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Herbig ME, Evers DH, Gorissen S, Köllmer M. Rational Design of Topical Semi-Solid Dosage Forms-How Far Are We? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1822. [PMID: 37514009 PMCID: PMC10386014 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific aspects of semi-solid dosage forms for topical application include the nature of the barrier to be overcome, aspects of susceptibility to physical and chemical instability, and a greater influence of sensory perception. Advances in understanding the driving forces of skin penetration as well as the design principles and inner structure of formulations, provide a good basis for the more rational design of such dosage forms, which still often follow more traditional design approaches. This review analyses the opportunities and constraints of rational formulation design approaches in the industrial development of new topical drugs. As the selection of drug candidates with favorable physicochemical properties increases the speed and probability of success, models for drug selection based on theoretical and experimental approaches are discussed. This paper reviews how progress in the scientific understanding of mechanisms and vehicle-influence of skin penetration can be used for rational formulation design. The characterization of semi-solid formulations is discussed with a special focus on modern rheological approaches and analytical methods for investigating and optimizing the chemical stability of active ingredients in consideration of applicable guidelines. In conclusion, the combination of a good understanding of scientific principles combined with early consideration of regulatory requirements for product quality are enablers for the successful development of innovative and robust semi-solid formulations for topical application.
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Kapoor K, Gräfe N, Herbig ME. Topical film-forming solid solutions for enhanced dermal delivery of the retinoid tazarotene. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2779-2787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hespeler D, Pyo SM, Müller RH. Dermal smartPearls – Optimized silica particles for commercial products & mechanistic considerations. Int J Pharm 2020; 574:118757. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Assem M, Khowessah OM, Ghorab D. Nano-crystallization as a tool for the enhancement of beclomethasone dipropionate dermal deposition: Formulation, in vitro characterization and ex vivo study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yotsumoto K, Ishii K, Kokubo M, Yasuoka S. Improvement of the skin penetration of hydrophobic drugs by polymeric micelles. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:132-140. [PMID: 30339944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric micelles, which form through the self-assembly of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(amino acid) block copolymers, are systemic nanocarriers in targeted cancer therapy. These micelles can encapsulate therapeutic compounds, such as lipophilic substances, charged compounds, and metal complexes, that have characteristics of increased solubility, sustained release, and improved tissue distribution. However, few studies have been conducted on the local distribution of polymeric micelles. Thus, we evaluated the skin penetration pattern of hydrophobic drugs in polymeric micelles. We revealed that improved water solubility by the encapsulation of the hydrophobic drugs indomethacin and resveratrol in polymeric micelles significantly increased the amount of drugs penetrating into the skin. Moreover, polymeric micelles did not enhance the permeability of drugs. Furthermore, although the polymers remained on or in the stratum corneum, the encapsulated drugs gradually moved deeper into the skin. These results indicate that encapsulated hydrophobic drugs in polymeric micelles can penetrate the living cell layer of the skin without bringing about unexpected side effects associated with other ingredients in the formulation. Thus, polymeric micelles for encapsulating hydrophobic drugs can be used for skin applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Yotsumoto
- Cosmetic Division, NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., 144-15 Chuo, 226-39 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan.
| | - Kenta Ishii
- Cosmetic Division, NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., 144-15 Chuo, 226-39 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan
| | - Miho Kokubo
- Cosmetic Division, NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., 144-15 Chuo, 226-39 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan
| | - Sakiko Yasuoka
- Cosmetic Division, NanoCarrier Co., Ltd., 144-15 Chuo, 226-39 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan
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Edwards A, Qi S, Liu F, Brown M, McAuley W. Rationalising polymer selection for supersaturated film forming systems produced by an aerosol spray for the transdermal delivery of methylphenidate. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 114:164-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. The potential of polymeric film-forming systems as sustained delivery platforms for topical drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2015; 13:349-60. [PMID: 26609868 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1124412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dosing regimens requiring multiple daily applications frequently result in poor patient compliance, especially in the treatment of chronic skin diseases. Consequently, development of sustained delivery systems for topical drugs permitting less frequent dosing is of continuing interest for dermatological therapy. AREAS COVERED This potential of polymeric film-forming systems (FFS), created in situ on the skin, as sustained delivery platforms for topical drug delivery is reviewed. Key formulation parameters that determine delivery efficiency are considered focussing on those that permit a drug reservoir to be established in the upper layers of the skin and/or on the skin surface from which release can be sustained over a prolonged period. The advantageous and superior cosmetic attributes of FFS (compared to conventional semi-solid formulations) that offer significantly improved patient compliance are also addressed. EXPERT OPINION The promise of polymeric FFS as convenient and aesthetic platforms for sustained topical drug delivery is clear. Manipulation of the formulation allows the delivery profile to be customized and optimized to take advantage of both a rapid, initial input of drug into the skin (likely due to a transient period of supersaturation) and a slower, controlled release over an extended time from the residual film created thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Frederiksen
- a LEO Pharma A/S, Pharmaceutical Technologies , Ballerup , Denmark.,b Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- b Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology , University of Bath , Bath , UK
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Frederiksen K, Guy RH, Petersson K. Formulation considerations in the design of topical, polymeric film-forming systems for sustained drug delivery to the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 91:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Klaewklod A, Tantishaiyakul V, Hirun N, Sangfai T, Li L. Characterization of supramolecular gels based on β-cyclodextrin and polyethyleneglycol and their potential use for topical drug delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 50:242-50. [PMID: 25746267 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel gels were prepared by blending β-cyclodextrin and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) in the presence of K2CO3. The objective of this study was thus to characterize the gels using rheology, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC), turbidity measurements, and hot stage microscopy, and then investigate the potential use of the gel for topical drug delivery. Two types of supramolecular gels, GelL and GelH were prepared at a low temperature (below 50 °C) and at a high temperature (above 70 °C), respectively. Both gels were thermo-reversible. Upon heating, GelL could turn to GelH. Nevertheless, upon cooling, GelH that was more stable than GelL precipitated and GelL could not be reformed. GelL may form through simple complexation of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) with β-cyclodextrin in the presence of K2CO3. However, GelH may form a specific complex or a pseudopolyrotaxane gel. For pharmaceutical application, GelL was investigated instead of GelH because the forming temperature of this gel was close to the human body temperature. The interactions among diclofenac sodium (DS), a model drug, and the components of the gel were examined using FTIR. These interactions may include ionic attraction and hydrogen bonds between the carboxylate groups of DS and the hydroxyl groups of PEG or β-cyclodextrin and probably also the inclusion of the aromatic ring of DS into the cavity of β-cyclodextrin. Furthermore, the release and permeation of diclofenac from GelL were significantly greater than those from a commercial gel. Therefore, GelL may be useful for the topical delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornrat Klaewklod
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Vimon Tantishaiyakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand; Nanotec, PSU Center of Excellence for Drug Delivery System, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand.
| | - Namon Hirun
- Theoretical and Computational Modeling Research Group and School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Tanatchaporn Sangfai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
| | - Lin Li
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal drug delivery possesses superior advantages over other routes of administration, particularly minimizing first-pass metabolism. Transdermal drug delivery is challenged by the barrier nature of skin. Numerous technologies have been developed to overcome the relatively low skin permeability, including spray-on transdermal systems. AREAS COVERED A transdermal spray-on system (TSS) usually consists of a solution containing the drug, a volatile solvent and in many cases a chemical penetration enhancer. TSS promotes drug delivery via the complex interplay between solvent evaporation and drug-solvent drag into skin. The volatile solvent carries the drug into the upper layers of the stratum corneum, and as the volatile solvent evaporates, an increase in the thermodynamic activity of the drug occurs resulting in an increased drug loading in skin. EXPERT OPINION TSS is easily applied, delivering flexible drug dosage and associated with lower incidence of skin irritation. TSS provides a fast-drying product where the volatile solvent enables uniform drug distribution with minimal vehicle deposition on skin. TSS ensures precise dose administration that is aesthetically appealing and eliminates concerns of residual drug associated with transdermal patches. Furthermore, it provides a better alternative to traditional transdermal products due to ease of product development and manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Ibrahim
- Fairleigh Dickinson University, School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 230 Park Avenue Florham Park, NJ 07932 , USA +1 973 443 8435 ; +1 973 443 8412 ;
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Zhu B, Traini D, Chan HK, Young PM. The effect of ethanol on the formation and physico-chemical properties of particles generated from budesonide solution-based pressurized metered-dose inhalers. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 39:1625-37. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2012.728230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Reid ML, Benaouda F, Khengar R, Jones SA, Brown MB. Topical corticosteroid delivery into human skin using hydrofluoroalkane metered dose aerosol sprays. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Benaouda F, Brown MB, Martin GP, Jones SA. Triggered In Situ Drug Supersaturation and Hydrophilic Matrix Self-Assembly. Pharm Res 2012; 29:3434-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wood D, Brown M, Jones S. Understanding heat facilitated drug transport across human epidermis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:642-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fiala S, Brown MB, Jones SA. Dynamic in-situ eutectic formation for topical drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1428-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The relationship between the solution-state chemistry of eutectic systems and their transmembrane transport characteristics is difficult to define as these mixtures are sensitive to delivery vehicle-induced penetration enhancement. Through in-situ formation of a molten eutectic mixture using highly evaporative sprays this study aimed to gain an understanding of solution-state thermodynamic and chemical properties of eutectic combinations pertinent to transmembrane transport in the absence of a delivery vehicle.
Methods
In-situ molten lidocaine–prilocaine eutectics were formed using a hydroflouroalkane (HFA) propellant. Transport through silicone membranes and human skin in upright Franz diffusion cells was determined using in-house manufactured creams as controls.
Key findings
The application of the two drugs in an HFA spray produced a molten oil even when the melting point of the drug mixture was above the experimental temperature at the membrane surface. In the absence of vehicle effects, molecule presentation to the membrane interface was most effective using a lidocaine-rich mixture of 0.7% w/w lidocaine:prilocaine – 1985.06 ± 128.87 µg/h/cm2.
Conclusions
There appeared to be no link between melting point and transmembrane transport of lidocaine:prilocaine from a eutectic mixture. The rate of drug presentation to the membrane interface, which was highest in drug-rich, high-activity molten eutectic mixtures, was the driver for transmembrane transport in the absence of significant barrier interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Fiala
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marc B Brown
- School of Pharmacy, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, Herts, UK
- MedPharm Ltd, Guilford, UK
| | - Stuart A Jones
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
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