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Chen J, Zhao T, Zheng X, Kang L, Wang J, Wei Y, Wu Y, Shen L, Long C, Wei G, Wu S. Protective effects of melatonin on DEHP-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in prepubertal testes via the PI3K/AKT pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:952-964. [PMID: 37975621 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, is one of the most common plasticizers and is widely used in various plastic products. DEHP induces apoptosis and oxidative stress and has been shown to have androgenic toxicity. However, the methods to combat DEHP-induced testicular damage and the mechanisms involved remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we used melatonin, which has strong antioxidant properties, to intervene in prepubertal mice and mouse Leydig cells (TM3) treated with DEHP or its metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP). The results showed that melatonin protected against DEHP-induced testicular damage in prepubertal mice, mainly by protecting against DEHP-induced structural destruction of the germinal tubules and by attenuating the DEHP-induced decrease in testicular organ coefficients and testosterone levels. Transcriptomic analysis found that melatonin may attenuate DEHP-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in prepubertal testes. In vitro studies further revealed that MEHP induces oxidative stress injury and increases apoptosis in TM3 cells, while melatonin reversed this damage. In vitro studies also found that MEHP exposure inhibited the expression levels of molecules related to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and melatonin reversed this change. In conclusion, these findings suggest that melatonin protects against DEHP-induced prepubertal testicular injury via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and provide a theoretical basis and experimental rationale for combating male reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Tianxin Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Woman and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangqin Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Junke Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuexin Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lianju Shen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunlan Long
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guanghui Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengde Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, Chongqing, China
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Weighted gene coexpression network analysis reveals ESR1, FLNA and Furin as hub genes for DEHP-induced prepubertal testicular injury. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 106:115-125. [PMID: 34718101 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that accumulates in organisms in various ways and induces male reproductive system disorders. In this study, we established a testicular injury model by gavage with different concentrations of DEHP. The testes were then collected for RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and the results were analyzed by bioinformatics and verified by experiments. Our research results show that different concentrations of DEHP interfere with testicular development differently. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) generated sixteen modules and identified the turquoise module as key. Then, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), filamin A (Flna) and Furin were identified as hub genes. qPCR and immunohistochemistry results revealed that all three hub genes were upregulated. We detected the locations of these genes by immunohistochemistry. ESR1 was mainly located in Leydig cells; Flna immunostaining is observed in the Leydig and some germ cells and Furin staining was seen in almost all types of testicular cells. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed enrichment mainly in MAPK signaling pathways, p53 signaling pathways, HIF-1 signaling pathways, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, apoptosis, the cell cycle, RNA degradation, etc. This is the first study using WGCNA to investigate the mechanism of DEHP-induced injury in the prepubertal testis, providing new research angles to further understand the mechanism of DEHP-induced injury in the prepubertal testis.
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Schaedlich K, Beier LS, Kolbe J, Wabitsch M, Ernst J. Pro-inflammatory effects of DEHP in SGBS-derived adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7928. [PMID: 33846374 PMCID: PMC8042114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), overweight and obesity affect the majority of the population. The use of environmental chemicals, such as the plasticizer DEHP, has largely increased simultaneously with this development. DEHP is an "obesogen" that interferes with normal adipocyte differentiation and energy homeostasis. Obesity in turn is accompanied by chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation, leading to metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes. The main actors in adipose tissue inflammation are adipocytes and macrophages. However, the impact of DEHP on adipose tissue inflammation and the crosstalk between adipocytes and macrophages are unknown and the subjects of the current study. The influence of DEHP on inflammation was investigated in human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS)-derived adipocytes and human THP-1 macrophages. The proinflammatory markers IL8, MCP1, IL1β, TNFα and others were measured (qRT-PCR, ELISA) in SGBS-derived adipocytes treated with DEHP [day 0 (d0)-d4; 50 µg/ml] and THP-1 macrophages cultured with conditioned medium (CM) from DEHP-treated adipocytes (SGBS-CM) (from d4 and d8). DEHP exposure led to a proinflammatory state in SGBS-derived adipocytes (e.g., increased secretion of IL8 and MCP1). Surprisingly, exposure of THP-1 macrophages to SGBS-CM did not show DEHP-induced effects. However, we demonstrated that medium containing (pre)adipocyte-secreted factors had a significant impact on the expression and secretion of macrophage and inflammatory markers in THP-1 macrophages in general and led to the significantly increased accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Schaedlich
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laura-Sophie Beier
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Judith Kolbe
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- grid.410712.1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Ulm, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Ernst
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Medicine, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Ramadan M, Cooper B, Posnack NG. Bisphenols and phthalates: Plastic chemical exposures can contribute to adverse cardiovascular health outcomes. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1362-1385. [PMID: 32691967 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates and bisphenols are high production volume chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of consumer and medical products. Given the ubiquity of bisphenol and phthalate chemicals in the environment, biomonitoring studies routinely detect these chemicals in 75-90% of the general population. Accumulating evidence suggests that such chemical exposures may influence human health outcomes, including cardiovascular health. These associations are particularly worrisome for sensitive populations, including fetal, infant and pediatric groups-with underdeveloped metabolic capabilities and developing organ systems. In the presented article, we aimed to review the literature on environmental and clinical exposures to bisphenols and phthalates, highlight experimental work that suggests that these chemicals may exert a negative influence on cardiovascular health, and emphasize areas of concern that relate to vulnerable pediatric groups. Gaps in our current knowledge are also discussed, so that future endeavors may resolve the relationship between chemical exposures and the impact on pediatric cardiovascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manelle Ramadan
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Blake Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nikki Gillum Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, George Washington University, School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Eckert E, Müller J, Höllerer C, Purbojo A, Cesnjevar R, Göen T, Münch F. Plasticizer exposure of infants during cardiac surgery. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:7-13. [PMID: 32387387 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we investigated the internal exposure situation of infant patients to the plasticizers TEHTM (tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate) and DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate). The study collective included 21 infant patients aged 2-22 months that had to undergo cardiac surgery using cardio pulmonary bypass (CPB). Each patient, but one, received blood products during surgery. A special feature was that the used CPB tubings were exclusively plasticized with the alternative plasticizer TEHTM and were free of the standard plasticizer DEHP, that raises increasing toxicological concern. The blood products were stored in DEHP plasticized blood bags. Blood and urine samples of each infant patient were analysed before and after the surgery for the levels of the plasticizers DEHP and TEHTM and their metabolites. In general, the plasticizers were detected in the post-surgery blood samples only, with TEHTM in low levels (median 18.4 μg/L) and DEHP in rather elevated levels (median 1046 μg/L). With respect to the urine samples, TEHTM metabolites were not detected in any of the samples. DEHP metabolites were found in all urine samples, however, in significantly increased median levels in the post-surgery urine samples of the infants (increase factor 5-26). Thus, the present study clearly demonstrates the strong contribution of standard medical procedures to the internal plasticizer burden of patients. Particularly with regard to the suspected endocrine disrupting activities of the phthalate plasticizer DEHP, the elevated internal levels of this plasticizer and its metabolites in infants following cardiac surgery are alarming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Johannes Müller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Höllerer
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ariawan Purbojo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestr. 9-11, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Münch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Loschgestr. 15, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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DEHP deregulates adipokine levels and impairs fatty acid storage in human SGBS-adipocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3447. [PMID: 29472605 PMCID: PMC5823900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DEHP is a plasticizer which has been used in plastic products of everyday use for decades. Studies in mice and murine cell culture models identified DEHP as an endocrine disruptor that may also act as an obesogen. As this is of high concern in respect of the worldwide obesity epidemic, our aim is the translation of these findings into a human model system. On the basis of DOHaD, we investigated the influence of an environmentally relevant dose of DEHP [50 µg/ml] on adipogenesis in the human cell culture model SGBS. Pre-adipocytes were exposed to DEHP and differentiated into mature adipocytes. At different stages of differentiation, markers of adipogenesis like GLUT4, FABP4, LPL and PPARs, and of signaling pathways like AMPK/ACC2, JAK/STAT and MAPK were analyzed. Functional markers like adipokine secretion and triglyceride content as well as ROS production were measured in mature adipocytes. We found significantly lower expression levels of adipogenic markers, a reduction in lipid accumulation, higher leptin- and reduced adiponectin levels in the supernatant of treated adipocytes. Moreover, ROS production was significantly elevated after DEHP-exposure. In conclusion, DEHP led to lower grade of adipogenic differentiation in human SGBS-adipocytes under the chosen conditions.
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Demirel A, Çoban A, Yıldırım Ş, Doğan C, Sancı R, İnce Z. Hidden Toxicity in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: Phthalate Exposure in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2016; 8:298-304. [PMID: 27097850 PMCID: PMC5096493 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine exposure to endocrine-disrupting phthalates in preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). METHODS Urine samples (n=151) from 36 preterm infants (<32 weeks of gestation and/or <1500 g of birth weight) were collected on the first 3 days of admission to the NICU and biweekly thereafter. Diethylhexyl phthalate contents of indwelling medical devices used in various procedures and the concentrations of phthalate metabolites in the urine samples were analyzed. The relationships between urinary excretion, exposure intensity, postnatal age and birth weight were examined. RESULTS The mean gestational age and mean birth weight of the study infants were 28.9±1.5 weeks and 1024±262 g, respectively. Diethylhexyl phthalate was detected in umbilical catheters, endotracheal tubes, nasogastric tubes, and nasal cannula. Monoethylhydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) was the most frequently detected metabolite (81.4%); its concentration increased during the first 4 weeks and then started to decrease but never disappeared. Patients who did not need indwelling catheters (except nasogastric tubes) after 2 weeks were classified as group 1 and those who continued to have indwelling catheters as group 2. Although not of statistical significance, MEHHP levels decreased in group 1 but continued to stay high in group 2 (in the 4th week, group 1: 65.9 ng/mL and group 2: 255.3 ng/mL). Levels of MEHHP in the first urinary samples were significantly higher in infants with a birth weight <1000 g (<1000 g: 63.2±93.8 ng/mL, ≥1000 g: 10.9±22.9 ng/mL, p=0.001). CONCLUSION Phthalate metabolites were detected even in the first urine samples of very low birth weight newborns. Phthalate levels were higher in the first weeks of intensive invasive procedures and in preterm infants with a birth weight less than 1000 g. MEHHP was the most frequently detected metabolite and could be a suitable biomarker for the detection of phthalate exposure in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atalay Demirel
- İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, İstanbul, Turkey, Phone: +90 505 328 72 08 E-mail:
| | - Asuman Çoban
- İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Şükran Yıldırım
- İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Doğan
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Sancı
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep İnce
- İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Eckert E, Münch F, Göen T, Purbojo A, Müller J, Cesnjevar R. Comparative study on the migration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate (TOTM) into blood from PVC tubing material of a heart-lung machine. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:10-16. [PMID: 26650574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices like blood tubing often consist of PVC material that requires the addition of plasticizers. These plasticizers may migrate into the blood leading to an exposure of the patients. In this study the migration behavior of three different blood tubing sets (PVC material with two different plasticizers and silicone as control material) applied on a heart-lung machine standardly used for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children was studied. We analyzed the total plasticizer migration by analysis of both, the parent compounds as well as their primary degradation products in blood. Additionally, the total mass loss of the tubing over perfusion time was examined. The PVC tubing plasticized with DEHP (di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was found to have the highest mass loss over time and showed a high plasticizer migration rate. In comparison, the migration of TOTM (tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate) and its primary degradation products was found to be distinctly lower (by a factor of approx. 350). Moreover, it was observed that the storage time of the tubing affects the plasticizer migration rates. In conclusion, the DEHP substitute TOTM promises to be an effective alternative plasticizer for PVC medical devices particularly regarding the decreased migration rate during medical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Eckert
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25/29, Erlangen, 91054 Germany.
| | - Frank Münch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestr. 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25/29, Erlangen, 91054 Germany.
| | - Ariawan Purbojo
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestr. 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Johannes Müller
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schillerstrasse 25/29, Erlangen, 91054 Germany.
| | - Robert Cesnjevar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Loschgestr. 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Al Salloum H, Saunier J, Aymes-Chodur C, Barakat H, Yagoubi N. Impact of the nature and concentration of plasticizers on the ability of PVC to sorb drug. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:664-75. [PMID: 26561727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of a drug by an infusion set may dramatically reduce the drug delivery efficiency. In this paper, we investigated how the drug sorption, in static conditions, is affected by the plasticizer's nature and ratio in the case of plasticized PVC, one of the most common material for infusion set tubing. Within the study, the drug concentration in diazepam solutions was studied after contact with PVC films containing different amounts of DEHP, DEHT, TOTM and DINCH® plasticizers. Moreover the partition coefficients between material and water were calculated. The drug sorption levels were equivalent for the different plasticizers and there was a plasticizer ratio for which the drug uptake was enhanced. As a consequence, the amount of sorbed drug might not be only linked to the amount of plasticizer in the film and to the solubility of the drug in the plasticizer alone: it must probably depend on specific interactions between plasticizer and PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al Salloum
- IFR 141, EA 401, UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris, Sud-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France
| | - J Saunier
- IFR 141, EA 401, UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris, Sud-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France.
| | - C Aymes-Chodur
- IFR 141, EA 401, UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris, Sud-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France
| | - H Barakat
- IFR 141, EA 401, UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris, Sud-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France
| | - N Yagoubi
- IFR 141, EA 401, UFR de Pharmacie, Université Paris, Sud-92290 Chatenay Malabry, France
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Eckert E, Müller J, Göen T. Simultaneous determination of polyvinylchloride plasticizers di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate and its degradation products in blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:173-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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NAKAZAWA H, IWASAKI Y, ITO R. Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Bisphenol A, Alkylphenols, Phthalate Esters, and Perfluoronated Chemicals in Biological Samples. ANAL SCI 2014; 30:25-34. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.30.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki NAKAZAWA
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
| | - Yusuke IWASAKI
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
| | - Rie ITO
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University
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Feng XL, Lu SY, Liu D, Li L, Wu XZ, Song J, Hu P, Li YS, Tang F, Li ZH, Wang GM, Zhou Y, Liu ZS, Ren HL. Direct competitive immunosorbent assay for detection of MEHP in human urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:150-155. [PMID: 23561568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticizer for flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is also known as one of the environmental endocrine disruptors with the reproductive, developmental and embryonic toxicity after entering human body. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is one of the most complicate metabolites from DEHP in vivo and responsible for many toxic effects of DEHP. In order to evaluate human exposure to DEHP, a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (dcELISA) based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed to detect MEHP. A hybridoma cell line 4B9 secreting mAb against MEHP was prepared, and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antigen as a probe in the dcELISA was made. After optimization of ELISA reaction conditions, the standard curve with a linear range from 0.56 to 1000 ng mL(-1) and a detection limit of 0.39 ng mL(-1) was established. The cross-reactivities of anti-MEHP mAb to other ten phthalate esters were less than 5% except for mono-methylphthalate (MME). The average recoveries of MEHP from distilled water and negative human urine were both between 87.4% and 94.72% with coefficient of variation (CV) less than 5%. Here, the ELISA method on detecting MEHP was successfully established and applied to real urine sample analyses and the results were confirmed by HPLC. Furthermore, it was indicated that the immunoassay was reliable and suitable for monitoring MEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Rose RJ, Priston MJ, Rigby‐Jones AE, Sneyd JR. The effect of temperature on di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate leaching from PVC infusion sets exposed to lipid emulsions. Anaesthesia 2012; 67:514-520. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.07006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. J. Priston
- Principle Healthcare Scientist, Department of Pharmacy, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - A. E. Rigby‐Jones
- Research Fellow, Anaesthesia Research Group, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - J. R. Sneyd
- Vice Dean and Professor of Anaesthesia, Peninsula College of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
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14
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Takatori S, Akutsu K, Kondo F, Ishii R, Nakazawa H, Makino T. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in media for in vitro fertilization. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:454-459. [PMID: 22024100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most important treatments of infertility to provide a chance of conceiving. In IVF treatment, sperm are washed and motile sperm are isolated with sperm washing media (SWM) for the purpose of fertilization; fertilized ova are then incubated for a maximum of 5 or 6d in media for IVF (IVFM). The exposure of fertilized ova to chemicals via such media has not been studied. We determined the concentrations of two contaminants; di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its hydrolyzed product mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) in IVFM, SWM, and protein sources (PS: human serum albumin or serum substitute) for IVFM and SWM. The DEHP and MEHP in these media were extracted by a liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fifteen IVFM, nine SWM, and six PS obtained in Japan were examined. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP in IVFM and SWM were <10-114 and <2.0-263 ng mL(-1), respectively. The concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were higher in the media containing PS than in those without PS. Either MEHP alone or both DEHP and MEHP were detected in PS. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP in PS were <10-982 and 47.0-1840 ng mL(-1), respectively. The DEHP and MEHP detected in these media were derived from PS. This is the first study on the chemical contamination of IVFM, SWM, and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takatori
- Department of Food, Drugs and Environment, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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Fromme H, Gruber L, Seckin E, Raab U, Zimmermann S, Kiranoglu M, Schlummer M, Schwegler U, Smolic S, Völkel W. Phthalates and their metabolites in breast milk--results from the Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk (BAMBI). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:715-722. [PMID: 21406311 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have long been used as plasticizers to soften plastic products and, thus, are ubiquitous in modern life. As part of the Bavarian Monitoring of Breast Milk (BAMBI), we aimed to characterize the exposure of infants to phthalates in Germany. Overall, 15 phthalates, including di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), three primary metabolites of DEHP [mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP)], and two secondary metabolites of DEHP were analyzed in 78 breast milk samples. We found median concentrations of 3.9 ng/g for DEHP, 0.8 ng/g for DnBP, and 1.2 ng/g for DiBP, while other parent phthalates were found in only some or none of the samples at levels above the limit of quantitation. In infant formula (n=4) we observed mean values of 19.7 ng/g (DEHP), 3.8 ng/g (DnBP), and 3.6 ng/g (DiBP). For MEHP, MiBP, and MnBP, the median values in breast milk were 2.3 μg/l, 11.8 μg/l, and 2.1 μg/l, respectively. The secondary metabolites were not detected in any samples. Using median and 95th percentile values, we estimated an "average" and "high" daily intake for an exclusively breast-fed infant of 0.6 μg/kg body weight (b.w.) and 2.1 μg/kg b.w., respectively, for DEHP, 0.1 μg/kg b.w. and 0.5 μg/kg b.w. for DnBP, and 0.2 μg/kg b.w. and 0.7 μg/kg b.w. for DiBP. For DiNP, intake values were 3.2 μg/kg b.w. and 6.4 μg/kg b.w., respectively, if all values in milk were set half of the detection limit or the detection limit. The above-mentioned "average" and "high" intake values corresponded to only about 2% to 7%, respectively, of the recommended tolerable daily intake. Thus, it is not likely that an infant's exposure to phthalates from breast milk poses any significant health risk. Nevertheless, other sources of phthalates in this vulnerable phase have to be considered. Moreover, it should be noted that for infants nourished with formula, phthalate intake is of the same magnitude or slightly higher (DEHP) than for exclusively breast-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fromme
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Department of Chemical Safety and Toxicology, D-80538 Munich, Germany.
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Chiellini F, Ferri M, Latini G. Physical–chemical assessment of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate leakage from poly(vinyl chloride) endotracheal tubes after application in high risk newborns. Int J Pharm 2011; 409:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bagel S, Décaudin B, Neuville S, Chopineau J, Odou P, Sautou V. Les phtalates dans les dispositifs médicaux destinés à la nutrition artificielle. NUTR CLIN METAB 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Chen SQ, Chen JN, Cai XH, Chen GR, Gao Y, Ge RS, Wu HS, Lin ZL, Lin J. Perinatal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate leads to restricted growth and delayed lung maturation in newborn rats. J Perinat Med 2010; 38:515-21. [PMID: 20629491 DOI: 10.1515/jpm.2010.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women and infants have significant exposures to the most commonly used plasticizer di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). OBJECTIVES This study was designed to evaluate the effects of DEHP exposure on growth and lung maturation in rats and determine if DEHP regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 gene (Hsd11b1) expression in the lung tissue plays a role in its effects on lung maturation. METHOD Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were treated from gestational day 12 to postnatal day (PND) 21 with DEHP orally at dosages of 0, 10, 100 or 750 mg/kg/day, respectively (n=8 for each group). Two rat pups (one male and one female) from each litter were sacrificed at PND 1 and 21. Body weight was measured and the lung was processed for histology and calculation of lung interstitial tissue proportion as well as real-time PCR determination of the expressions of Hsd11b1, surfactant associated protein-A1 gene (Sftpa1) and B gene (Sftpb). RESULTS The perinatal DEHP exposure led to a dose dependent intrauterine and postnatal growth restriction (P<0.001). High dose DEHP (750 mg/kg/day) exposure led to decreased gas-exchange space as evidenced by increased lung interstitial tissue proportion (P<0.001), but did not cause significant changes in Hsd11b1, Sftpa1 or Sftpb gene expression in the rat lung at PND 1. The DEHP-induced change in lung histology remained significant at PND 21 with improvement despite continual exposure to DEHP. CONCLUSION Perinatal DEHP exposure leads to growth restriction and delayed lung maturation in newborn rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Qin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
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Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) regulates glucocorticoid metabolism through 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 in murine gonadotrope cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:305-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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