteral administration. Although numerous drying methods have been used for preparing dried protein powders, choosing a suitable drying technique remains a challenge. In this review, the most frequent drying methods, such as freeze drying, spray drying, spray freeze drying, and supercritical fluid drying, for improving the stability and bioavailability of therapeutic proteins, are discussed. These technologies can prepare protein formulations for different applications as they produce particles with different sizes and morphologies. Proper drying methods are chosen, and the critical process parameters are optimized based on the proposed route of drug administration and the required pharmacokinetics. In an optimized drying procedure, the screening of formulations according to their protein properties is performed to prepare a stable protein formulation for various delivery systems, including pulmonary, nasal, and sustained-release applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhrossadat Emami
- College of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Alireza Vatanara
- College of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
| | - Eun Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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10
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Almarwani B, Phambu EN, Alexander C, Nguyen HAT, Phambu N, Sunda-Meya A. Vesicles mimicking normal and cancer cell membranes exhibit differential responses to the cell-penetrating peptide Pep-1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1394-1402. [PMID: 29621495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) Pep-1 presents a great potential in drug delivery due to its intrinsic property to cross plasma membrane. However, its mechanism of entry into the cell remains unresolved. In this study, we compare the selectivity of Pep-1 towards vesicles mimicking normal and cancer cell membranes. The interaction was performed in a wide range of peptide-to-lipid molar ratios using infrared (IR), fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. At low peptide concentration, fluorescence experiments show that lipid-phosphatidylserine (PS) seems to enable Pep-1 translocation into cancer cell membrane as evidenced by the blue shift of its maximal emission wavelength. DSC data show that Pep-1 induces segregation of lipids. At high peptide concentration, IR data indicate that the interaction of Pep-1 is relatively stronger with normal cell membrane than with cancer cell membrane through the phosphate groups, while the interaction is weaker with normal cell membrane than with cancer cell membrane through the carbonyl groups. TGA and DSC data reveal that vesicles of normal cell membrane are thermally more stable than vesicles of cancer cell membrane. This suggests that the additional lipid PS included in cancer cell membrane has a destabilizing effect on the membrane structure. SEM images reveal that Pep-1 form superstructures including spherical particles and fibrils in the presence of both model membranes. PS seems to enhance peptide transport across cellular membranes. The biophysical techniques in this study provide valuable insights into the properties of CPPs in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashiyar Almarwani
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Esther Nzuzi Phambu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | | | - Ha Aimee T Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Nsoki Phambu
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
| | - Anderson Sunda-Meya
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA.
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11
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Stärtzel P. Arginine as an Excipient for Protein Freeze-Drying: A Mini Review. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:960-967. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Moussa EM, Singh SK, Kimmel M, Nema S, Topp EM. Probing the Conformation of an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody in Lyophilized Solids Using Solid-State Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange with Mass Spectrometric Analysis (ssHDX-MS). Mol Pharm 2018; 15:356-368. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab M. Moussa
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Satish K. Singh
- BioTherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Michael Kimmel
- BioTherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Sandeep Nema
- BioTherapeutics
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Topp
- Department
of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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13
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Phambu N, Almarwani B, Alwadai A, Phambu EN, Faciane N, Marion C, Sunda-Meya A. Calorimetric and Spectroscopic Studies of the Effects of the Cell Penetrating Peptide Pep-1 and the Antimicrobial Peptide Combi-2 on Vesicles Mimicking Escherichia coli Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12908-12915. [PMID: 29039950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to measure and compare the effects of the cell penetrating peptide (CPP) Pep-1 and the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) combi-2 on vesicles of membranes mimicking Escherichia coli (E. coli). To characterize the effects of Pep-1 and combi-2 on E. coli membrane vesicles, a combination of five biophysical techniques was employed: fluorescence, infrared, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. Upon addition of E. coli membranes, tryptophan fluorescence intensity of Pep-1 showed a sudden blue-shift and decreased in a nonconcentration-dependent manner while the intensity of combi-2 decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, most significantly for a very low peptide-to-lipid ratio of 1:40. Complexes of Pep-1 and combi-2 with E. coli membrane mimicking vesicles having shown a significant blue-shift in fluorescence intensity were then prepared and studied in freeze-dried states. IR results indicate that Pep-1 and combi-2 adopt a major 310-helix structure in the presence of E. coli membrane mimicking vesicles at low peptide concentration. Pep-1 and combi-2 have a similar effect on E. coli membrane mimicking vesicles at low concentration even though combi-2 is in the interfacial region of the bilayer while Pep-1 is located between the interfacial region and the hydrophobic region. Combi-2 at low concentration acts as a CPP. TGA and DSC results reveal that combi-2 has a stabilizing effect on E. coli at any concentration while Pep-1 stabilizes the E. coli membrane only at high concentration. Both peptides show a preferential interaction with one of the anionic lipids leading to clustering in E. coli membrane. SEM images reveal that Pep-1 and combi-2 form superstructures including fibrils in the presence of E. coli membrane mimicking vesicles. Calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques may be used in a complementary way with imaging techniques to gain more insights into peptide-lipid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsoki Phambu
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University , Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Bashiyar Almarwani
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University , Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Amjad Alwadai
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee State University , Nashville, Tennessee 37209, United States
| | - Esther N Phambu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, New York University , Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Natalie Faciane
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Carmel Marion
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Anderson Sunda-Meya
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Xavier University of Louisiana , New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
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14
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Phambu N, Almarwani B, Garcia AM, Hamza NS, Muhsen A, Baidoo JE, Sunda-Meya A. Chain length effect on the structure and stability of antimicrobial peptides of the (RW)n series. Biophys Chem 2017; 227:8-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Zbacnik TJ, Holcomb RE, Katayama DS, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Coccaro RC, Evans GJ, Matsuura JE, Henry CS, Manning MC. Role of Buffers in Protein Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2016; 106:713-733. [PMID: 27894967 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Buffers comprise an integral component of protein formulations. Not only do they function to regulate shifts in pH, they also can stabilize proteins by a variety of mechanisms. The ability of buffers to stabilize therapeutic proteins whether in liquid formulations, frozen solutions, or the solid state is highlighted in this review. Addition of buffers can result in increased conformational stability of proteins, whether by ligand binding or by an excluded solute mechanism. In addition, they can alter the colloidal stability of proteins and modulate interfacial damage. Buffers can also lead to destabilization of proteins, and the stability of buffers themselves is presented. Furthermore, the potential safety and toxicity issues of buffers are discussed, with a special emphasis on the influence of buffers on the perceived pain upon injection. Finally, the interaction of buffers with other excipients is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- LegacyBioDesign LLC, Johnstown, Colorado 80534; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Derrick S Katayama
- LegacyBioDesign LLC, Johnstown, Colorado 80534; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Brian M Murphy
- LegacyBioDesign LLC, Johnstown, Colorado 80534; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Robert W Payne
- LegacyBioDesign LLC, Johnstown, Colorado 80534; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- LegacyBioDesign LLC, Johnstown, Colorado 80534; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.
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Zhang X, Pu M, He S. Theoretical studies of structure and racemization mechanism of aspartate-intercalated hydrotalcite. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Izutsu KI, Yoshida H, Shibata H, Goda Y. Amorphous–Amorphous Phase Separation of Freeze-Concentrated Protein and Amino Acid Excipients for Lyophilized Formulations. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2016; 64:1674-1680. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c16-00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Cirkovas A, Sereikaite J. Influence ofl-homoarginine as an analogue ofl-arginine on the heat-induced aggregation of proteins. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:808-14. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrejus Cirkovas
- Dept. of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Jolanta Sereikaite
- Dept. of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Vilnius Lithuania
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19
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Wang C, Yamniuk A, Dai J, Chen S, Stetsko P, Ditto N, Zhang Y. Investigation of a Degradant in a Biologics Formulation Buffer Containing L-Histidine. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2625-35. [PMID: 25670525 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An unknown UV 280 nm absorbing peak was observed by SEC for protein stability samples formulated in L-histidine during a stress stability study. Understanding the source would enhance the confidence in the SEC results. We identified the unknown peak, studied the cause, and evaluated ways to eliminate it. METHODS The unknown peak was fractionated by preparative size exclusion chromatography separations, and subsequently analyzed by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) coupled with Time-of-Flight (TOF) high resolution mass spectrometry. The possible degradation was also studied with the presence of different excipients, including metal cations, chelating agents, and amino acids. RESULTS The unknown peak was identified to be trans-urocanic acid, a degradant of histidine, based on evidences from HILIC retention time, UV profile, accurate mass measurement, trans-cis isomerization, and pI measurement. The degradation from histidine to urocanic acids was not affected by the presence of Fe(2+), but slightly activated by Mn(2+). The chelating agents, EDTA and DTPA, counteracted the Mn(2+) effects. This degradation was evidenced to be caused by contamination. Adding alanine or cysteine as an excipient was found to reduce this degradation by 97 and 98%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS L-histidine formulation buffer can be contaminated to induce histidine degradation to trans-urocanic acid, which shows a large UV 280 nm absorbing peak at the total permeation volume under SEC conditions. Amino acids alanine and cysteine effectively inhibit this histidine degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08543, USA,
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Lim JY, Kim NA, Lim DG, Kim KH, Jeong SH. Effects of thermal and mechanical stress on the physical stability of human growth hormone and epidermal growth factor. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1488-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Soltanizadeh N, Mirmoghtadaie L, Nejati F, Najafabadi LI, Heshmati MK, Jafari M. Solid-State Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions and Their Application in the Food Industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Soltanizadeh
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Isfahan Univ. of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Leila Mirmoghtadaie
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Natl. Nutrition and Food Technology Research Inst; College of Nutrition Science and Food Technology; Shahid Beheshti Univ. of Medical Science; Tehran 1981619573 Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nejati
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Islamic Azad Univ. (Shahrekord Branch); Shahrekord Iran
| | - Leila Izadi Najafabadi
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Isfahan Univ. of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Maryam Khakbaz Heshmati
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Univ. of Tabriz; 51664-16471 Tabriz Iran
| | - Maryam Jafari
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology; College of Agriculture; Isfahan Univ. of Technology; Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
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22
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Stabilisation of proteins via mixtures of amino acids during spray drying. Int J Pharm 2014; 463:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Gil D, Schrum AG. Strategies to stabilize compact folding and minimize aggregation of antibody-based fragments. ADVANCES IN BIOSCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (PRINT) 2013; 4:73-84. [PMID: 25635232 PMCID: PMC4307952 DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.44a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven to be useful for development of new therapeutic drugs and diagnostic techniques. To overcome the difficulties posed by their complex structure and folding, reduce undesired immunogenicity, and improve pharmacokinetic properties, a plethora of different Ab fragments have been developed. These include recombinant Fab and Fv segments that can display improved properties over those of the original mAbs upon which they are based. Antibody (Ab) fragments such as Fabs, scFvs, diabodies, and nanobodies, all contain the variable Ig domains responsible for binding to specific antigenic epitopes, allowing for specific targeting of pathological cells and/or molecules. These fragments can be easier to produce, purify and refold than a full Ab, and due to their smaller size they can be well absorbed and distributed into target tissues. However, the physicochemical and structural properties of the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, upon which the folding and conformation of all these Ab fragments is based, can limit the stability of Ab-based drugs. The Ig domain is fairly sensitive to unfolding and aggregation when produced out of the structural context of an intact Ab molecule. When unfolded, Ab fragments may lose their specificity as well as establish non-native interactions leading to protein aggregation. Aggregated antibody fragments display altered pharmacokinetic and immunogenic properties that can augment their toxicity. Therefore, much effort has been placed in understanding the factors impacting the stability of Ig folding at two different levels: 1) intrinsically, by studying the effects of the amino acid sequence on Ig folding; 2) extrinsically, by determining the environmental conditions that may influence the stability of Ig folding. In this review we will describe the structure of the Ig domain, and the factors that impact its stability, to set the context for the different approaches currently used to achieve stable recombinant Ig domains when pursuing the development of Ab fragment-based biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, USA
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Depreter F, Pilcer G, Amighi K. Inhaled proteins: Challenges and perspectives. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:251-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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25
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Li JN, Pu M, Fang DC, Wei M, He J, Evans DG. Theoretical study of two photochemical pathways of l-tyrosine isomerization. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Interactions of formulation excipients with proteins in solution and in the dried state. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1053-73. [PMID: 21756953 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A variety of excipients are used to stabilize proteins, suppress protein aggregation, reduce surface adsorption, or to simply provide physiological osmolality. The stabilizers encompass a wide variety of molecules including sugars, salts, polymers, surfactants, and amino acids, in particular arginine. The effects of these excipients on protein stability in solution are mainly caused by their interaction with the protein and the container surface, and most importantly with water. Some excipients stabilize proteins in solution by direct binding, while others use a number of fundamentally different mechanisms that involve indirect interactions. In the dry state, any effects that the excipients confer to proteins through their interactions with water are irrelevant, as water is no longer present. Rather, the excipients stabilize proteins through direct binding and their effects on the physical properties of the dried powder. This review will describe a number of mechanisms by which the excipients interact with proteins in solution and with various interfaces, and their effects on the physical properties of the dried protein structure, and explain how the various interaction forces are related to their observed effects on protein stability.
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Mohammed AR, Bramwell VW, Kirby DJ, McNeil SE, Perrie Y. Increased potential of a cationic liposome-based delivery system: Enhancing stability and sustained immunological activity in pre-clinical development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:404-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Salinas BA, Sathish HA, Shah AU, Carpenter JF, Randolph TW. Buffer-dependent fragmentation of a humanized full-length monoclonal antibody. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2962-74. [PMID: 20091831 PMCID: PMC3938388 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During storage stability studies of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) it was determined that the primary route of degradation involved fragmentation into lower molecular weight species. The fragmentation was characterized with size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC), SDS-PAGE, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Fragmentation proceeded via hydrolysis, likely catalyzed by trace metal ions, of a peptide bond in the hinge region of the mAb's heavy chain, which produced two prominent low molecular weight species during storage: a single, free Fab fragment and a Fab + Fc fragment. The fragmentation is observed in phosphate-buffered solutions at two ionic strengths but not in histidine-buffered solutions at identical ionic strengths. Chaotrope-induced and thermally induced unfolding studies of the mAb indicated differences in the unfolding pathways between the two buffer solutions. The folding intermediate observed during chaotrope-induced unfolding was further characterized by intrinsic fluorescence quenching, which suggested that a small portion of the molecule is resistant to chaotrope-induced unfolding in histidine buffer systems. The thermally induced unfolding indicates a reduction in cooperativity of the unfolding process in the presence of histidine relative to phosphate. A relationship between the histidine-induced effects on unfolding pathway and the relative resistance to fragmentation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden A Salinas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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29
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Manning MC, Chou DK, Murphy BM, Payne RW, Katayama DS. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res 2010; 27:544-75. [PMID: 20143256 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 737] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1989, Manning, Patel, and Borchardt wrote a review of protein stability (Manning et al., Pharm. Res. 6:903-918, 1989), which has been widely referenced ever since. At the time, recombinant protein therapy was still in its infancy. This review summarizes the advances that have been made since then regarding protein stabilization and formulation. In addition to a discussion of the current understanding of chemical and physical instability, sections are included on stabilization in aqueous solution and the dried state, the use of chemical modification and mutagenesis to improve stability, and the interrelationship between chemical and physical instability.
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Del Curto MD, Maroni A, Foppoli A, Zema L, Gazzaniga A, Sangalli ME. Preparation and evaluation of an oral delivery system for time-dependent colon release of insulin and selected protease inhibitor and absorption enhancer compounds. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4661-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Chang L(L, Pikal MJ. Mechanisms of protein stabilization in the solid state. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2886-908. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang B, Tchessalov S, Warne NW, Pikal MJ. Impact of sucrose level on storage stability of proteins in freeze-dried solids: I. correlation of protein–sugar interaction with native structure preservation. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:3131-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tian F, Middaugh CR, Offerdahl T, Munson E, Sane S, Rytting JH. Spectroscopic evaluation of the stabilization of humanized monoclonal antibodies in amino acid formulations. Int J Pharm 2007; 335:20-31. [PMID: 17141436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of amino acids on stabilizing protein secondary structure were evaluated using diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, and interactions between proteins and arginine were detected using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Upon freeze-drying, excipient-free anti-CD11a and anti-IgE antibodies underwent significant changes in their secondary structures. For both antibodies, the amount of intermolecular beta-sheet substantially increased and the native conformation of intramolecular beta-sheet content decreased considerably. The addition of amino acids to the formulations reduced protein secondary structure alterations in a concentration-dependent manner. Histidine and arginine appeared to be the most protective excipients (of the amino acids studied) in inhibiting protein secondary structural changes. Solid-state NMR illustrated that non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole interactions) were formed between the arginine side chain and the protein. Glycine is the least effective additive of those studied in preventing secondary structure changes upon freeze-drying. Despite secondary structural changes, freeze-dried protein in the presence and absence of amino acids refolded back into its native conformation upon reconstitution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Tom Offerdahl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Eric Munson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Samir Sane
- Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA, Unites States
| | - J Howard Rytting
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.
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Arakawa T, Tsumoto K, Kita Y, Chang B, Ejima D. Biotechnology applications of amino acids in protein purification and formulations. Amino Acids 2007; 33:587-605. [PMID: 17357829 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are widely used in biotechnology applications. Since amino acids are natural compounds, they can be safely used in pharmaceutical applications, e.g., as a solvent additive for protein purification and as an excipient for protein formulations. At high concentrations, certain amino acids are found to raise intra-cellular osmotic pressure and adjust to the high salt concentrations of the surrounding medium. They are called "compatible solutes", since they do not affect macromolecular function. Not only are they needed to increase the osmotic pressure, they are known to increase the stability of the proteins. Sucrose, glycerol and certain amino acids were used to enhance the stability of unstable proteins after isolation from natural environments. The mechanism of the action of these protein-stabilizing amino acids is relatively well understood. On the contrary, arginine was accidentally discovered as a useful reagent for assisting in the refolding of recombinant proteins. This effect of arginine was ascribed to its ability to suppress aggregation of the proteins during refolding, thereby increasing refolding efficiency. By the same mechanism, arginine now finds much wider applications than previously anticipated in the research and development of proteins, in particular in pharmaceutical applications. For example, arginine solubilizes proteins from loose inclusion bodies, resulting in efficient production of active proteins. Arginine suppresses protein-protein interactions in solution and also non-specific adsorption to gel permeation chromatography columns. Arginine facilitates elution of bound proteins from various column resins, including Protein-A or dye affinity columns and hydrophobic interaction columns. This review covers various biotechnology applications of amino acids, in particular arginine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
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