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Klettenhammer S, Ferrentino G, Morozova K, Scampicchio M. Novel Technologies Based on Supercritical Fluids for the Encapsulation of Food Grade Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2020; 9:E1395. [PMID: 33023107 PMCID: PMC7601192 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for nutritive, functional and healthy foods has increased. This trend has induced the food industry to investigate novel technologies able to produce ingredients with enhanced functional and physicochemical properties. Among these technologies, one of the most promising is the encapsulation based on supercritical fluids. Thanks to the inherent absence of organic solvent, the low temperature of the process to reach a supercritical state and the capacity to dissolve lipid soluble bioactives, the encapsulation with supercritical carbon dioxide represents a green technology to produce several functional ingredients, with enhanced stability, high load and tailored protection from environmental factors. Furthermore, from the fine-tuning of the process parameters like temperature, pressure and flow rate, the resulting functional ingredient can be easily designed to tailor the controlled release of the bioactive, or to reach specific levels of taste, odor and color. Accordingly, the aim of the present review is to summarize the state of the art of the techniques based on supercritical carbon dioxide for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds of food interest. Pros and cons of such techniques will be highlighted, giving emphasis to their innovative aspects that could be of interest to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Ferrentino
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (S.K.); (K.M.); (M.S.)
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Varga N, Hornok V, Janovák L, Dékány I, Csapó E. The effect of synthesis conditions and tunable hydrophilicity on the drug encapsulation capability of PLA and PLGA nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 176:212-218. [PMID: 30623808 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Three drugs with different hydrophilicity are encapsulated in poly-lactide (PLA) and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) drug delivery systems prepared by ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Formation of well-defined core-shell type nanoparticles (NPs) is observed for α-tocopherol (TP) and by systematically altering the hydrophilicity of the drug carrier NPs the entrapment efficiency (EE (%)) can be remarkably controlled. The highest (90%) of EE (%) is obtained for the most lipophilic TP from the applied three drugs in the 75% lactide-containing PLGA75 NPs, which is ca. 69% for PLA NPs. Subsequent to drug loading the detailed characterization of the polymers and the formed NPs was carried out. Precipitation titrations reveal that our PLGAs have narrower weight distribution than the commercially available polymer enabling favorable properties to obtain NPs with better size distribution. It is pointed out that during the synthesis the applied solvent and stabilizing agent play a decisive role in the size distribution and stability of the drug carrier NPs. The Pluronic F127-stabilized NPs have the smallest diameter (ca. 190 nm) with less polydispersity among the applied stabilizing agent in nanoprecipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Varga
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, H-6720, Rerrich B. Square 1, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Hornok
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, H-6720, Rerrich B. Square 1, Szeged, Hungary; MTA Premium Post Doctorate Research Program, University of Szeged, Hungary.
| | - László Janovák
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, H-6720, Rerrich B. Square 1, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Dékány
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, H-6720, Rerrich B. Square 1, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720, Dóm square 8, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Csapó
- University of Szeged, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, H-6720, Rerrich B. Square 1, Szeged, Hungary; MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720, Dóm square 8, Szeged, Hungary.
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Tu W, Li X, Chen Z, Liu YD, Labardi M, Capaccioli S, Paluch M, Wang LM. Glass formability in medium-sized molecular systems/pharmaceuticals. I. Thermodynamics vs. kinetics. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:174502. [PMID: 27155640 DOI: 10.1063/1.4947476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrutinizing critical thermodynamic and kinetic factors for glass formation and the glass stability of materials would benefit the screening of the glass formers for the industry of glassy materials. The present work aims at elucidating the factors that contribute to the glass formation by investigating medium-sized molecules of pharmaceuticals. Glass transition related thermodynamics and kinetics are performed on the pharmaceuticals using calorimetric, dielectric, and viscosity measurements. The characteristic thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of glass transition are found to reproduce the relations established for small-molecule glass formers. The systematic comparison of the thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to glass formation reveals that the melting-point viscosity is the crucial quantity for the glass formation. Of more interest is the finding of a rough correlation between the melting-point viscosity and the entropy of fusion normalized by the number of beads of the pharmaceuticals, suggesting the thermodynamics can partly manifest its contribution to glass formation via kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Tu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Zeming Chen
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | - Ying Dan Liu
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
| | | | - Simone Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Sede Secondaria Pisa, Largo Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Li-Min Wang
- State Key Lab of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, China
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Abstract
The current experiment investigated the ability of coaxial electrospun poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) biodegradable polymer implants loaded with the antiepileptic drugs (AED) lacosamide to reduce seizures following implantation above the motor cortex in the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rat from Strasbourg (GAERS). In this prospective, randomized, masked experiments, GAERS underwent surgery for implantation of skull electrodes (n=6), skull electrodes and blank polymers (n=6), or skull electrodes and lacosamide loaded polymers (n=6). Thirty-minute electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were started at day 7 after surgery and continued for eight weeks. The number of SWDs and mean duration of one SWD were compared week-by-week between the three groups. There was no difference in the number of SWDs between any of the groups. However, the mean duration of one SWD was significantly lower in the lacosamide polymer group for up to 7 weeks when compared to the control group (0.004<p<0.038). The mean duration of one seizure was also lower at weeks 3, 5, 6, and 7 when compared to the blank polymer group (p= 0.016, 0.037, 0.025, and 0.025, resp.). We have demonstrated that AED loaded PLGA polymer sheets implanted on the surface of the cortex could affect seizure activity in GAERS for a sustained period.
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de Paz E, Rodríguez S, Kluge J, Martín Á, Mazzotti M, Cocero MJ. Solubility of β-carotene in poly-(ɛ-caprolactone) particles produced in colloidal state by Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE). J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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CO2-assisted high pressure homogenization: a solvent-free process for polymeric microspheres and drug-polymer composites. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:394-402. [PMID: 22750408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The study explores the enabling role of near-critical CO(2) as a reversible plasticizer in the high pressure homogenization of polymer particles, aiming at their comminution as well as at the formation of drug-polymer composites. First, the effect of near-critical CO(2) on the homogenization of aqueous suspensions of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) was investigated. Applying a pressure drop of 900 bar and up to 150 passes across the homogenizer, it was found that particles processed in the presence of CO(2) were generally of microspherical morphology and at all times significantly smaller than those obtained in the absence of a plasticizer. The smallest particles, exhibiting a median x(50) of 1.3 μm, were obtained by adding a small quantity of ethyl acetate, which exerts on PLGA an additional plasticizing effect during the homogenization step. Further, the study concerns the possibility of forming drug-polymer composites through simultaneous high pressure homogenization of the two relevant solids, and particularly the effect of near-critical CO(2) on this process. Therefore, PLGA was homogenized together with crystalline S-ketoprofen (S-KET), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, at a drug to polymer ratio of 1:10, a pressure drop of 900 bar and up to 150 passes across the homogenizer. When the process was carried out in the presence of CO(2), an impregnation efficiency of 91% has been reached, corresponding to 8.3 wt.% of S-KET in PLGA; moreover, composite particles were of microspherical morphology and significantly smaller than those obtained in the absence of CO(2). The formation of drug-polymer composites through simultaneous homogenization of the two materials is thus greatly enhanced by the presence of CO(2), which increases the efficiency for both homogenization and impregnation.
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Viry L, Moulton SE, Romeo T, Suhr C, Mawad D, Cook M, Wallace GG. Emulsion-coaxial electrospinning: designing novel architectures for sustained release of highly soluble low molecular weight drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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