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Swenson S, Silva-Hirschberg C, Freeland L, Chen KL, Marín-Ramos NI, Schönthal AH, Chen TC. Therapeutic effect of NEO400, perillyl alcohol conjugated to linoleic acid, in a mouse model of UV-induced skin damage. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38970228 DOI: 10.1111/php.13998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes harmful effects on human skin. Pre-exposure application of sunscreen can be protective, but not after damage already has occurred. There is a need for agents that can be applied post-UVR exposure to repair the damage. We investigated a novel compound, NEO400, that appears to meet this medicinal need. NEO400 was created by conjugating linoleic acid to perillyl alcohol. UVR was repeatedly administered to the skin of mice over several weeks, where it caused the typical signs of UV damage, including scaling of the skin, DNA damage, and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, when NEO400 was applied immediately post-UVR, it triggered the appearance of markers for dermal stem cell proliferation, and no signs of skin damage emerged. Furthermore, when NEO400 was applied to skin that already had incurred significant damage, it accelerated skin healing. When applied individually, linoleic acid and perillyl alcohol were ineffective, indicating that they had to be conjugated in order to exert therapeutic efficacy. None of these skin-protective effects could be achieved with Aloe vera gel, a popular and widely used post-exposure remedy. Our study suggests that NEO400 holds potential as a regenerative treatment for excessively UVR-exposed skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Swenson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Catalina Silva-Hirschberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Liliana Freeland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristen L Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nagore I Marín-Ramos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- NeOnc Technologies, Inc., Los Angeles, California, USA
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Raghav RS, Verma S, Monika. A Comprehensive Review on Potential Chemical and Herbal Permeation Enhancers Used in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:21-34. [PMID: 38258784 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878272043240114123908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Using skin patches to deliver drugs is dependable and doesn't have the same issues as permeation enhancers, which help drugs get through the skin but struggle because of the skin's natural barrier. Strategies are required to increase topical bioavailability to enhance drug absorption. Natural compounds offer a promising solution by temporarily reducing skin barrier resistance and improving drug absorption. Natural substances allow a wider variety of medications to be distributed through the stratum corneum, offering a dependable approach to enhancing transdermal drug delivery. Natural substances have distinct advantages as permeability enhancers. They are pharmacologically effective and safe, inactive, non-allergenic, and non-irritating. These characteristics ensure their suitability for use without causing adverse effects. Natural compounds are readily available and well tolerated by the body. Studies investigating the structure-activity relationship of natural chemicals have demonstrated significant enhancer effects. By understanding the connection between chemical composition and enhancer activity, researchers can identify effective natural compounds for improving drug penetration. In conclusion, current research focuses on utilizing natural compounds as permeability enhancers in transdermal therapy systems. These substances offer safety, non-toxicity, pharmacological inactivity, and non-irritation. Through structure-activity relationship investigations, promising advancements have been made in enhancing drug delivery. Using natural compounds holds enormous potential for improving the penetration of trans-dermally delivered medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Singh Raghav
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Sushma Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, 201306, India
| | - Monika
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (Pharmacy Institute), Greater Noida, 201306, India
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Rani Raju N, Silina E, Stupin V, Manturova N, Chidambaram SB, Achar RR. Multifunctional and Smart Wound Dressings—A Review on Recent Research Advancements in Skin Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081574. [PMID: 36015200 PMCID: PMC9414988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The healing of wounds is a dynamic function that necessitates coordination among multiple cell types and an optimal extracellular milieu. Much of the research focused on finding new techniques to improve and manage dermal injuries, chronic injuries, burn injuries, and sepsis, which are frequent medical concerns. A new research strategy involves developing multifunctional dressings to aid innate healing and combat numerous issues that trouble incompletely healed injuries, such as extreme inflammation, ischemic damage, scarring, and wound infection. Natural origin-based compounds offer distinct characteristics, such as excellent biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, and low toxicity. Researchers have developed biopolymer-based wound dressings with drugs, biomacromolecules, and cells that are cytocompatible, hemostatic, initiate skin rejuvenation and rapid healing, and possess anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. The main goal would be to mimic characteristics of fetal tissue regeneration in the adult healing phase, including complete hair and glandular restoration without delay or scarring. Emerging treatments based on biomaterials, nanoparticles, and biomimetic proteases have the keys to improving wound care and will be a vital addition to the therapeutic toolkit for slow-healing wounds. This study focuses on recent discoveries of several dressings that have undergone extensive pre-clinical development or are now undergoing fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Rani Raju
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
| | - Ekaterina Silina
- Institute of Biodesign and Modeling of Complex Systems, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya Street 8, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victor Stupin
- Department of Hospital Surgery No 1, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Ostrovityanova Street 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Manturova
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cosmetology and Cell Technologies, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
- Centre for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology (CPT), Central Animal Facility, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghu Ram Achar
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9535413026
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Laux A, Gouws C, Hamman JH. Aloe vera gel and whole leaf extract: functional and versatile excipients for drug delivery? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:1283-1285. [PMID: 31574229 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1675633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Laux
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Josias H. Hamman
- Pharmacen™, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Salehi S, Boddohi S. Design and optimization of kollicoat ® IR based mucoadhesive buccal film for co-delivery of rizatriptan benzoate and propranolol hydrochloride. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 97:230-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Intestinal Drug Absorption Enhancement by Aloe vera Gel and Whole Leaf Extract: In Vitro Investigations into the Mechanisms of Action. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010036. [PMID: 30669246 PMCID: PMC6359586 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-administration of absorption enhancing agents with macromolecular drugs (e.g., protein and peptide drugs) has been identified as a means to improve the oral bioavailability of these drugs. Absorption-enhancing agents of natural origins have received a great deal of attention due to their sustainable production, in support of green chemistry. In previous studies, certain parts of the Aloe vera leaf (e.g., gel and whole leaf extract) have shown a potential to enhance drug permeation across the intestinal epithelial barrier. The mechanism of the drug-absorption-enhancement action and the capacity for absorption-enhancement of the A. vera gel and whole leaf, were investigated in this study. A clear decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of Caco-2 cell monolayers exposed to A. vera gel and wholeleaf extract, in various concentrations, indicated the opening of tight junctions between the epithelial cells. The transport of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, with a molecular weight of 4 kDa (FD-4), could be enhanced across the Caco-2 cell monolayers, by the A. vera gel and whole-leaf extract, but not the FITC-dextran with larger molecular weights (i.e., 10, 20, and 40 kDa), which indicated a limited drug absorption enhancement capacity, in terms of the molecular size. Accumulation of FD-4 between the Caco-2 cells (and not within the cells), after treatment with the A. vera gel and whole-leaf extract was shown with a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging, indicating that the paracellular transport of FD-4 occurred after the interaction of the A. vera gel and whole-leaf extract, with the epithelial cell monolayers. Furthermore, changes in the F-actin distribution in the cytoskeleton of the Caco-2 cell monolayers was observed by means of a fluorescence staining, which confirmed tight junction modulation as the mechanism of action for the absorption enhancement effect of the A. vera gel and whole-leaf extract.
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Orchard A, Kamatou G, Viljoen AM, Patel N, Mawela P, van Vuuren SF. The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:6981305. [PMID: 30733812 PMCID: PMC6348851 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6981305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The topical use of essential oils requires dilution into a carrier oil; however, scientific evidence regarding the antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity when a carrier oil is combined with an essential oil is lacking. This study sets out to determine the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of 23 essential oils combined with six known carrier oils. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID) was used to characterize the methyl esters of the carrier oils. The antimicrobial activity of the carrier oils alone and in combination with the essential oils was investigated using the broth microdilution assay against 11 skin pathogens and the cytotoxicity was determined using the brine shrimp lethality assay. The interactive profiles of the combinations for both antimicrobial activity and the cytotoxicity were analysed and calculated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (ΣFIC). The carrier oils demonstrated no antimicrobial antagonism when combined with the essential oils and the overall cytotoxicity of the majority of the combinations was decreased. The carrier oils that could be identified as enhancing the antimicrobial activity and decreasing the cytotoxicity were Aloe vera Mill. and Simmondsia chinensis C.K.Schneid (Jojoba oil), with an overall reduction in essential oil cytotoxicity of 87.5% at 24 hrs and 85% at 48 hrs by A. vera. Five of the essential oils (when diluted in A. vera and S. chinensis carrier oils) demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity against pathogens such as Brevibacterium epidermidis, B. linens, and P. aeruginosa with MIC values ranging from 0.09 to 0.50 mg/mL (and ΣFIC 0.14-0.39). The study could conclude that the carrier oils are complementary to essential oil formulations, mostly reducing cytotoxicity and in some cases enhancing the antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ané Orchard
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Guy Kamatou
- Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M. Viljoen
- Tshwane University of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Namita Patel
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Patricia Mawela
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Sandy F. van Vuuren
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
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Zhengguang L, Jie H, Yong Z, Jiaojiao C, Xingqi W, Xiaoqin C. Study on the transdermal penetration mechanism of ibuprofen nanoemulsions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:465-473. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1546317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhengguang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huang Jie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhang Yong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Cao Jiaojiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wang Xingqi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chu Xiaoqin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Hefei, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Kit Ieng Kuok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
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Liu FW, Liu FC, Wang YR, Tsai HI, Yu HP. Aloin Protects Skin Fibroblasts from Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress Damage by Regulating the Oxidative Defense System. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143528. [PMID: 26637174 PMCID: PMC4670167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is commonly involved in the pathogenesis of skin damage induced by environmental factors, such as heat stress. Skin fibroblasts are responsible for the connective tissue regeneration and the skin recovery from injury. Aloin, a bioactive compound in Aloe vera, has been reported to have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of aloin against heat stress-mediated oxidative stress in human skin fibroblast Hs68 cells. Hs68 cells were first incubated at 43°C for 30 min to mimic heat stress. The study was further examined if aloin has any effect on heat stress-induced oxidative stress. We found that aloin protected Hs68 cells against heat stress-induced damage, as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assay. Aloin protected Hs68 cells by regulating reactive oxygen species production and increasing the levels of glutathione, cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase. Aloin also prevented the elevation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the reduction of 8-OH-dG induced by heat stress. These results indicated that aloin protected human skin fibroblasts from heat stress-induced oxidative stress damage by regulating the oxidative defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Wei Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital Puli Branch, Nantou, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ren Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Hoopfer D, Holloway C, Gabos Z, Alidrisi M, Chafe S, Krause B, Lees A, Mehta N, Tankel K, Strickland F, Hanson J, King C, Ghosh S, Severin D. Three-Arm Randomized Phase III Trial: Quality Aloe and Placebo Cream Versus Powder as Skin Treatment During Breast Cancer Radiation Therapy. Clin Breast Cancer 2015; 15:181-90.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hashemi SA, Madani SA, Abediankenari S. The Review on Properties of Aloe Vera in Healing of Cutaneous Wounds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:714216. [PMID: 26090436 PMCID: PMC4452276 DOI: 10.1155/2015/714216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of wounds is very important and was subject of different investigations. In this regard, natural substance plays crucial role as complementary medicine. Various studies reported that aloe vera has useful effects on wounds especially cutaneous wounds healing. Therefore in the current review, we examined the effect of aloe vera on cutaneous wound healing and concluded that although aloe vera improves the wound healing as well as other procedures both clinically and experimentally, more studies are still needed to approve the outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Abbas Hashemi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyyed Abdollah Madani
- Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saied Abediankenari
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Bio-inspired Aloe vera sponges for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 112:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fong SYK, Efferth TH, Zuo Z. Modulation of the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic and adverse effects of NSAIDs by Chinese herbal medicines. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1711-39. [PMID: 25307559 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.970167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Concomitant use of NSAIDs and Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) is frequent, yet summarized information on their interactions is lacking. AREAS COVERED A systematic review of literature in four evidence-based English databases was performed. Articles which reported CHMs altering the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic and adverse effects of NSAIDs were identified and summarized. Such interactions may lead to beneficial, detrimental or no change in outcomes. The current review covers four therapeutic effects of NSAIDs, including: i) anti-inflammatory; ii) analgesic; iii) antiplatelet, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular; and iv) anticancer effects and four adverse effects of NSAIDs, including: i) gastrointestinal ulcer; ii) nephrotoxicity; iii) hepatotoxicity; and iv) antiplatelet effects and bleeding. EXPERT OPINION While majority of CHMs demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating NSAIDs-induced adverse effects and potentiating the therapeutic effects, this review provides insights for development of CHMs as add-on medications to NSAIDs therapies. However, since limited information was from well-designed clinical trials, the findings are not yet conclusive and more clinical studies are warranted to provide guidance for healthcare professionals. In future, researches on interactions between NSAIDs and CHMs are expected to grow and modern approaches such as pharmacogenomics might enhance the throughput and accuracy of identifying clinically relevant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Yui Kau Fong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine , Shatin, New Territories , Hong Kong SAR
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Fox LT, Gerber M, du Preez JL, du Plessis J, Hamman JH. Skin permeation enhancement effects of the gel and whole-leaf materials of Aloe vera, Aloe marlothii and Aloe ferox. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 67:96-106. [PMID: 25196486 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro permeation enhancement effects of the gel and whole-leaf materials of Aloe vera, Aloe marlothii and Aloe ferox using ketoprofen as a marker compound. METHODS The permeation studies were conducted across excised female abdominal skin in Franz diffusion cells, and the delivery of ketoprofen into the stratum corneum-epidermis and epidermis-dermis layers of the skin was investigated using a tape-stripping technique. KEY FINDINGS A. vera gel showed the highest permeation-enhancing effect on ketoprofen (enhancement ratio or ER = 2.551) when compared with the control group, followed by A. marlothii gel (ER = 1.590) and A. ferox whole-leaf material (ER = 1.520). Non-linear curve fitting calculations indicated that the drug permeation-enhancing effect of A. vera gel can be attributed to an increased partitioning of the drug into the skin, while A. ferox whole leaf modified the diffusion characteristics of the skin for ketoprofen. The tape stripping results indicated that A. marlothii whole leaf delivered the highest concentration of the ketoprofen into the different skin layers. CONCLUSIONS Of the selected aloe species investigated, A. vera gel material showed the highest potential as transdermal drug penetration enhancer across human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle T Fox
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Natural products as potential drug permeation enhancer in transdermal drug delivery system. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 306:419-26. [PMID: 24481830 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Permeation enhancers are defined as substances that are capable of promoting penetration of drugs into skin and transdermal therapeutic systems offers a more reliable mean of administering drug through the skin. Skin is a natural barrier so it is necessary to employ enhancement strategies to improve topical bioavailability. This review explores that natural products have got potential to enhance the permeation of the drug through skin by reversibly reducing the skin barrier resistance. The use of natural products is the most reliable means of permeation enhancement of transdermally administered drugs and permits the delivery of broader classes of drugs through the stratum corneum. They are safe, non-toxic, pharmacologically inert, non-irritating, and non-allergenic to use as permeation enhancers. The present review initially highlights the current status of natural products on the basis of SAR studies which have shown significant enhancer activities.
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Kumar A, Baboota S, Agarwal SP, Ali J, Ahuja A. Treatment of acne with special emphasis on herbal remedies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.3.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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du Plessis LH, Hamman JH. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and apoptogenic properties of aloe whole leaf and gel materials. Drug Chem Toxicol 2013; 37:169-77. [PMID: 24111784 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2013.834356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Aloe gel and whole-leaf materials have shown biological effects with potential therapeutic applications, and recently, their drug-absorption enhancement properties have been discovered. It is important to establish a safety profile for these materials before they can be used in pharmaceutical products. The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro cytotoxicity of Aloe vera, Aloe marlothii, Aloe speciosa and Aloe ferox against human hepatocellular (HepG2), human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and human adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (HeLa). Flow cytometry was used to measure cell viability, apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aloe gel materials investigated only decreased cell viability at concentrations of >10 mg/mL and exhibited half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) values above 1000 mg/mL, except for A. vera gel in HepG2 cells (CC(50) = 269.3 mg/mL). A. speciosa whole-leaf material showed a significant decrease in viability of Hela cells, whereas the other whole-leaf materials did not show a similar effect. The aloe gel materials in general showed low levels of apoptosis, whereas A. vera and A. speciosa whole-leaf materials caused a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in HeLa cells. None of the aloe materials investigated exhibited a significant increase in ROS. It can be concluded that the selected aloe materials caused only limited reduction in cell viability with limited in vitro cytotoxicity effects. Further, neither significant apoptosis effects were observed nor induction of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissinda H du Plessis
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University , Potchefstroom , South Africa
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Lin CF, Leu YL, Al-Suwayeh SA, Ku MC, Hwang TL, Fang JY. Anti-inflammatory activity and percutaneous absorption of quercetin and its polymethoxylated compound and glycosides: the relationships to chemical structures. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 47:857-64. [PMID: 22609526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The potential of quercetin-related compounds for topical application has not previously been systematically investigated. To better elucidate relationships of the structure and activity with skin permeation, some quercetin compounds were used as permeants, including aglycone, a polymethoxylated compound (quercetin 3,5,7,3',4'-pentamethylether, QM), and seven glycosides. Quercetin and the glycoside with glucopyranuronic acid (Q4) at a dose of 30 μM completely inhibited superoxide anion activated neutrophils. QM also potentially suppressed superoxide by 90%. Both quercetin and QM showed inhibitory activity on elastase release with respective IC(50) values of 6.25 and 15.76 μM. Glycosylation significantly diminished this activity. Both an infinite concentration and saturated solubility in pH 7 buffer were used as permeant doses for the in vitro permeation experiments. The flux or permeability coefficient, which is the indicator for total absorption of dermal delivery due to the use of nude mouse skin, was the greatest for QM, followed by the glycosides and quercetin. QM showed 26× greater flux compared to quercetin. No penetration of quercetin occurred at the dose of saturated solubility. Rutin generally exhibited the highest skin permeation among the glycosides. It was found that the glycoside enantiomers (Q2 and Q3) revealed completely different permeation profiles. The stratum corneum was the principal penetration barrier for quercetin and its glycosides but not QM. Rutin provoked some skin redness and inflammation after a 5-day administration in nude mouse. QM caused no irritation, suggesting that it is a superior candidate for topical delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwan-Fwu Lin
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Abstract
The transdermal route of administration offers an alternative pathway for systemic drug delivery with numerous advantages over conventional routes. Regrettably, the stratum corneum forms a formidable barrier that hinders the percutaneous penetration of most drugs, offering an important protection mechanism to the organism against entrance of possible dangerous exogenous molecules. Different types of penetration enhancers have shown the potential to reversibly overcome this barrier to provide effective delivery of drugs across the skin. Although certain chemical and physical skin penetration enhancers are already employed by the pharmaceutical industry in commercially available transdermal products, some skin penetration enhancers are associated with irritating and toxic effects. This emphasizes the need for the discovery of new, safe and effective skin penetration enhancers. Penetration enhancers from natural origin have become popular as they offer several benefits over their synthetic counterparts such as sustainable mass production from a renewable resource and lower cost depending on the type of extraction used. The aim of this article is to give a comprehensive summary of the results from scientific research conducted on skin penetration enhancers of natural origin. The discussions on these natural penetration enhancers have been organized into the following chemical classes: essential oils, terpenes, fatty acids and polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Josias H. Hamman
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +27-18-299-4035; Fax: +27-18-293-5219
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Donnelly RF, Majithiya R, Singh TRR, Morrow DIJ, Garland MJ, Demir YK, Migalska K, Ryan E, Gillen D, Scott CJ, Woolfson AD. Design, optimization and characterisation of polymeric microneedle arrays prepared by a novel laser-based micromoulding technique. Pharm Res 2010; 28:41-57. [PMID: 20490627 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Design and evaluation of a novel laser-based method for micromoulding of microneedle arrays from polymeric materials under ambient conditions. The aim of this study was to optimise polymeric composition and assess the performance of microneedle devices that possess different geometries. METHODS A range of microneedle geometries was engineered into silicone micromoulds, and their physicochemical features were subsequently characterised. RESULTS Microneedles micromoulded from 20% w/w aqueous blends of the mucoadhesive copolymer Gantrez® AN-139 were surprisingly found to possess superior physical strength than those produced from commonly used pharma polymers. Gantrez® AN-139 microneedles, 600 μm and 900 μm in height, penetrated neonatal porcine skin with low application forces (>0.03 N per microneedle). When theophylline was loaded into 600 μm microneedles, 83% of the incorporated drug was delivered across neonatal porcine skin over 24 h. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that drug-free 600 μm Gantrez® AN-139 microneedles punctured the stratum corneum barrier of human skin in vivo and extended approximately 460 µm into the skin. However, the entirety of the microneedle lengths was not inserted. CONCLUSION In this study, we have shown that a novel laser engineering method can be used in micromoulding of polymeric microneedle arrays. We are currently carrying out an extensive OCT-informed study investigating the influence of microneedle array geometry on skin penetration depth, with a view to enhanced transdermal drug delivery from optimised laser-engineered Gantrez® AN-139 microneedles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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SINGH HP, TIWARY AK, JAIN S. Preparation and in Vitro, in Vivo Characterization of Elastic Liposomes Encapsulating Cyclodextrin-Colchicine Complexes for Topical Delivery of Colchicine. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:397-407. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashok Kumar TIWARY
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
| | - Subheet JAIN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University
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Hung CF, Lin YK, Zhang LW, Chang CH, Fang JY. Topical delivery of silymarin constituents via the skin route. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31:118-26. [PMID: 20023692 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2009.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Silibinin (SB), silydianin (SD), and silychristin (SC) are components of silymarin. These compounds can be used to protect the skin from oxidative stress induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and treat it. To this end, the absorption of silymarin constituents via the skin was examined in the present report. METHODS Transport of SB, SD, and SC under the same thermodynamic activity through and into the skin and the effects of pH were studied in vitro using a Franz diffusion assembly. RESULTS The lipophilicity increased in the order of SC<SD<SB. Increased lipophilicity of a compound resulted in higher skin deposition but had a minor effect on permeation across the skin in the less-ionized form (pH 8). It is apparent that compounds in the less-ionized form showed higher skin uptake compared to the more-ionized form. Hyperproliferative skin produced by UVB exposure showed increased permeation of silymarin constituents in the less-ionized form, but it did not affect deposition within the skin. With in vivo topical application for 4 and 8 h, the skin deposition of SB was higher than those of SD and SC by 3.5 approximately 4.0- and 30 approximately 40-fold, respectively. The skin disruption and erythema test demonstrated that the topical application of these compounds for up to 24 h caused no apparent skin irritation. CONCLUSION The basic profiles of silymarin permeation via skin route were established.
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Davison Z, Nicholson R, Maillard JY, Denyer S, Heard C. Control of microbial contamination of Franz diffusion cell receptor phase in the development of transcutaneous breast cancer therapeutics. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:456-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The influence of alcohol, propylene glycol and 1,2-pentanediol on the permeability of hydrophilic model drug through excised pig skin. Int J Pharm 2009; 374:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shakeel F, Baboota S, Ahuja A, Ali J, Shafiq S. Celecoxib nanoemulsion: Skin permeation mechanism and bioavailability assessment. J Drug Target 2008; 16:733-40. [PMID: 18985507 DOI: 10.1080/10611860802473402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Permeation of quinine across sublingual mucosa, in vitro. Int J Pharm 2008; 366:58-64. [PMID: 18835345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quinine is the first line treatment in severe P. falciparum malaria and nocturnal leg cramps and a fast, convenient delivery method of this drug quinine is needed. The purpose of this study was to investigate in vitro the sublingual route for the delivery of quinine. Permeation studies were carried out with Franz diffusion cells containing sublingual mucosa membranes with PBS receptor phase and dosed with solutions of quinine hydrochloride or quinine/2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complexes. Receptor phase samples were taken 2 hourly over a 12h period and quinine was determined by reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The ventral surface of the tongue was significantly more permeable than porcine floor of the mouth (p<0.05) and there was no significant effect of freezing on the ventral surface of the tongue (p 0.2444). The presence of saliva caused a decrease in the permeation of quinine across the ventral surface of the tongue by up to 68%. Inclusion complexation between quinine and 2-HP-beta-CD was supported by (1)H NMR spectral data, and an ethanol vehicle provided the highest quinine flux from the inclusion complex solutions compared to deionised water and PEG. Overall, the data support further investigations into the clinical use of sublingual quinine, particularly for children with falciparum malaria or patients with nocturnal leg cramps. Use of quinine/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes may circumvent compliance issues due to bitter taste.
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Huang ZR, Hung CF, Lin YK, Fang JY. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of topical delivery and potential dermal use of soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:36-44. [PMID: 18761396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, daidzein, and glycitein are soy isoflavones. These compounds can be used to protect the skin from oxidative stress induced by UVB radiation. To this end, the feasibility of skin absorption of soy isoflavones was evaluated in the present study. As assayed by flow cytometry, UVB-induced H(2)O(2) production in keratinocytes was inhibited by genistein and daidzein, confirming that these two compounds can act as free radical scavengers when keratinocytes are photodamaged. Glycitein showed no protective activity against photodamage. The effects of vehicles on the in vitro topical delivery from saturated solutions such as aqueous buffers and soybean oil were investigated. The isoflavones in a non-ionized form (pH 6) showed higher skin deposition compared to the ionized form (pH 10.8). Soybean oil reduced the isoflavone amount retained in the skin, especially for genistein. Genistein generally exhibited greater skin absorption than did daidzein. However, daidzein permeation was enhanced when an aglycone mixture was used as the active ingredient. An eutectic effect was proposed as the enhancing mechanism. In vivo skin deposition showed a linear correlation with the in vitro results. The safety profiles suggested no or only negligible stratum corneum disruption and skin erythema by topical application of soy isoflavones. It was concluded that topical delivery may serve as a potent route for soy isoflavones against photoaging and photodamage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Rou Huang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 259 Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kweishan, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Abstract
Many of the health benefits associated with Aloe vera have been attributed to the polysaccharides contained in the gel of the leaves. These biological activities include promotion of wound healing, antifungal activity, hypoglycemic or antidiabetic effects antiinflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory and gastroprotective properties. While the known biological activities of A. vera will be briefly discussed, it is the aim of this review to further highlight recently discovered effects and applications of the leaf gel. These effects include the potential of whole leaf or inner fillet gel liquid preparations of A. vera to enhance the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of co-administered compounds as well as enhancement of skin permeation. In addition, important pharmaceutical applications such as the use of the dried A. vera gel powder as an excipient in sustained release pharmaceutical dosage forms will be outlined.
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Shakeel F, Baboota S, Ahuja A, Ali J, Shafiq S. Skin permeation mechanism and bioavailability enhancement of celecoxib from transdermally applied nanoemulsion. J Nanobiotechnology 2008; 6:8. [PMID: 18613981 PMCID: PMC2481266 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-6-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celecoxib, a selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor has been recommended orally for the treatment of arthritis and osteoarthritis. Long term oral administration of celecoxib produces serious gastrointestinal side effects. It is a highly lipophilic, poorly soluble drug with oral bioavailability of around 40% (Capsule). Therefore the aim of the present investigation was to assess the skin permeation mechanism and bioavailability of celecoxib by transdermally applied nanoemulsion formulation. Optimized oil-in-water nanoemulsion of celecoxib was prepared by the aqueous phase titration method. Skin permeation mechanism of celecoxib from nanoemulsion was evaluated by FTIR spectral analysis, DSC thermogram, activation energy measurement and histopathological examination. The optimized nanoemulsion was subjected to pharmacokinetic (bioavailability) studies on Wistar male rats. RESULTS FTIR spectra and DSC thermogram of skin treated with nanoemulsion indicated that permeation occurred due to the disruption of lipid bilayers by nanoemulsion. The significant decrease in activation energy (2.373 kcal/mol) for celecoxib permeation across rat skin indicated that the stratum corneum lipid bilayers were significantly disrupted (p < 0.05). Photomicrograph of skin sample showed the disruption of lipid bilayers as distinct voids and empty spaces were visible in the epidermal region. The absorption of celecoxib through transdermally applied nanoemulsion and nanoemulsion gel resulted in 3.30 and 2.97 fold increase in bioavailability as compared to oral capsule formulation. CONCLUSION Results of skin permeation mechanism and pharmacokinetic studies indicated that the nanoemulsions can be successfully used as potential vehicles for enhancement of skin permeation and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arab Medical Sciences University, Benghazi-5341, Libya
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Alka Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi-110062, India
| | - Sheikh Shafiq
- New Drug Delivery System (NDDS), Zydus Cadila Research Centre, Ahemdabad, India
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Songkro S, Wungsintaweekul J, Chartwaingam S. Investigation of enhancing activity and skin irritation of Zingiber officinale, Zingiber cassumunar and Curcuma zedoaria. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(08)50033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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