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Bhatt M, Shende P. Modulated approaches for strategic transportation of proteins and peptides via ocular route. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Overcoming the intestinal barrier: A look into targeting approaches for improved oral drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2020; 322:486-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Comparative analysis of stability of tricyclic analogues of acyclovir in an acidic environment. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-019-01553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Chen H, Wang JH, Liu CD, Wang Y, Fu YN, Wang D, Sun H, Peng Y, Jiang M, Pu DJ. The effect of amphiphilic N,N,N-trimethyl-O-octadecyl chitosan on the oral bioavailability of acyclovir. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Shen
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Graduate School of Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi‐ku Fukuoka 819‐0395 Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology Faculty of Agriculture Graduate School of Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi‐ku Fukuoka 819‐0395 Japan
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Zhang M, Lu W. Enhanced glioma-targeting and stability of LGICP peptide coupled with stabilized peptide DA7R. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:106-115. [PMID: 29872627 PMCID: PMC5985625 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is usually accompanied by vigorous angiogenesis to provide essential nutrients. An effective glioma targeting moiety should include excellent tumor-cell homing ability as well as good neovasculature-targeting efficiency, and should be highly resistant to enzyme degradation in the bloodstream. The phage display-selected heptapeptide, the glioma-initiating cell peptide (GICP), was previously reported as a ligand for the VAV3 protein (a Rho-GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor), which is mainly expressed on glioma cells; the stabilized heptapeptide DA7R has been shown to be the ligand of both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and has demonstrated good neovasculature-targeting ability. By linking DA7R and GICP, a multi-receptor targeting molecule was obtained. The stability of these three peptides was evaluated and their targeting efficiency on tumor-related cells and models was compared. The ability of these peptides to cross the blood--tumor barrier (BTB) was also determined. The results indicate that the coupled Y-shaped peptide DA7R–GICP exhibited improved tumor and neovasculature targeting ability and had higher efficiency in crossing the BTB than either individual peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Minhang Branch, Zhongshan Hospital and Institute of Fudan-Minghang Academic Health System, Minghang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, China
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, and Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China. Tel.: +86 21 51980006; fax: +86 21 51980090.
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Yang X, Sheng Y, Ray A, Shah SJ, Trinh HM, Pal D, Mitra AK. Uptake and bioconversion of stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of ganciclovir by nanoparticulate carriers in corneal epithelial cells. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:2532-2540. [PMID: 25775276 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1023384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study is to investigate cellular uptake of prodrug-loaded nanoparticle (NP). Another objective is to study bioconversion of stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of ganciclovir (GCV) including L-Val-L-Val-GCV (LLGCV), L-Val-D-Val-GCV (LDGCV) and d-Val-l-Val-GCV (DLGCV) in human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) model. METHODS Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NP encapsulating prodrugs of GCV were formulated under a double emulsion method. Fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer-PLGA conjugates were synthesized to fabricate biocompatible fluorescent PLGA NP. Intracellular uptake of FITC-labeled NP was visualized by a fluorescent microscope in HCEC cells. RESULTS Fluorescent PLGA NP and non-fluorescent NP display similar hydrodynamic diameter in the range of 115-145 nm with a narrow particle size distribution and zeta potentials around -13 mV. Both NP types showed identical intracellular accumulation in HCEC cells. Maximum uptake (around 60%) was noted at 3 h for NP. Cellular uptake and intracellular accumulation of prodrugs are significantly different among three stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs. The microscopic images show that NPs are avidly internalized by HCEC cells and distributed throughout the cytoplasm instead of being localized on the cell surface. Following cellular uptake, prodrugs released from NP gradually bioreversed into parent drug GCV. LLGCV showed the highest degradation rate, followed by LDGCV and DLGCV. CONCLUSION LLGCV, LDGCV and DLGCV released from NP exhibited superior uptake and bioreversion in corneal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Ye Sheng
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Animikh Ray
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Sujay J Shah
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Hoang M Trinh
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Dhananjay Pal
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City , MO , USA
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Murakami T. A Minireview: Usefulness of Transporter-Targeted Prodrugs in Enhancing Membrane Permeability. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2515-2526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Sheng Y, Yang X, Wang Z, Mitra AK. Stereoisomeric Prodrugs to Improve Corneal Absorption of Prednisolone: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:718-26. [PMID: 26335418 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of stereoisomeric prodrugs have been designed to examine efficacy in generating higher corneal absorption relative to prednisolone. Prodrugs have been studied and identified with LC/MS/MS and NMR analyses. Prodrugs have been characterized for aqueous solubility, buffer stability, and cytotoxicity. Cellular uptake and permeability studies have been conducted across MDCK-MDR1 cells to determine prodrug affinity towards P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and peptide transporters. Enzyme-mediated degradation of prodrugs has been determined using Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea (SIRC) cell homogenates. Prodrugs exhibited higher aqueous solubility relative to prednisolone. Prodrugs circumvented P-gp-mediated cellular efflux and were recognized by peptide transporters. Prodrugs (DP, DDP) produced with D-isomers (D-valine) were significantly stable against both chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. The order of degradation rate constants observed in chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses were in the same order, i.e., L-valine-L-valine-prednisolone (LLP) > L-valine-D-valine-prednisolone (LDP) > D-valine-L-valine-prednisolone (DLP) > D-valine-D-valine-prednisolone (DDP). Results obtained from this study clearly suggest that stereoisomeric prodrug approach is an effective strategy to overcome P-gp-mediated efflux and improve transcorneal permeability of prednisolone following topical administration.
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Hong SM, Tanaka M, Koyanagi R, Shen W, Matsui T. Structural Design of Oligopeptides for Intestinal Transport Model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2072-2079. [PMID: 26924013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar) is a well-known model substrate for the intestinal uptake of dipeptides through peptide transporter 1 (PepT1). However, there are no other model peptides larger than tripeptides to evaluate their intestinal transport ability. In this study, we designed new oligopeptides based on the Gly-Sar structure in terms of protease resistance. Gly-Sar-Sar was found to be an appropriate transport model for tripeptides because it does not degrade during the transport across the rat intestinal membrane, while Gly-Gly-Sar was degraded to Gly-Sar during the 60 min transport. Caco-2 cell transport experiments revealed that the designed oligopeptides based on Gly-Sar-Sar showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower transport ability by factors of 1/10-, 1/25-, and 1/40-fold for Gly-Sar-Sar, Gly-Sar-Sar-Sar, and Gly-Sar-Sar-Sar-Sar, respectively, compared to Gly-Sar (apparent permeability coefficient: 38.6 ± 11.4 cm/s). Cell experiments also showed that the designed tripeptide and Gly-Sar were transported across Caco-2 cell via PepT1, whereas the tetra- and pentapeptides were transported through the paracellular tight-junction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Min Hong
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tanaka
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Riho Koyanagi
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Weilin Shen
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Lesniewska MA, Gola M, Dutkiewicz Z, Muszalska I. Comparative Analysis of Acyclovir Esters Stability in Solutions: The Influence of the Substituent Structure, Kinetics, and Steric Effects. INT J CHEM KINET 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Lesniewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 60-780 Poznan Poland
| | - Michał Gola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 60-780 Poznan Poland
| | - Zbigniew Dutkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs; Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 60-780 Poznan Poland
| | - Izabela Muszalska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences; Grunwaldzka 6 60-780 Poznan Poland
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Gilzad Kohan H, Kaur K, Jamali F. Synthesis and characterization of a new Peptide prodrug of glucosamine with enhanced gut permeability. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126786. [PMID: 25978315 PMCID: PMC4433102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize a peptide prodrug of glucosamine (GlcN) with increased gut permeability through the gut peptide transporter 1 (PepT1). Glycine-Valine ester derivative of GlcN (GVG) was synthesised using solid phase synthesis followed by characterization and evaluation of its physicochemical and intestinal stability. In addition, GVG was evaluated for its ability to be biotransformed to GlcN in the liver homogenate. In vitro absorption of the new prodrug through everted rat gut was also assessed. GVG demonstrated significant and meaningful increased gut permeability as compared with GlcN. It showed favorable stability in the gut and a quick cleavage to GlcN after exposure to the liver homogenate. In conclusion, a novel prodrug of glucosamine with superior gut permeability compared to GlcN was developed and successfully tested in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Gilzad Kohan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP), Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Chapman University, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Fakhreddin Jamali
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles of carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate containing acyclovir. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Targeting of gastrointestinal tract for amended delivery of protein/peptide therapeutics: Strategies and industrial perspectives. J Control Release 2014; 196:168-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Rowe-Rendleman CL, Durazo SA, Kompella UB, Rittenhouse KD, Di Polo A, Weiner AL, Grossniklaus HE, Naash MI, Lewin AS, Horsager A, Edelhauser HF. Drug and gene delivery to the back of the eye: from bench to bedside. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:2714-30. [PMID: 24777644 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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16
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Lesniewska MA, Gdaniec Z, Muszalska I. Calculation procedures and HPLC method for analysis of the lipophilicity of acyclovir esters. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:663-9. [PMID: 24580140 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.892956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) belongs to a class of drugs with low bioavailability. Selected ACV esters including acetyl (Ac-), isobutyryl (iBut-), pivaloyl (Piv-), ethoxycarbonyl (Etc-) and nicotinoyl (Nic-) were synthesized, and their lipophilicity was determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) RP method. Statistical analyses of the comparative values of log P and clog P were carried out using computational methods. It was proved that the AC log P algorithm can be useful for the analysis of these compounds and has a statistically justified application in the assessment of the quantitative structure-activity relationship. Moreover, the lipophilicity determined by the HPLC method appears as follows: ACV < Ac- < Nic- < Etc- < iBut- < Piv-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Lesniewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland and
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The dipeptide monoester prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine-feasibility of orally administrable nucleoside analogs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:169-91. [PMID: 24473270 PMCID: PMC3942691 DOI: 10.3390/ph7020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptide monoester prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine were synthesized. Their chemical stability in buffers, enzymatic stability in cell homogenates, permeability in mouse intestinal membrane along with drug concentration in mouse plasma, and anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells were determined and compared to their parent drugs. Floxuridine prodrug was more enzymatically stable than floxuridine and the degradation from prodrug to parent drug works as the rate-limiting step. On the other hand, gemcitabine prodrug was less enzymatically stable than gemcitabine. Those dipeptide monoester prodrugs exhibited 2.4- to 48.7-fold higher uptake than their parent drugs in Caco-2, Panc-1, and AsPC-1 cells. Floxuridine and gemcitabine prodrugs showed superior permeability in mouse jejunum to their parent drugs and exhibited the higher drug concentration in plasma after in situ mouse perfusion. Cell proliferation assays in ductal pancreatic cancer cells, AsPC-1 and Panc-1, indicated that dipeptide prodrugs of floxuridine and gemcitabine were more potent than their parent drugs. The enhanced potency of nucleoside analogs was attributed to their improved membrane permeability. The prodrug forms of 5′-l-phenylalanyl-l-tyrosyl-floxuridine and 5′-l-phenylalanyl-l-tyrosyl-gemcitabine appeared in mouse plasma after the permeation of intestinal membrane and the first-pass effect, suggesting their potential for the development of oral dosage form for anti-cancer agents.
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Tsume Y, Incecayir T, Song X, Hilfinger JM, Amidon GL. The development of orally administrable gemcitabine prodrugs with D-enantiomer amino acids: enhanced membrane permeability and enzymatic stability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:514-23. [PMID: 24361461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine prodrugs with D- and L-configuration amino acids were synthesized and their chemical stability in buffers, resistance to glycosidic bond metabolism, enzymatic activation, permeability in Caco-2 cells and mouse intestinal membrane, anti-proliferation activity in cancer cell were determined and compared to that of parent drug, gemcitabine. Prodrugs containing D-configuration amino acids were enzymatically more stable than ones with L-configuration amino acids. The activation of all gemcitabine prodrugs was 1.3-17.6-fold faster in cancer cell homogenate than their hydrolysis in buffer, suggesting enzymatic action. The enzymatic activation of amino acid monoester prodrugs containing D-configuration amino acids in cell homogenates was 2.2-10.9-fold slower than one of amino acid monoester prodrugs with L-configuration amino acids. All prodrugs exhibited enhanced resistance to glycosidic bond metabolism by thymidine phosphorylase compared to parent gemcitabine. Gemcitabine prodrugs showed superior the effective permeability in mouse jejunum to gemcitabine. More importantly, the high plasma concentration of d-amino acid gemcitabine prodrugs was observed more than one of L-amino acid gemcitabine prodrugs. In general, the 5'-mono-amino acid monoester gemcitabine prodrugs exhibited higher permeability and uptake than their parent drug, gemcitabine. Cell proliferation assays in AsPC-1 pancreatic ductal cell line indicated that gemcitabine prodrugs were more potent than their parent drug, gemcitabine. The transport and enzymatic profiles of 5'-D-valyl-gemcitabine and 5'-D-phenylalanyl-gemcitabine suggest their potential for increased oral uptake and delayed enzymatic bioconversion as well as enhanced uptake and cytotoxic activity in cancer cells, would facilitate the development of oral dosage form for anti-cancer agents and, hence, improve the quality of life for the cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Tsume
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tuba Incecayir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University, Etiler-Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Gordon L Amidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Diez-Torrubia A, Cabrera S, de Castro S, García-Aparicio C, Mulder G, De Meester I, Camarasa MJ, Balzarini J, Velázquez S. Novel water-soluble prodrugs of acyclovir cleavable by the dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP IV/CD26) enzyme. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:456-68. [PMID: 24185376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We herein report for the first time the successful use of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26) prodrug approach to guanine derivatives such as the antiviral acyclovir (ACV). The solution- and solid-phase synthesis of the tetrapeptide amide prodrug 3 and the tripeptide ester conjugate 4 of acyclovir are reported. The synthesis of the demanding tetrapeptide amide prodrug of ACV 3 was first established in solution and successfully transferred onto solid support by using Ellman's dihydropyran (DHP) resin. In contrast with the valyl ester prodrug (valacyclovir, VACV), the tetrapeptide amide prodrug 3 and the tripeptide ester conjugate 4 of ACV proved fully stable in PBS. Both prodrugs converted to VACV (for 4) or ACV (for 3) upon exposure to purified DPPIV/CD26 or human or bovine serum. Vildagliptin, a potent inhibitor of DPPIV/CD26 efficiently inhibited the DPPIV/CD26-catalysed hydrolysis reaction. Both amide and ester prodrugs of ACV showed pronounced anti-herpetic activity in cell culture and significantly improved the water solubility in comparison with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Diez-Torrubia
- Instituto de Química Médica (IQM-CSIC), c/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Verardo G, Gorassini A. α-N
-Protected dipeptide acids: a simple and efficient synthesis via the easily accessible mixed anhydride method using free amino acids in DMSO and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:315-24. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Verardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Fisica e Ambiente; Università di Udine; Via del Cotonificio 108 I-33100 Udine Italy
| | - A. Gorassini
- Dipartimento di Storia e Tutela dei Beni Culturali; Università di Udine; Palazzo Caiselli, Vicolo Florio 2 I-33100 Udine Italy
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21
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Cao F, Gao Y, Wang M, Fang L, Ping Q. Propylene glycol-linked amino acid/dipeptide diester prodrugs of oleanolic acid for PepT1-mediated transport: synthesis, intestinal permeability, and pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1378-87. [PMID: 23339520 DOI: 10.1021/mp300647m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In our previous studies, ethylene glycol-linked amino acid diester prodrugs of oleanolic acid (OA), a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class IV drug, designed to target peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) have been synthesized and evaluated. Unlike ethylene glycol, propylene glycol is of very low toxicity in vivo. In this study, propylene glycol was used as a linker to further compare the effect of the type of linker on the stability, permeability, affinity, and bioavailability of the prodrugs of OA. Seven diester prodrugs with amino acid/dipeptide promoieties containing L-Val ester (7a), L-Phe ester (7b), L-Ile ester (7c), D-Val-L-Val ester (9a), L-Val-L-Val ester (9b), L-Ala-L-Val ester (9c), and L-Ala-L-Ile ester (9d) were designed and successfully synthesized. In situ rat single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model was performed to screen the effective permeability (P(eff)) of the prodrugs. P(eff) of 7a, 7b, 7c, 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d (6.7-fold, 2.4-fold, 1.24-fold, 1.22-fold, 4.15-fold, 2.2-fold, and 1.4-fold, respectively) in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid buffer (MES) with pH 6.0 showed significant increase compared to that of OA (p < 0.01). In hydroxyethyl piperazine ethanesulfonic acid buffer (HEPES) of pH 7.4, except for 7c, 9a, and 9d, P(eff) of the other prodrugs containing 7a (5.2-fold), 7b (2.0-fold), 9b (3.1-fold), and 9c (1.7-fold) exhibited significantly higher values than that of OA (p < 0.01). In inhibition studies with glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar, a typical substrate of PepT1), P(eff) of 7a (5.2-fold), 7b (2.0-fold), 9b (3.1-fold), and 9c (2.3-fold) had significantly reduced values (p < 0.01). Compared to the apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) of OA with Caco-2 cell monolayer, significant enhancement of the P(app) of 7a (5.27-fold), 9b (3.31-fold), 9a (2.26-fold), 7b (2.10-fold), 7c (2.03-fold), 9c (1.87-fold), and 9d (1.39-fold) was also observed (p < 0.01). Inhibition studies with Gly-Sar (1 mM) showed that P(app) of 7a, 9b, and 9c significantly reduced by 1.3-fold, 1.6-fold, and 1.4-fold (p < 0.01), respectively. These results may be attributed to PepT1-mediated transport and their differential affinity toward PepT1. According to the permeability and affinity, 7a and 9b were selected in the pharmacokinetic studies in rats. Compared with group OA, C(max) for group 7a and 9b was enhanced to 3.04-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.62-fold (p < 0.01), respectively. AUC(0→24) was improved to 3.55-fold (p < 0.01) and 3.39-fold (p < 0.01), respectively. Compared to the ethylene glycol-linked amino acid diester prodrugs of OA in our previous work, results from this study revealed that part of the propylene glycol-linked amino acid/dipeptide diester prodrugs showed better stability, permeability, affinity, and bioavailability. In conclusion, propylene glycol-linked amino acid/dipeptide diester prodrugs of OA may be suitable for PepT1-targeted prodrugs of OA to improve the oral bioavailability of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Sun D, Tan F, Fang D, Wang Y, Zeng S, Jiang H. Expression of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (POTs) in prostate of mice and patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Prostate 2013; 73:287-95. [PMID: 22887093 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) serve as integral membrane protein for the cellular uptake of di/tripeptide. Prostate has a large requirement of nutriment for its function to produce and secrete prostatic fluid. Besides, prostate suffered from limited therapy effect of drug treatment. Thus present study was performed to evaluate the expression of POTs in prostate of mice and human with the aim to provide information for potential role of POTs in absorption of nutriment and peptidomimetic drugs in prostate. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods were applied to study the mRNA, protein expression of POTs in prostate, human prostate cancer cells (PC-3), and human prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1). RESULTS qRT-PCR study showed different characteristic of POTs mRNA expression in mouse prostate. Among these transporters, protein expression of PepT2 was detected and increasing during the development of mouse prostate, while PepT1, PHT1, and PHT2 protein was not detected. Furthermore, different characteristic of regulation by inflammation on POTs mRNA expression was found in RWPE-1 and PC-3. In addition, mRNA expression of PepT2 and PHT1 in prostate of patients with PCa was demonstrated be lower compared with BPH. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence for the expression of POTs in prostate of mice and patients with BPH or PCa and suggest that POTs are likely to play a role in the transport of di/tripeptides and peptidomimetics in prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Barot M, Bagui M, Gokulgandhi MR, Mitra AK. Prodrug strategies in ocular drug delivery. Med Chem 2012; 8:753-68. [PMID: 22530907 DOI: 10.2174/157340612801216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor bioavailability of topically instilled drug is the major concern in the field of ocular drug delivery. Efflux transporters, static and dynamic ocular barriers often possess rate limiting factors for ocular drug therapy. Different formulation strategies like suspension, ointment, gels, nanoparticles, implants, dendrimers and liposomes have been employed in order to improve drug permeation and retention by evading rate limiting factors at the site of absorption. Chemical modification such as prodrug targeting various nutrient transporters (amino acids, peptide and vitamin) has evolved a great deal of interest to improve ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have discussed various prodrug strategies which have been widely applied for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the utilization of prodrug concept in ocular drug delivery. In addition, this review will highlight ongoing academic and industrial research and development in terms of ocular prodrug design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Barot
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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24
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Wang Z, Pal D, Mitra AK. Stereoselective Evasion of P-glycoprotein, Cytochrome P450 3A, and Hydrolases by Peptide Prodrug Modification of Saquinavir. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3199-213. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Diez-Torrubia A, Cabrera S, De Meester I, Camarasa MJ, Balzarini J, Velázquez S. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV-activated prodrugs of anti-varicella zoster virus bicyclic nucleoside analogues containing different self-cleavage spacer systems. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1612-22. [PMID: 22887971 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new type of double prodrug of the antiviral family of bicyclic nucleoside analogues (BCNA) bearing cyclization self-cleavage spacers between the Val-Pro dipeptide sequence as well as the parent compound were synthesized and evaluated with regard to activation by the DPPIV/CD26 enzyme and for their stability in human and bovine serum. In buffer solution, carbamate and ester prodrugs were found to be chemically stable. Most prodrugs containing a dipeptidyl linker efficiently converted into the BCNA parent drug. In contrast, the Val-Pro alkyldiamino prodrugs converted predominantly into their alkyldiamino prodrug intermediates in the presence of CD26 and human serum. A marked increase in water solubility was observed for all prodrugs. In contrast to the parent compound, a tetrapeptide prodrug containing the Val-Val dipeptide as a self-cleavage spacer released substantial amounts of the BCNA parent drug at the basolateral side of Caco-2 cell cultures and exhibited 15- to 20-fold increased bioavailability in mice relative to the poorly bioavailable parent compound.
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Vadlapudi AD, Vadlapatla RK, Kwatra D, Earla R, Samanta SK, Pal D, Mitra AK. Targeted lipid based drug conjugates: a novel strategy for drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2012; 434:315-24. [PMID: 22692074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A majority of studies involving prodrugs are directed to overcome low bioavailability of the parent drug. The aim of this study is to increase the bioavailability of acyclovir (ACV) by designing a novel prodrug delivery system which is more lipophilic, and at the same time site specific. In this study, a lipid raft has been conjugated to the parent drug molecule to impart lipophilicity. Simultaneously a targeting moiety that can be recognized by a specific transporter/receptor in the cell membrane has also been tethered to the other terminal of lipid raft. Targeted lipid prodrugs i.e., biotin-ricinoleicacid-acyclovir (B-R-ACV) and biotin-12hydroxystearicacid-acyclovir (B-12HS-ACV) were synthesized with ricinoleicacid and 12hydroxystearicacid as the lipophilic rafts and biotin as the targeting moiety. Biotin-ACV (B-ACV), ricinoleicacid-ACV (R-ACV) and 12hydroxystearicacid-ACV (12HS-ACV) were also synthesized to delineate the individual effects of the targeting and the lipid moieties. Cellular accumulation studies were performed in confluent MDCK-MDR1 and Caco-2 cells. The targeted lipid prodrugs B-R-ACV and B-12HS-ACV exhibited much higher cellular accumulation than B-ACV, R-ACV and 12HS-ACV in both cell lines. This result indicates that both the targeting and the lipid moiety act synergistically toward cellular uptake. The biotin conjugated prodrugs caused a decrease in the uptake of [(3)H] biotin suggesting the role of sodium dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) in uptake. The affinity of these targeted lipid prodrugs toward SMVT was studied in MDCK-MDR1 cells. Both the targeted lipid prodrugs B-R-ACV (20.25 ± 1.74 μM) and B-12HS-ACV (23.99 ± 3.20 μM) demonstrated higher affinity towards SMVT than B-ACV (30.90 ± 4.19 μM). Further, dose dependent studies revealed a concentration dependent inhibitory effect on [(3)H] biotin uptake in the presence of biotinylated prodrugs. Transepithelial transport studies showed lowering of [(3)H] biotin permeability in the presence of biotin and biotinylated prodrugs, further indicating a carrier mediated translocation by SMVT. Overall, results from these studies clearly suggest that these biotinylated lipid prodrugs of ACV possess enhanced affinity towards SMVT. These prodrugs appear to be potential candidates for the treatment of oral and ocular herpes virus infections, because of higher expression of SMVT on intestinal and corneal epithelial cells. In conclusion we hypothesize that our novel prodrug design strategy may help in higher absorption of hydrophilic parent drug. Moreover, this novel prodrug design can result in higher cell permeability of hydrophilic therapeutics such as genes, siRNA, antisense RNA, DNA, oligonucleotides, peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
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Cao F, Jia J, Yin Z, Gao Y, Sha L, Lai Y, Ping Q, Zhang Y. Ethylene Glycol-Linked Amino Acid Diester Prodrugs of Oleanolic Acid for PepT1-Mediated Transport: Synthesis, Intestinal Permeability and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:2127-35. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200447r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jinghao Jia
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Yin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yahan Gao
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Sha
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qineng Ping
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and §Center of Drug Discovery, School of Pharmacy, State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Stella B, Arpicco S, Rocco F, Burgalassi S, Nicosia N, Tampucci S, Chetoni P, Cattel L. Nonpolymeric nanoassemblies for ocular administration of acyclovir: Pharmacokinetic evaluation in rabbits. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 80:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Jwala J, Boddu SHS, Shah S, Sirimulla S, Pal D, Mitra AK. Ocular sustained release nanoparticles containing stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 27:163-72. [PMID: 21500985 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to develop and characterize polymeric nanoparticles of appropriate stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir (L-valine-L-valine-ACV, L-valine-D-valine-ACV, D-valine-L-valine-ACV, and D-valine-D-valine-ACV) for the treatment of ocular herpes keratitis. METHODS Stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) were screened for bioreversion in various ocular tissues, cell proliferation, and uptake across the rabbit primary corneal epithelial cell line. Docking studies were carried out to examine the affinity of prodrugs to the peptide transporter protein. Prodrugs with optimum characteristics were selected for the preparation of nanoparticles using various grades of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Nanoparticles were characterized for the entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, size distribution, and in vitro release. Further, the effect of thermosensitive gels on the release of prodrugs from nanoparticles was also studied. RESULTS L-valine-L-valine-ACV and L-valine-D-valine-ACV were considered to be optimum in terms of enzymatic stability, uptake, and cytotoxicity. Docking results indicated that L-valine in the terminal position increases the affinity of the prodrugs to the peptide transporter protein. Entrapment efficiency values of L-valine-L-valine-ACV and L-valine-D-valine-ACV were found to be optimal with PLGA 75:25 and PLGA 65:35 polymers, respectively. In vitro release of prodrugs from nanoparticles exhibited a biphasic release behavior with initial burst phase followed by sustained release. Dispersion of nanoparticles in thermosensitive gels completely eliminated the burst release phase. CONCLUSION Novel nanoparticulate systems of dipeptide prodrugs of ACV suspended in thermosensitive gels may provide sustained delivery after topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Jwala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Agu R, Cowley E, Shao D, Macdonald C, Kirkpatrick D, Renton K, Massoud E. Proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (POT) family expression in human nasal epithelium and their drug transport potential. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:664-72. [PMID: 21366347 DOI: 10.1021/mp100234z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and functional expression of peptide transporters (PEPT1 and PEPT2, PHT1, PHT2) in human nasal epithelium was investigated. Quantitative/reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qPCR/RT-PCR), Western blotting and indirect immuno-histochemistry were used to investigate the functional gene and protein expression for the transporters. Uptake and transport studies were performed using metabolically stable peptides [β-alanyl-L-lysyl-Nε-7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin-3-acetic acid (β-Ala-Lys-AMCA) and β-alanyl-L-histidine (carnosine)]. The effects of concentration, temperature, polarity, competing peptides, and inhibitors on peptide uptake and transport were investigated. PCR products corresponding to PEPT1 (150 bp), PEPT2 (127 bp), PHT1 (110 bp) and PHT2 (198 bp) were detected. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting confirmed the functional expression of PEPT1 and PEPT2 genes. The uptake of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA was concentration-dependent and saturable (Vmax =4.1 ( 0.07 μmol/min/mg protein, Km = 0.6 ( 0.07 μM). The optimal pH for intracellular accumulation of β-Ala-Lys-AMCA was 6.5. Whereas dipeptides and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) significantly inhibited peptide uptake and transport, L-Phe had no effect on peptide transport. The permeation of β-alanyl-L-histidine was concentration-, direction-, and temperature-dependent. The uptake, permeation, qPCR/RT-PCR and protein expression data showed that the human nasal epithelium functionally expresses proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remigius Agu
- Biopharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS B3H3J5, Canada.
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31
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Gaudana R, Parenky A, Vaishya R, Samanta SK, Mitra AK. Development and characterization of nanoparticulate formulation of a water soluble prodrug of dexamethasone by HIP complexation. J Microencapsul 2010; 28:10-20. [PMID: 20939702 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2010.520093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop and characterize a nanoparticulate-based sustained release formulation of a water soluble dipeptide prodrug of dexamethasone, valine-valine-dexamethasone (VVD). Being hydrophilic in nature, it readily leaches out in the external aqueous medium and hence partitions poorly into the polymeric matrix resulting in minimal entrapment in nanoparticles. Hence, hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) complexation of the prodrug was employed with dextran sulphate as a complexing polymer. A novel, solid in oil in water emulsion method was employed to encapsulate the prodrug in HIP complex form in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) matrix. Nanoparticles were characterized with respect to size, zeta potential, crystallinity of entrapped drug and surface morphology. A significant enhancement in the entrapment of the prodrug in nanoparticles was achieved. Finally, a simple yet novel method was developed which can also be applicable to encapsulate other charged hydrophilic molecules, such as peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripal Gaudana
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, USA
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Peterson LW, Sala-Rabanal M, Krylov IS, Serpi M, Kashemirov BA, McKenna CE. Serine side chain-linked peptidomimetic conjugates of cyclic HPMPC and HPMPA: synthesis and interaction with hPEPT1. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:2349-61. [PMID: 20929265 DOI: 10.1021/mp100186b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cidofovir (HPMPC), a broad spectrum antiviral agent, cannot be administered orally due to ionization of its phosphonic acid group at physiological pH. One prodrug approach involves conversion to the cyclic form (cHPMPC, 1) and esterification by the side chain hydroxyl group of a peptidomimetic serine. Transport studies in a rat model have shown enhanced levels of total cidofovir species in the plasma after oral dosing with L-Val-L-Ser-OMe cHPMPC, 2a. To explore the possibility that 2a and its three L/D stereoisomers 2b-d undergo active transport mediated by the peptide-specific intestinal transporter PEPT1, we performed radiotracer uptake and electrophysiology experiments applying the two-electrode voltage clamp technique in Xenopus laevis oocytes overexpressing human PEPT1 (hPEPT1, SLC15A1). 2a-d did not induce inward currents, indicating that they are not transported, but the stereoisomers with an L-configuration at the N-terminal valine (2a and 2b) potently inhibited transport of the hPEPT1 substrate glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar). A "reversed" dipeptide conjugate, L-Ser-L-Ala-OiPr cHPMPC (4), also did not exhibit detectable transport, but completely abolished the Gly-Sar signal, suggesting that affinity of the transporter for these prodrugs is not impaired by a proximate linkage to the drug in the N-terminal amino acid of the dipeptide. Single amino acid conjugates of cHPMPC (3a and 3b) or cHPMPA (5, 6a and 6b) were not transported and only weakly inhibited Gly-Sar transport. The known hPEPT1 prodrug substrate valacyclovir (7) and its L-Val-L-Val dipeptide analogue (8) were used to verify coupled transport by the oocyte model. The results indicate that the previously observed enhanced oral bioavailability of 2a relative to the parent drug is unlikely to be due to active transport by hPEPT1. Syntheses of the novel compounds 2b-d and 3-6 are described, including a convenient solid-phase method to prepare 5, 6a and 6b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larryn W Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0744, USA
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Talluri RS, Gaudana R, Hariharan S, Mitra AK. Pharmacokinetics of Stereoisomeric Dipeptide Prodrugs of Acyclovir Following Intravenous and Oral Administrations in Rats: A Study Involving In vivo Corneal Uptake of Acyclovir Following Oral Dosing. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2009; 1:21-31. [PMID: 23861607 PMCID: PMC3661318 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective To delineate the plasma pharmacokinetics and determine the corneal uptake of valine based stereoisomeric dipeptide prodrugs of acyclovir (ACV) in rats. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the study. Pharmacokinetics of ACV, L-valine-acyclovir (LACV), L-valine-D-valine-acyclovir (LDACV) and D-valine-L-valine acyclovir (DLACV) prodrugs were delineated. These compounds were administered intravenously as a bolus via jugular vein cannula and orally by gavage. Samples were purified by protein precipitation method and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Pertinent pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by using WinNonlin. Corneal uptake studies of LDACV and LACV were studied following oral administration. Results Following i.v. administration, the area under the curve (AUC) in μM*min of generated ACV was in the order of LACV > LDACV > DLACV indicating their rate of metabolism. The AUC values of total drug obtained in the systemic circulation after oral administration LACV and LDACV were 1077.93 ± 236.09 and 1141.76 ± 73.67 μM*min, respectively. DLACV exhibited poor oral absorption. Cmax (μM) and AUC of the intact prodrug obtained in the systemic circulation following oral administration of LDACV were almost 4–5 times higher than LACV. Moreover, concentrations achieved in the cornea after oral administration of LDACV were almost two times of LACV. Conclusions LDACV increased both the oral bioavailability and subsequent in vivo corneal uptake of ACV. Hence, LDACV can be considered as the most promising drug candidate for delivery of ACV, in treatment of both genital herpes and ocular herpes keratitis after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Talluri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sai Advantium Pharma Ltd, Pune, India, 411057
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Brandsch M. Transport of drugs by proton-coupled peptide transporters: pearls and pitfalls. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:887-905. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903042292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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