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Tasharoie S, Ostad SN, Amini M, Sabourian R, Gilani K. Preparation, Optimization and In Vitro Characterization of Fluticasoneloaded Mixed Micelles Based on Stearic Acid-g-chitosan as a Pulmonary Delivery System. RECENT ADVANCES IN DRUG DELIVERY AND FORMULATION 2024; 18:61-76. [PMID: 38362679 DOI: 10.2174/0126673878262764240208054140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary objective of this study was to optimize formulation variables and investigate the in vitro characteristics of fluticasone propionate (FP)-loaded mixed polymeric micelles, which were composed of depolymerized chitosan-stearic acid copolymer (DC-SA) in combination with either tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine for pulmonary drug delivery. METHODS A D-optimal design was employed for the optimization procedure, considering lipid/ polymer ratio, polymer concentration, drug/ polymer ratio, and lipid type as independent variables. Dependent variables included particle size, polydispersion index, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency, and loading efficiency of the polymeric micelles. Additionally, the nebulization efficacy and cell viability of the optimal FP-loaded DC-SA micellar formulations were evaluated. RESULTS The mixed polymeric micelles were successfully prepared with properties falling within the desired ranges, resulting in four optimized formulations. The release of FP from the optimal systems exhibited a sustained release profile over 72 hours, with 70% of the drug still retained within the core of the micelles. The nebulization efficiency of these optimal formulations reached up to 63%, and the fine particle fraction (FPF) ranged from 41% to 48%. Cellular viability assays demonstrated that FP-loaded DC-SA polymeric micelles exhibited lower cytotoxicity than the free drug but were slightly more cytotoxic than empty mixed micelles. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study suggests that DC-SA/ lipid mixed micelles have the potential to serve as effective carriers for nebulizing poorly soluble FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Tasharoie
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Naser Ostad
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Drug and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilani
- Aerosol Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yassin AEB, Massadeh S, Alshwaimi AA, Kittaneh RH, Omer ME, Ahmad D, Aodah AH, Shakeel F, Halwani M, Alanazi SA, Alam P. Tween 80-Based Self-Assembled Mixed Micelles Boost Valsartan Transdermal Delivery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:19. [PMID: 38256853 PMCID: PMC10819404 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Valsartan (Val) is an important antihypertensive medication with poor absorption and low oral bioavailability. These constraints are due to its poor solubility and dissolution rate. The purpose of this study was to optimize a mixed micelle system for the transdermal delivery of Val in order to improve its therapeutic performance by providing prolonged uniform drug levels while minimizing drug side effects. Thin-film hydration and micro-phase separation were used to produce Val-loaded mixed micelle systems. A variety of factors, including the surfactant type and drug-to-surfactant ratio, were optimized to produce micelles with a low size and high Val entrapment efficiency (EE). The size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and drug EE of the prepared micelles were all measured. The in vitro drug release profiles were assessed using dialysis bags, and the permeation through abdominal rat skin was assessed using a Franz diffusion cell. All formulations had high EE levels exceeding 90% and low particle charges. The micellar sizes ranged from 107.6 to 191.7 nm, with average PDI values of 0.3. The in vitro release demonstrated a uniform slow rate that lasted one week with varying extents. F7 demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) transdermal efflux of 68.84 ± 3.96 µg/cm2/h through rat skin when compared to the control. As a result, the enhancement factor was 16.57. In summary, Val-loaded mixed micelles were successfully prepared using two simple methods with high reproducibility, and extensive transdermal delivery was demonstrated in the absence of any aggressive skin-modifying enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Eldeen B. Yassin
- College of Pharmacy, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Salam Massadeh
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia;
- Joint Centers of Excellence Program, KACST-BWH/Harvard Center of Excellence for Biomedicine, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raslan H. Kittaneh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P400, Palestine;
| | - Mustafa E. Omer
- Pharmacy Program, College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Manama 32038, Bahrain;
| | - Dilshad Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
| | - Al Hassan Aodah
- Advanced Diagnostic and Therapeutic Institute, Health Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majed Halwani
- Nanomedicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saleh A. Alanazi
- College of Pharmacy, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia (S.A.A.)
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Weber J, Buske J, Mäder K, Garidel P, Diederichs T. Oxidation of polysorbates - An underestimated degradation pathway? Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100202. [PMID: 37680877 PMCID: PMC10480556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure the stability of biologicals over their entire shelf-life, non-ionic surface-active compounds (surfactants) are added to protect biologics from denaturation and particle formation. In this context, polysorbate 20 and 80 are the most used detergents. Despite their benefits of low toxicity and high biocompatibility, specific factors are influencing the intrinsic stability of polysorbates, leading to degradation, loss in efficacy, or even particle formation. Polysorbate degradation can be categorized into chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation. Under pharmaceutical relevant conditions, hydrolysis is commonly originated from host cell proteins, whereas oxidative degradation may be caused by multiple factors such as light, presence of residual metal traces, peroxides, or temperature, which can be introduced upon manufacturing or could be already present in the raw materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on polysorbates with a focus on oxidative degradation. Subsequently, degradation products and key characteristics of oxidative-mediated polysorbate degradation in respect of different types and grades are summarized, followed by an extensive comparison between polysorbate 20 and 80. A better understanding of the radical-induced oxidative PS degradation pathway could support specific mitigation strategies. Finally, buffer conditions, various stressors, as well as appropriate mitigation strategies, reagents, and alternative stabilizers are discussed. Prior manufacturing, careful consideration and a meticulous risk-benefit analysis are highly recommended in terms of polysorbate qualities, buffers, storage conditions, as well as mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Weber
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Julia Buske
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
| | - Tim Diederichs
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, TIP, Birkendorfer Straße 65, Biberach an der Riss 88397, Germany
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Han M, Tang W, Chen Q, Zhou H, Chen J, Liu W. Modular Toolbox as Snap Jewelry for Biomimetic Synthesis of Multifunctional Amino Acid Surfactants Inspired by Melanin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19652-19662. [PMID: 38019268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid surfactants have gained significant importance in overcoming the limitations of conventional surfactants, notably, their low biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the current amino acid surfactants lack multifunctional properties due to the nonreactivity of their aliphatic chains, necessitating the development of a new type of amino acid surfactant. A novel melanin-like amino acid surfactant and a biomimetic synthesis route were devised by mimicking the biosynthesis of melanin. Renewable natural polyphenol compounds with catechol moieties were utilized as building blocks for the hydrophobic group. In a proof-of-concept experiment, ethyl protocatechuate was oxidized to o-quinone and subsequently covalently linked to the amino group of lysine via Michael addition. The chemical structure was verified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. The melanin-like amino acid surfactant exhibited excellent surface-active properties, with a critical micelle concentration of 1.59 mN m-1. Furthermore, it demonstrated remarkable emulsifying, foaming, solubilizing, dispersing, and wetting capabilities. Notably, it also possessed multifunctionality, including antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, robustness, and mildness. These outstanding properties indicate significant potential for various applications. This strategy offers innovative insights and a versatile, modular toolbox for synthesizing multifunctional amino acid surfactants that mimic melanin. The approach allows for the easy interchange of o-quinone building blocks, which is akin to snap jewelry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weikang Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qinfei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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5
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Cai Y, Chu Y, Gong Y, Hong Y, Song F, Wang H, Zhang H, Sun X. Enhanced Transdermal Peptide-Modified Flexible Liposomes for Efficient Percutaneous Delivery of Chrysomycin A to Treat Subcutaneous Melanoma and Intradermal MRSA Infection. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300881. [PMID: 37267625 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Superficial skin diseases, including skin infections and tumors, are common healthcare burdens. In this study, the in vivo activity of chrysomycin A (CA) is explored, and a transdermal liposomal CA formulation is further constructed for the simultaneous treatment of cutaneous melanoma and cutaneous methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The prepared liposomes (TD-LP-CA) display a strong antitumor effect with an IC50 value of less than 0.1 µm in B16-F10 cells, suppress the proliferation of MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 µm, and eradicate established MRSA biofilms at 10× MIC in vitro. More importantly, TD-LP-CA shows enhanced stratum corneum (SC) penetration, reaching more than 500 µm beneath the skin's surface due to modification with the TD peptide, and demonstrates excellent subcutaneous tumor penetration after skin application in vivo. TD-LP-CA displays an excellent therapeutic effect against intradermal MRSA infection in mice after topical dermal administration, as well as a moderate inhibitory effect on subcutaneous melanoma with a 75% tumor inhibition rate. The liposomes prepared herein can be a promising carrier for transcutaneous CA transfer for the treatment of superficial diseases such as skin tumors and infections due to their ability to overcome the skin barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yuteng Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yubei Gong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yulu Hong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Fuhang Song
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Employment & Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xuanrong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Patel HS, Kunjadiya A, Rahdar A, Sharma RK. Pluronic-phosphatidylcholine mixed polymeric nanomicellar formulation for curcumin drug bioavailability: Design, fabrication, characterization and in vitro bioinvestigations. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08839115231157098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), obtained from turmeric, has biological advantages, but low aqueous solubility restricts its pharmaceutical applications. In the present work, a mixed polymeric nanomicellar formulation composed of bioactive Pluronic P123, Pluronic F68, and biocompatible phosphatidylcholine (PC) was designed and examined as the nanovehicles for overcoming the major barriers of poor bioavailability related to CUR. The CUR-incorporated P123/F68/PC mixed nanomicellar formulation (CUR-PFPC) was fabricated by the thin film technique and investigated in vitro. The fabrication of CUR-PFPC was optimized through D-optimal design. CUR-PFPC morphology, size distribution, zeta potential, drug encapsulating and incorporation efficiency, compatibility, and crystallinity were characterized using DLS, TEM, FTIR, XRD, and DSC analysis. Moreover, the cumulative drug release, antioxidant assays, and antimicrobial properties of formulations were also examined. The CUR-PFPC formulation exhibited a micellar size of 67.43 nm, a zeta potential of −15.1 mV, a PDI of 0.528, and a spherical shape. The mixed micellar formulation showed excellent compatibility and stability. The in vitro release profile of the CUR-PFPC reached over 60% in comparison to the 95% release of CUR, indicating a slow and sustained release. The DPPH assay showed that the CUR-PFPC had 96% antioxidant activity. Results show that the CUR-PFPC has powerful antibacterial and antifungal properties, which separates it from the free CUR. These findings suggest that the fabricated CUR-PFPC mixed polymeric nanomicellar formulation is thermodynamically and kinetically stable and may be considered a novel nanovehicle for hydrophobic antimicrobial drugs like CUR. Graphical Abstract [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemil S Patel
- Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Anju Kunjadiya
- Indukaka Ipcowala Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Science and Technology, Sardar Patel University, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran
| | - Rakesh K Sharma
- Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
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7
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Hybrid liposomes composed of hydrophilic emulsifiers and lecithin: Physicochemical, interaction and curcumin loading properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Patel HS, Shaikh SJ, Ray D, Aswal VK, Vaidya F, Pathak C, Varade D, Rahdar A, Sharma RK. Structural transitions in mixed Phosphatidylcholine/Pluronic micellar systems and their in vitro therapeutic evaluation for poorly water-soluble drug. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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9
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El Said HS, Lalatsa A, Al-Mahallawi AM, Saddar El Leithy E, Ghorab DM. Vilazodone-phospholipid mixed micelles for enhancing oral bioavailability and reducing pharmacokinetic variability between fed and fasted states. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122080. [PMID: 35932929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness and high tolerability of vilazodone (VLZ) as an antidepressant, its use is still limited due to its poor solubility and food dependent absorption. This study aims to load VLZ-phospholipid complex into self-assembled micelles forming VLZ-PL mixed micelles (VLZ-PL-MM), that can enhance VLZ solubility, improve its bioavailability and reduce the pharmacokinetic variability between the fed and fasting conditions. The effect of the surfactant type and concentration was assessed using four different non-ionic surfactants (Brij 58, Tween 80, Labrasol and Pluronic F127) in four different weight ratios between the drug-complex and surfactant (1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 w/w). Two VLZ-PL-MM formulae prepared using Brij 58 and Labrasol in 1:3 w/w ratio were selected as optimised ones since they have the highest encapsulation efficiency (100.83 and 93.87%, respectively), a particle size below 250 nm (206.73 and 221.33 nm, respectively) and negative zeta potential values (-29.63, -17.20 mV, respectively). Lyophilisation of these formulations using 3% sucrose was successful with no statistical changes in particle size and zeta potential upon rehydration. Both formulations elicited faster and higher in-vitro drug release profiles compared to the pure drug and the marketed tablet. In addition, both selected formulae improved ex-vivo permeation across rabbit intestinal membrane compared to the pure drug and the marketed tablet, with marked superiority of the one prepared using Brij 58. The results of the in vivo study in male albino rabbits revealed similar AUC0-24 values after the oral administration of the best achieved VLZ-PL-MM system under fed and fasting conditions (769.89 and 741.55 ng.h mL-1, respectively). On the other hand, the marketed product showed significantly lower values of the AUC0-24 relative to the VLZ-PL-MM system and there was a marked enhancement of absorption of drug from the marketed product in presence of food (244.24 and 174.96 ng.h mL-1 under fed and fasting conditions, respectively. In addition, VLZ concentrations in the brain after 24 hours obtained from the selected VLZ-PL-MM were significantly higher than those obtained from marketed tablet under fed and fasting conditions. Thus, the phospholipid mixed micelle formulation enhances the oral bioavailability of the poorly soluble drug and reduces the pharmacokinetic variability between fasting and fed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala S El Said
- Faculty of Pharmacy, MSA University, 26 July Mehwar Road, 6(th) October City, 12451, Egypt; Biomaterials, Bio-engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, U.K
| | - Aikaterini Lalatsa
- Biomaterials, Bio-engineering and Nanomedicine (BioN) Lab, Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, U.K; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, John Arbuthnot Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, U.K
| | - Abdulaziz M Al-Mahallawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Eman Saddar El Leithy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, MSA University, 26 July Mehwar Road, 6(th) October City, 12451, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, 11795, Egypt
| | - Dalia M Ghorab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Jebastin K, Narayanasamy D. Rationale utilization of phospholipid excipients: a distinctive tool for progressing state of the art in research of emerging drug carriers. J Liposome Res 2022; 33:1-33. [PMID: 35543241 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2022.2069809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids have a high degree of biocompatibility and are deemed ideal pharmaceutical excipients in the development of lipid-based drug delivery systems, because of their unique features (permeation, solubility enhancer, emulsion stabilizer, micelle forming agent, and the key excipients in solid dispersions) they can be used in a variety of pharmaceutical drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, phytosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, etc. The primary usage of phospholipids in a colloidal pharmaceutical formulation is to enhance the drug's bioavailability with low aqueous solubility [i.e. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) Class II drugs], Membrane penetration (i.e. BCS Class III drugs), drug uptake and release enhancement or modification, protection of sensitive active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from gastrointestinal degradation, a decrease of gastrointestinal adverse effects, and even masking of the bitter taste of orally delivered drugs are other uses. Phospholipid-based colloidal drug products can be tailored to address a wide variety of product requirements, including administration methods, cost, product stability, toxicity, and efficacy. Such formulations that are also a cost-effective method for developing medications for topical, oral, pulmonary, or parenteral administration. The originality of this review work is that we comprehensively evaluated the unique properties and special aspects of phospholipids and summarized how the individual phospholipids can be utilized in various types of lipid-based drug delivery systems, as well as listing newly marketed lipid-based products, patents, and continuing clinical trials of phospholipid-based therapeutic products. This review would be helpful for researchers responsible for formulation development and research into novel colloidal phospholipid-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koilpillai Jebastin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Damodharan Narayanasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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11
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Computational Study on the Microscopic Adsorption Characteristics of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates with Different Chain Lengths on Anthracite Surface. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5318906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to explore the influence of different lengths of hydrophobic carbon chains on the diffusion characteristics of surfactants on the surface of anthracite, six linear alkyl benzene sulfonates with different hydrophobic carbon chain lengths were selected (mC, m = 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18; m represents the numbers of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic carbon chain), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were adopted. Models of surfactant-anthracite, surfactant-graphite layer, and water-surfactant-anthracite were constructed. After analyzing a series of properties such as adsorption energy, diffusion coefficient, radial distribution function (RDF), and hydrophobic tail order parameters, it was found that 12C had the highest adsorption strength on the surface of anthracite; the reason was that 12C had the highest degree of aggregation near the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of anthracite. Further studies had found that the hydrophobic tail chain of 12C had the strongest isotropy. The study fills the gap in the systematic study of the diffusion characteristics of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) with different chain lengths on the surface of anthracite, enriches and develops the basic theory of coal wettability, and also provides technical ideas for the design of new surfactants and new dust suppression agents.
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12
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Zhao Y, Qi K, Zhu B, Long H, Huang Q, Lei F, Huang Z, Zhou J. Effect of chain rigidity on morphological transformation and adsorption behaviors of biocompatible polyoxyethylene-based surfactants at water–air surface. Colloid Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Sarolia J, Shukla R, Ray D, Aswal VK, Choudhury SD, Bahadur P, Tiwari S. Mobility of doxorubicin in TPGS micelles in response to sodium taurodeoxycholate incorporation: Analyses based on scattering and fluorescence studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Kecman S, Škrbić R, Badnjevic Cengic A, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H, Mikov M, Golocorbin-Kon S. Potentials of human bile acids and their salts in pharmaceutical nano delivery and formulations adjuvants. Technol Health Care 2021; 28:325-335. [PMID: 31594273 DOI: 10.3233/thc-191845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the attention of the scientific community has been focused on bile acids and their salts as systems for the transportation of drugs; specifically their role as carriers and integration into nanomedicine. Bile acids can play a critical role as drug carriers in the form of chemical conjugates, complexation, mixed micelles formation as well as stabilized bile acid liposomes (bilosomes). The unique molecular structure and interaction of these amphiphilic-steroidal compounds make them an interesting subject of research. This review is based on literature research in order to emphasize the importance of bile acids and their salts as absorption modulators in order to improve therapeutic potentials of low bioavailability drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kecman
- Hemofarm d.o.o., a Member of Stada Group, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - R Škrbić
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - A Mooranian
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - H Al-Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - S Golocorbin-Kon
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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15
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Zhan F, Gong L, Luan H, Chen Q, Liao G, Feng Y. Enhancing Oil Recovery by Low Concentration of Alkylaryl Sulfonate Surfactant without Ultralow Interfacial Tension. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuxing Zhan
- Polymer Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Gong
- Polymer Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
| | - Huoxin Luan
- Research Institute of Experiment and Detection Xinjiang Oilfield Branch Company PetroChina Karamay 834000 People's Republic of China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- Research Institute of Experiment and Detection Xinjiang Oilfield Branch Company PetroChina Karamay 834000 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhi Liao
- PetroChina Exploration & Production Company Beijing 100007 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Feng
- Polymer Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 People's Republic of China
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16
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Farias BV, Haeri F, Khan SA. Linking polymer hydrophobicity and molecular interactions to rheology and tribology in phospholipid-containing complex gels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:134-144. [PMID: 33069013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The rheological behavior and frictional properties (macroscopic level) of systems containing a hydrophobically modified polymer and phospholipids depend on the hydrophobic association that occur between the hydrophobic moiety of the polymer and the phospholipid tails (molecular level). The hydrophobicity of the polymer can thus be used to control its interactions with phospholipids, and manipulate complex gel macroscopic behavior. EXPERIMENTS By using systems composed of a crosslinked hydrophobically modified polyacrylic acid (HMPAA) or a crosslinked polyacrylic acid polymer (PAA) and phospholipids, we examine the underlying mechanisms through which the components interact using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and their effect on rheological and tribological characteristics of complex gels. FINDINGS We find the systems containing HMPAA and phospholipid exhibit gel-like behavior with the elastic modulus increasing substantially upon phospholipid addition due to hydrophobic interactions that result in a more interconnected network formation, as evidenced by ITC measurements. Similar experiments with a crosslinked polyacrylic acid polymer (PAA) show no interactions, lending credence to our hypothesis. In addition, soft tribological behavior shows lower friction coefficients at low entrainment speeds with HMPAA concentration and the addition of phospholipid, while no change in friction coefficient was observed in the case of increasing PAA concentration, indicating HMPAA and phospholipids to be interacting with the soft PDMS contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara V Farias
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Farrah Haeri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Saad A Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States.
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17
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Poolakkandy RR, Menamparambath MM. Soft-template-assisted synthesis: a promising approach for the fabrication of transition metal oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5015-5045. [PMID: 36132034 PMCID: PMC9417152 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed transition metal oxides (TMOs) as promising candidates for a plethora of applications in numerous fields. The exceptional properties retained by these materials have rendered them of paramount emphasis as functional materials. Thus, the controlled and scalable synthesis of transition metal oxides with desired properties has received enormous attention. Out of different top-down and bottom-up approaches, template-assisted synthesis predominates as an adept approach for the facile synthesis of transition metal oxides, owing to its phenomenal ability for morphological and physicochemical tuning. This review presents a comprehensive examination of the recent advances in the soft-template-assisted synthesis of TMOs, focusing on the morphological and physicochemical tuning aided by different soft-templates. The promising applications of TMOs are explained in detail, emphasizing those with excellent performances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mini Mol Menamparambath
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut Calicut-673601 Kerala India
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18
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Friedl JD, Steinbring C, Zaichik S, Le NMN, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Cellular uptake of self-emulsifying drug-delivery systems: polyethylene glycol versus polyglycerol surface. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:1829-1841. [PMID: 32781886 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Comparison of the impact of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyglycerol (PG) surface decoration on self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS)-membrane interaction and cellular uptake. Materials & methods: PEG-, PEG/PG- and PG-SEDDS were assessed regarding their self-emulsifying properties, surface charge, bile salt fusibility, cellular uptake and interaction with endosome-mimicking membranes. Results: SEDDS exhibited droplet sizes between 150 and 175 nm, a narrow size distribution and self-emulsified within 7 min. Higher PEG-surfactant amounts in SEDDS resulted in charge-shielding and thus in a decrease of ζ potential up to Δ11 mV. The inert PEG-surface hampered bile salt fusion and interfered SEDDS-cell interaction. By reducing the PEG-surfactant amount to 10%, cellular uptake increased twofold compared with PEG-SEDDS containing 40% PEG-surfactant. PG-SEDDS containing no PEG-surfactants showed a threefold increased cellular uptake. Furthermore, complete replacement of PEG-surfactants by PG-surfactants led to enhanced cellular interaction and improved disruption endosome-like membranes. Conclusion: PG-surfactants demonstrated high potential to address PEG-surface associated drawbacks in SEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian David Friedl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry & Biomedicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Christian Steinbring
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry & Biomedicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sergey Zaichik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry & Biomedicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Nguyet-Minh Nguyen Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry & Biomedicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.,Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry & Biomedicine, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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19
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Klein ME, Rieckmann M, Lucas H, Meister A, Loppnow H, Mäder K. Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) enriched mixed micelles (MM): A new nano-drug delivery system with anti-inflammatory potential? Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105451. [PMID: 32621969 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) are naturally occurring phospholipids (PL) with intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties. The therapeutic potential of PS and PG has not been extensively explored and the main focus had been directed towards PS- and PG-liposomes. In order to increase the formulation options, we explored whether mixed micelles (MM) could be an alternative to liposomes. Potential advantages of MM are their thermodynamic stability, small size and ease of manufacture. DOPS- and DOPG-enriched MM were obtained via a co-precipitation technique and physicochemical characterization was performed. The MM, approximately 10 nm in diameter, showed no toxicity on fibroblast cell lines in vitro and virtually no hemolytic activity. The MM suppressed the TNFα-production of mIFNγ/LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPM) in vitro similar to DOPS- and DOPG-liposomes. Therefore, DOPS- and DOPG-loaded MM are promising new options for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Elisabeth Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Max Rieckmann
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Internal Medicine III, University Medicine Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Henrike Lucas
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Annette Meister
- IWE ZIK HALOmem and Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Harald Loppnow
- University Clinic and Outpatient Clinic for Internal Medicine III, University Medicine Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Karsten Mäder
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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20
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Gong L, Liao G, Luan H, Chen Q, Nie X, Liu D, Feng Y. Oil solubilization in sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate micelles: New insights into surfactant enhanced oil recovery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 569:219-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Kunkel M, Bitter S, Sailer F, Winter RF, Polarz S. Aggregation‐Induced Improvement of Catalytic Activity by Inner‐Aggregate Electronic Communication of Metal‐Fullerene‐Based Surfactants. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Kunkel
- Department of Chemistry University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Stefan Bitter
- Department of Chemistry University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Frank Sailer
- Department of Chemistry University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Department of Chemistry University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Sebastian Polarz
- Department of Chemistry University of Konstanz Universitätsstrasse 10 78457 Konstanz Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Leibniz-University Hannover Callinstrasse 9 30167 Hannover Germany
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22
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Sisti MS, Scilingo A, Añón MC. Effect of the Incorporation of Amaranth (Amaranthus Mantegazzianus) into Fat- and Cholesterol-Rich Diets for Wistar Rats. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3075-3082. [PMID: 31599971 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth was studied in male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet that was supplemented with amaranth flour, AF, or isolated protein, AI. Likewise, an in vitro test was carried out, in which the capacity of the AI, AF, the digested isolate, DAI, and the digested amaranth flour, DAF, to displace the cholesterol of the model micelles was evaluated. The in vivo results showed an increase in the excretion of cholesterol through feces (77% for AF7; 23% and 108% for AI30 and AF30, respect control) and a decrease in the content of hepatic cholesterol (98% for AF7; 96% and 53% for AI30 and AF30 respect control); whereas in vitro it was shown that both AF and DAF have greater power to displace cholesterol than the AI and DAI (IC50 0.1, 0.71, 0.2, and 2.1 for AF, DAF, AI, and DAI, respectively). These evidences show that the proteins and fibers of amaranth have an effect on cholesterol metabolism. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nowadays, consumers give great importance to the effect that food has on health. The results shown in this work evidence the potential hypocholesterolemic activity presented by amaranth, this is of great importance due to the increase in the incidence of dyslipidemia in the world population and the importance of amaranth as a nonextensive crop of excellent agronomic, nutritional, and bioactive properties suitable for preparation of functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín S Sisti
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116-1900, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT, La Plata CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)
| | - Adriana Scilingo
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116-1900, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT, La Plata CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)
| | - María Cristina Añón
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA), Calle 47 y 116-1900, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CCT, La Plata CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas)
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23
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Naqvi AZ, Kabir-Ud-Din. Clouding phenomenon in amphiphilic systems: A review of five decades. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:325-344. [PMID: 29547842 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phase separation in amphiphilic systems is an important phenomenon. The temperature at which an amphiphilic solution phase separates is known as Cloud Point (CP). This article reviews in detail the process of phase separation in various amphiphiles (surfactants, polymers and drugs) and effect of different classes of additives on the CP of these amphiphilic systems. Ions affect the CP of drugs in a different way: kosmotropes and hard bases decrease while chaotropes and soft bases increase the CP of nonionic and cationic surfactants. Anionic surfactants show CP in presence of quaternary salts only. Thus, depending upon the nature and concentration of additive, the CP of an amphiphilic system gets increased or decreased and, hence, properties of the system may be tuned as per the need and use. A system with CP at high concentration can be made to phase separate at lower concentration by simply introducing an appropriate additive in it. This makes the system cost effective. On the other hand, if not required, a low CP can be enhanced with the help of another type of a suitable additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Z Naqvi
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India.
| | - Kabir-Ud-Din
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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24
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Li Y, Chen Z, Cui Y, Zhai G, Li L. The construction and characterization of hybrid paclitaxel-in-micelle-in-liposome systems for enhanced oral drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 160:572-580. [PMID: 29028605 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, novel paclitaxel (PTX) loaded hybrid liposomes for oral PTX delivery were prepared through incorporating PTX loaded polyion complex micelles comprised of positively charged Pluronic F127-Polyethylenimine (PF127-PEI) copolymer and negatively charged sodium cholate (CA) into liposomes consisted of phospholipid molecules. According to the results, this kind of PTX-loaded hybrid liposomes showed improved PTX encapsulation efficiency, sustained PTX release, and enhanced PTX absorption in intestine. The mechanism for enhancing absorption was demonstrated in connection with inhibition of the efflux mediated by multidrug resistance protein, intestinal P-gp. In pharmacokinetic study, the absolute oral bioavailability of PTX loaded in hybrid liposomes had reached to 37.91%. All of these results demonstrated that the application of this novel PTX loaded hybrid liposomes is a strategy with great potential for highly effective oral PTX delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Lingbing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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25
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Kaur S, Jena SK, Samal SK, Saini V, Sangamwar AT. Freeze dried solid dispersion of exemestane: A way to negate an aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability problems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Holmboe M, Larsson P, Anwar J, Bergström CAS. Partitioning into Colloidal Structures of Fasted State Intestinal Fluid Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12732-12740. [PMID: 27934534 PMCID: PMC5271571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to obtain insights into the structure and molecular interactions of colloidal structures present in fasted state intestinal fluid. Drug partitioning and interaction were studied with a mixed system of the bile salt taurocholate (TCH) and 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLiPC). Spontaneous aggregation of TCH and DLiPC from unconstrained MD simulations at the united-atom level using the Berger/Gromos54A7 force fields demonstrated that intermolecular hydrogen bonding between TCH molecules was an important factor in determining the overall TCH and DLiPC configuration. In bilayered systems, these intermolecular hydrogen bonds resulted in embedded transmembrane TCH clusters. Free energy simulations using the umbrella sampling technique revealed that the stability of these transmembrane TCH clusters was superior when they consisted of 3 or 4 TCH per bilayer leaflet. All-atom simulations using the Slipids/GAFF force fields showed that the TCH embedded in the bilayer decreased the energy barrier to penetrate the bilayer (ΔGpen) for water, ethanol, and carbamazepine, but not for the more lipophilic felodipine and danazol. This suggests that diffusion of hydrophilic to moderately lipophilic molecules through the bilayer is facilitated by the embedded TCH molecules. However, the effect of embedded TCH on the overall lipid/water partitioning was significant for danazol, indicating that the incorporation of TCH plays a crucial role for the partitioning of lipophilic solutes into e.g. lipidic vesicles existing in fasted state intestinal fluids. To conclude, the MD simulations revealed important intermolecular interactions in lipidic bilayers, both between the bile components themselves and with the drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holmboe
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala
Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala
Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jamshed Anwar
- Chemical
Theory & Computation, Department of Chemistry, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K.
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Department
of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala
Biomedical Centre, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Juárez-Osornio C, Gracia-Fadrique J. Structures similar to lipid emulsions and liposomes. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, Tween 20–Span 20 or Tween 80–Span 80 in aqueous media. J Liposome Res 2016; 27:139-150. [DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2016.1174944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Juárez-Osornio
- Facultad De Química, Departamento De Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México (UNAM), México D.F., México
| | - Jesús Gracia-Fadrique
- Facultad De Química, Departamento De Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México (UNAM), México D.F., México
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28
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Basalious EB, Shamma RN. Novel self-assembled nano-tubular mixed micelles of Pluronics P123, Pluronic F127 and phosphatidylcholine for oral delivery of nimodipine: In vitro characterization, ex vivo transport and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. Int J Pharm 2015; 493:347-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Naqvi AZ, Rub MA, Din KU. Study of phospholipid-induced phase-separation in amphiphilic drugs. COLLOID JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x15040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Naqvi AZ, Noori S, Kabir-ud-Din. Effect of surfactant structure on the mixed micelle formation of cationic gemini–zwitterionic phospholipid systems. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Abstract
The human body has long provided pharmaceutical science with biomaterials of interesting applications. Bile salts (BSs) are biomaterials reminiscent of traditional surfactants with peculiar structure and self-assembled topologies. In the pharmaceutical field, BSs were employed on the basis of two different concepts. The first concept exploited BSs' metabolic and homeostatic functions in disease modulation, whereas the second one utilized BSs' potential to modify drug-delivery characteristics, which recently involved nanotechnology. This review is the first to gather major pharmaceutical applications of BSs from endogenous organotropism up to integration into nanomedicine, with a greater focus on the latter domain. Endogenous applications highlighted the role of BS in modulating hypercholesterolemia and cancer therapy in view of enterohepatic circulation. In addition, recent BS-integrated nanomedicines have been surveyed, chiefly size-tunable cholate nanoparticles, BS-lecithin mixed micelles, bilosomes, probilosomes, and surface-engineered bilosomes. A greater emphasis has been laid on nanosystems for vaccine and cancer therapy. The comparative advantages of BS-integrated nanomedicines over conventional nanocarriers have been noted. Paradoxical effects, current pitfalls, future perspectives, and opinions have also been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra SR Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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32
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Kim JY, Oh S, Yi B, Kim MJ, Lee J. Synergism of phosphatidylcholine on the antioxidant properties of α-tocopherol in corn oils under different relative humidity. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - Sumi Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - BoRa Yi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - Mi-Ja Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
| | - JaeHwan Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology; Sungkyunkwan University; 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu Suwon Gyeonggi-do 440-746 Korea
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33
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Maswal M, Chat OA, Jabeen S, Ashraf U, Masrat R, Shah RA, Dar AA. Solubilization and co-solubilization of carbamazepine and nifedipine in mixed micellar systems: insights from surface tension, electronic absorption, fluorescence and HPLC measurements. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present single and simultaneous solubilization of carabamezipine and nifedipine in mixed micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masrat Maswal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
| | - Oyais Ahmad Chat
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
| | - Suraya Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
| | - Uzma Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
| | - Rohi Masrat
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
| | - Rais Ahmad Shah
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Dar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar-190 006
- India
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Nguyen HT, Chang WS, Nguyen NC, Chen SS, Chang HM. Influence of micelle properties on micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration for chromium recovery. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 72:2045-2051. [PMID: 26606099 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of micelle properties on the recovery of chromium for micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was conducted using cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The relationship between degree of ionization, micellar sizes and chromium removal were determined in this study. The results showed that the complete ionization for CTA+ and Br- was observed for CTAB lower than 0.72 mM and aggregation initiated at concentration of CTAB higher than 0.72 mM to yield attraction of counterion. The micellar sizes increased with increase in concentration of CTAB (higher than 4.02 mM) to generate micron-sized micelles. The distribution of micellar sizes was used to estimate the molecular weight cutoff of membrane used in the MEUF process. As chromium was added into aqueous CTAB solution, the chromate was dominant and bound on the micellar surface instead of Br-. Moreover, the presence of micelle formed a gel-layer to slightly shrink the membrane pore, therefore, UF membrane of 30k Da molecular weight cutoff (pore size≈7.9 nm) was selected in the MEUF process to achieve the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) higher than 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau Thi Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| | - Wen-Shing Chang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC E-mail: ; Environmental Protection Administration, No.83, Sec. 1, Zhonghua Rd., Zhongzheng District, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nguyen Cong Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| | - Shiao-Shing Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
| | - Hau-Ming Chang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao E. Rd. Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC E-mail:
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Rojewska M, Prochaska K, Olejnik A, Rychlik J. Adsorption properties of biologically active derivatives of quaternary ammonium surfactants and their mixtures at aqueous/air interface II. Dynamics of adsorption, micelles dissociation and cytotoxicity of QDLS. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 119:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brüßler J, Marxer E, Becker A, Schubert R, Schümmelfeder J, Nimsky C, Bakowsky U. Correlation of structure and echogenicity of nanoscaled ultrasound contrast agents in vitro. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 117:206-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Courraud J, Charnay C, Cristol JP, Berger J, Avallone S. In vitro lipid peroxidation of intestinal bile salt-based nanoemulsions: potential role of antioxidants. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:1076-87. [PMID: 24128050 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.853877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decades, oxidative stress has been described as a deleterious phenomenon contributing to numerous noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancers. As many authors ascribed the healthy effect of fruit and vegetable consumption mainly to their antioxidant contents, it has been hypothesized that their protection could occur from the gut. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an original and physiological model of nanoemulsions to study lipid peroxidation within the intestine and to assess the properties of potential antioxidants in this setting. Several nanoemulsions were compared in terms of physical characteristics and reactivity to 2,2'-azobis-(2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidation. Formulations included different types of lipids, a detergent (a conjugated bile salt or sodium dodecyl sulfate) and, finally, lipophilic antioxidants. Hemin and myoglobin were also tested as relevant potential oxidants. Fatty acid (FA) peroxidation was monitored by gas chromatography while malondialdehyde and antioxidant contents were measured by HPLC. Investigated nanoemulsions were composed of spherical or cylindrical mixed micelles, the latter being the least resistant to oxidation. In the experimental conditions, AAPH was the only efficient oxidant. Alpha-tocopherol and lutein significantly slowed FA degradation from 4 to 1 μM, respectively. On the contrary, beta-carotene did not show any protective capacity at 4 μM. In conclusion, the tested nanoemulsions were appropriate to assess antioxidant capacity during the intestinal phase of digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Courraud
- IRD; UMR 204 NUTRIPASS, IRD/Montpellier2/Montpellier1 , Montpellier , France
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Development of plumbagin-loaded phospholipid–Tween® 80 mixed micelles: formulation, optimization, effect on breast cancer cells and human blood/serum compatibility testing. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1247-59. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Phospholipid and Tween® 80 mixed micelles were investigated as injectable nanocarriers for the natural anticancer compound, plumbagin (PBG), with the aim to improve anticancer efficiency. PBG-loaded mixed micelles were fabricated by self-assembly; composition being optimized using 32 factorial design. Results & discussion: Optimized mixed micelles were spherical and 46 nm in size. Zeta potential, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were 5.04 mV, 91.21 and 98.38% respectively. Micelles demonstrated sustained release of PBG. Micelles caused a 2.1-fold enhancement in vitro antitumor activity of PBG towards MCF-7 cells. Micelles proved safe for intravenous injection as PBG was stable at high pH; micelle size and encapsulation efficiency were retained upon dilution. Conclusion: Developed mixed micelles proved potential nanocarriers for PBG in cancer chemotherapy.
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Andreozzi E, Wang P, Valenzuela A, Tu C, Gorin F, Dhenain M, Louie A. Size-Stable Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Gd-DOTA for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1455-67. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300605f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Andreozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Peter Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Anthony Valenzuela
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis,
4860 Y Street, #3700, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Chuqiao Tu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis,
California 95616, United States
| | - Fredric Gorin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis,
4860 Y Street, #3700, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Marc Dhenain
- CNRS, URA CEA CNRS 2210, 18 route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay aux Roses,
France
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, MIRCen, 18 Route du Panorama, 92265
Fontenay aux
Roses, France
| | - Angelique Louie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis,
California 95616, United States
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Development and characterization of new nanoscaled ultrasound active lipid dispersions as contrast agents. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 77:430-7. [PMID: 21147221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound contrast agents are widely used in clinical diagnosis. In recent years, the use of ultrasound contrast agents as therapeutic agents has gained a lot of attention. Of special interest are ultrasound-enhanced gene delivery in various tissues (e.g. cardiac, vascular, skeletal muscle and tumor tissue), ultrasound-enhanced protein delivery (e.g. insulin delivery) and ultrasound-enhanced delivery of small chemicals (e.g. doxorubicin, vancomycin). Commercially available ultrasound contrast agents such as SonoVue® or Optison® are ranged in a size of 2-8 μm. These micronscaled agents show a good ultrasound contrast enhancement and thus they are used for diagnostic imaging. But they are not suitable for targeted drug delivery to tumor tissues or blood clots because for these applications particles smaller than 700 nm are needed. In the present study, we developed new nanoscaled ultrasound contrast agents with a size between 70 and 300 nm. The lipid formulations show excellent contrast intensities using diagnostic ultrasound of about 1.4 MHz. The negatively charged colloidal dispersions are long-time stable under physiological conditions without loss of ultrasound reflectivity. The adjustable supramolecular organization of the carriers depends on the composition and varies from micellar to liposomal structures. The small size and the circulation stability of these systems make them promising for novel diagnostics and controlled drug release applications.
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Rupp C, Steckel H, Müller BW. Solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs by mixed micelles based on hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine. Int J Pharm 2010; 395:272-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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