Novel curcumin-loaded gel-core hyaluosomes with promising burn-wound healing potential: Development, in-vitro appraisal and in-vivo studies

Development and characterization of curcumin nanosuspension-embedded genipin-crosslinked chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel patch for effective wound healing

This study investigated the development of a genipin-crosslinked chitosan (CS)-based polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogel containing curcumin nanosuspensions (Cur-NSs) to promote wound healing in an excisional wound model. Cur-NSs were prepared, and a simplex centroid mixture design was employed to optimize hydrogel properties for high water absorption, degree of crosslinking, and sufficient toughness. The in vivo wound healing effect was tested in Wistar rats. The optimized hydrogel consisted of a 70:30 ratio of CS:PVP, crosslinked with a 2 % w/w genipin solution. It exhibited high swelling capability (486 %) while maintaining solidity, robustness, and durability. Incorporating 5 % w/w Cur-NSs resulted in a more compact structure, although with a reduction in swelling properties. The release kinetics of Cur from the hydrogel followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas Fickian diffusion model. In vitro biocompatibility studies demonstrated that the hydrogel was non-toxic to skin fibroblast cells. The in vivo experiment revealed a desirable wound healing rate with over 80 % recovery by day 7. Cur-NSs likely aided wound healing by reducing the inflammatory response and stimulating fibroblast proliferation. Additionally, the CS-based hydrogel provided a moist wound environment with hydration and gas transfer, further accelerating wound closure. These findings suggest that the Cur-NS-embedded hydrogel shows promise as a wound dressing material.

Evaluating the antibacterial effect of meropenem-loaded chitosan/sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles on Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospitalized patients

BACKGROUND

Acinetobacter baumannii is a health threat due to its antibiotic resistance. Herein, antibiotic susceptibility and its association with the Toxin-antitoxin (TA) system genes in A. baumannii clinical isolates from Iran were investigated. Next, we prepared meropenem-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MP-CS) and investigated their antibacterial effects against meropenem-susceptible bacterial isolates.

METHODS

Out of 240 clinical specimens, 60 A. baumannii isolates were assessed. Antibiotic resistance of the isolates against conventional antibiotics was determined alongside investigating the presence of three TA system genes (mazEF, relBE, and higBA). Chitosan nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and meropenem release activity. Their antibacterial effects were assessed using the well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and colony-forming unit (CFU) counting. Their cytotoxic effects and biocompatibility index were determined via the MTT, LDH, and ROS formation assays.

RESULTS

Ampicillin, ceftazidime, and colistin were the least effective, and amikacin and tobramycin were the most effective antibiotics. Out of the 60 isolates, 10 (16.7%), 5 (8.3%), and 45 (75%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pandrug-resistant (PDR), respectively. TA system genes had no significant effect on antibiotic resistance. MP-CS nanoparticles demonstrated an average size of 191.5 and zeta potential of 27.3 mV alongside a maximum encapsulation efficiency of 88.32% and release rate of 69.57%. MP-CS nanoparticles mediated similar antibacterial effects, as compared with free meropenem, against the A. baumannii isolates with significantly lower levels of meropenem. MP-CS nanoparticles remarkably prevented A549 and NCI-H292 cell infection by the A. baumannii isolates alongside demonstrating a favorable biocompatibility index.

CONCLUSION

Antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles should be further designed and investigated to increase their antibacterial effect against A. baumannii and assess their safety and applicability in vivo settings.

Potential of Curcumin in the Management of Skin Diseases

Curcumin is a polyphenolic molecule derived from the rhizoma of Curcuma longa L. This compound has been used for centuries due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. These make it ideal for preventing and treating skin inflammation, premature skin ageing, psoriasis, and acne. Additionally, it exhibits antiviral, antimutagenic, and antifungal effects. Curcumin provides protection against skin damage caused by prolonged exposure to UVB radiation. It reduces wound healing times and improves collagen deposition. Moreover, it increases fibroblast and vascular density in wounds. This review summarizes the available information on the therapeutic effect of curcumin in treating skin diseases. The results suggest that curcumin may be an inexpensive, well-tolerated, and effective agent for treating skin diseases. However, larger clinical trials are needed to confirm these observations due to limitations in its in vivo use, such as low bioavailability after oral administration and metabolism.

Dual-Drug-Loaded Core-Shell Electrospun Nanofiber Dressing for Deep Burns

The epidermis of a deep burn wound is entirely absent and the dermal tissue sustains significant damage, accompanied by a substantial amount of tissue exudate. Due to the excessively humid environment, the formation of a scab on the wound becomes challenging, leaving it highly vulnerable to external bacterial invasion. In this work, a core-shell dual-drug-loaded nanofiber dressing was prepared by electrospinning technology for the synergistic treatment of a deep burn. The shell layer consists of polycaprolactone and chitosan encapsulating asiaticoside, with the core layer comprising the clathrate of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and curcumin. Upon application to the wound, the dual-drug-loaded nanofiber dressing exhibited rapid release of asiaticoside, stimulating collagen deposition and promoting tissue repair. The core-shell structure and clathrate configuration ensured sustained release of curcumin, providing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions for the wound. The mechanical strength, broad-spectrum antibacterial ability, cell proliferation, and adhesion ability of the nanofiber dressing showed its potential as a medical dressing. This dressing also exhibited excellent wound healing promoting effects in the SD rat burn model. This paper provides a strategy for burn wound healing.

Preparation and in vitro characterization of curcumin loaded Chitosan-Hyaluronic acid polyelectrolyte complex based hydrogels

OBJECTIVE

The manuscript aims to prepare and comprehensively characterize curcumin-loaded chitosan-hyaluronic acid polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogels through in vitro assessments. By elucidating the formulation process, physicochemical attributes, and drug release kinetics, the study contributes to the producing of curcumin loaded new drug delivery system.

SIGNIFICANCE

This approach shows the unique synergy of the chosen polymers with curcumin. The meticulous in vitro analysis of the hydrogels cements their novel attributes, underlining their potential as efficacious and biocompatible curcumin carriers.

METHODS

To configure the optimum formulation variables, viscosity, swelling ratio, porosity, in vitro release, cell viability, and migration rate were determined. In addition, FTIR and SEM analyses were also carried out to define the characteristic of formulations.

RESULTS

Release kinetic determination is essential in estimating the release behavior of formulation in the body. All formulations showed Higuchi release kinetics, indicating that drug release from the semi-solid matrix was diffusion controlled.

CONCLUSION

As a result, in this study, a new formulation was produced based on a simple concept with acceptable quality parameter results promising to be conducted in the industry.

Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy of Curcumin: Advances in Delivery Systems and Clinical Applications

Curcumin, a potent active compound found in turmeric and Curcuma xanthorrhiza oil, possesses a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound healing activities. However, its clinical effectiveness is hindered by its low bioavailability and rapid elimination from the body. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored innovative delivery systems for curcumin. Some promising approaches include solid lipid nanoparticles, nanomicelle gels, and transdermal formulations for topical drug delivery. In the field of dentistry, curcumin gels have shown effectiveness against oral disorders and periodontal diseases. Moreover, Pickering emulsions and floating in situ gelling systems have been developed to target gastrointestinal health. Furthermore, curcumin-based systems have demonstrated potential in wound healing and ocular medicine. In addition to its therapeutic applications, curcumin also finds use as a food dye, contraception aid, corrosion-resistant coating, and environmentally friendly stain. This paper primarily focuses on the development of gel compositions of curcumin to address the challenges associated with its clinical use.

Curcumin-based nanoformulations alleviate wounds and related disorders: A comprehensive review

Despite numerous advantages, curcumin's (CUR) low solubility and low bioavailability limit its employment as a free drug. CUR-incorporated nanoformulation enhances the bioavailability and angiogenesis, collagen deposition, fibroblast proliferation, reepithelization, collagen synthesis, neovascularization, and granulation tissue formation in different wounds. Designing nanoformulations with controlled-release properties ensure the presence of CUR in the defective area during treatment. Different nanoformulations encompassing nanofibers, nanoparticles (NPs), nanospray, nanoemulsion, nanosuspension, nanoliposome, nanovesicle, and nanomicelle were described in the present study comprehensively. Moreover, for some other systems which contain nano-CUR or CUR nanoformulations, including some nanofibers, films, composites, scaffolds, gel, and hydrogels seems the CUR-loaded NPs incorporation has better control of the sustained release, and thereby, the presence of CUR until the final stages of wound healing is more possible. Incorporating CUR-loaded chitosan NPs into nanofiber increased the release time, while 80% of CUR was released during 240 h (10 days). Therefore, this system can guarantee the presence of CUR during the entire healing period. Furthermore, porous structures such as sponges, aerogels, some hydrogels, and scaffolds disclosed promising performance. These architectures with interconnected pores can mimic the native extracellular matrix, thereby facilitating attachment and infiltration of cells at the wound site, besides maintaining a free flow of nutrients and oxygen within the three-dimensional structure essential for rapid and proper wound healing, as well as enhancing mechanical strength.

Topical effect of polyherbal flowers extract on xanthan gum hydrogel patch-induced wound healing activity in human cell lines and male BALB/c mice

Wound or injury is a breakdown in the skin's protective function as well as damage to the normal tissues. Wound healing is a dynamic and complex phenomenon of replacing injured skin or body tissues. In ancient times theCalendula officinalisandHibiscus rosa-sinensisflowers were extensively used by the tribal communities as herbal medicine for various complications including wound healing. But loading and delivery of such herbal medicines are challenging because it maintains their molecular structure against temperature, moisture, and other ambient factors. This study has fabricated xanthan gum (XG) hydrogel through a facile process and encapsulatedC. officinalisandH. rosa-sinensisflower extract. The resulting hydrogel was characterized by different physical methods like x-ray diffractometer, UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, SEM, dynamic light scattering, electronkinetic potential in colloidal systems (ZETA) potential, thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), etc. The polyherbal extract was phytochemically screened and observed that flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, anthraquinones, glycosides, amino acids, and a few percentages of reducing sugar were present in the polyherbal extract. Polyherbal extract encapsulated XG hydrogel (X@C-H) significantly enhanced the proliferation of fibroblast and keratinocyte cell lines in comparison to the bare excipient treated cells as determined by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Also, the proliferation of these cells was confirmed by BrdU assay and enhanced expression of pAkt. In anin-vivostudy, wound healing activity of BALB/c mice was carried out and we observed that X@C-H hydrogel showed significant result compared to the other groups (untreated, X, X@C, X@H). Henceforth, we conclude that this synthesized biocompatible hydrogel could emerge as a promising carrier of more than one herbal excipients.

Gel Formulations for Topical Treatment of Skin Cancer: A Review

Skin cancer, with all its variations, is the most common type of cancer worldwide. Chemotherapy by topical application is an attractive strategy because of the ease of application and non-invasiveness. At the same time, the delivery of antineoplastic agents through the skin is difficult because of their challenging physicochemical properties (solubility, ionization, molecular weight, melting point) and the barrier function of the stratum corneum. Various approaches have been applied in order to improve drug penetration, retention, and efficacy. This systematic review aims at identifying the most commonly used techniques for topical drug delivery by means of gel-based topical formulations in skin cancer treatment. The excipients used, the preparation approaches, and the methods characterizing gels are discussed in brief. The safety aspects are also highlighted. The combinatorial formulation of nanocarrier-loaded gels is also reviewed from the perspective of improving drug delivery characteristics. Some limitations and drawbacks in the identified strategies are also outlined and considered within the future scope of topical chemotherapy.

Fucoidan/hyaluronic acid cross-linked zein nanoparticles loaded with fisetin as a novel targeted nanotherapy for oral cancer

Fisetin (FS) is an anticancer drug having potential role in oral tumors management. However, its clinical application is limited due to its hydrophobicity and instability. Bioactive polymers-based nanosystems have a great potential in cancer therapy. Herein, different biopolymers were selected for their anticancer activity and targeting ability for nanoparticles preparation namely; fucoidan (FU), zein (Zn) and hyaluronic acid (HA). The selected FS-loaded cross-linked Zn nanoparticles (ZFH) which contains HA& FU for Zn nanoparticles stabilization showed the most suitable particle size (196 ± 6.53 nm), mean surface net charge (-38.8 ± 1.47 mV) and entrapment efficiency (98 ± 1.2 %). This is the first study to utilize both HA &FU not only for stabilization but also for dual targeting effect due to their targeting ability to multiple tumor targets. In-vitro anticancer activity of ZHF revealed remarkable uptake by SCC-4 cells with significant cytotoxic action. Further, ZHF was appraised using 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced oral cancer in-vivo; ZHF significantly reduced OSCC-specific serum biomarkers levels, histologic tumor grade and increased caspase-3 level. Moreover, potential of destroying two key tumor regulatory cells; TECs and CSCs, was evaluated using their specific markers. The elaborated ZFH nanoparticles could be considered as promising targeted nanotherapy for oral cancer treatment with enhanced efficacy and survival rate.

Skin drug delivery using lipid vesicles: A starting guideline for their development

Lipid vesicles can provide a cost-effective enhancement of skin drug absorption when vesicle production process is optimised. It is an important challenge to design the ideal vesicle, since their properties and features are related, as changes in one affect the others. Here, we review the main components, preparation and characterization methods commonly used, and the key properties that lead to highly efficient vesicles for transdermal drug delivery purposes. We stand by size, deformability degree and drug loading, as the most important vesicle features that determine the further transdermal drug absorption. The interest in this technology is increasing, as demonstrated by the exponential growth of publications on the topic. Although long-term preservation and scalability issues have limited the commercialization of lipid vesicle products, freeze-drying and modern escalation methods overcome these difficulties, thus predicting a higher use of these technologies in the market and clinical practice.

Curcumin Release from Biomaterials for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration Following Injury or Disease

Curcumin, a bioactive phenol derived from turmeric, is an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial molecule. Although curcumin exhibits beneficial effects in its innate form, it is highly hydrophobic, which leads to poor water solubility and, consequently, low bioavailability. The lack of bioavailability limits curcumin's effectiveness as a treatment and restricts its use in clinical applications. Furthermore, to achieve beneficial, clinically relevant results, high doses of curcumin are required for systemic administration. Many researchers have utilized biomaterial carriers, including electrospun fibers, nanoparticles, hydrogels, and composite scaffolds, to overcome curcumin's principle therapeutic limitation of low bioavailability. By using biomaterials to deliver curcumin directly to injury sites, researchers have harnessed the beneficial natural properties of curcumin while providing scaffolding to support tissue regeneration. This review will provide an in-depth overview of the literature that utilizes biomaterial delivery of curcumin for tissue regeneration in injury and disease models.

Accelerated Simple Preparation of Curcumin-Loaded Silk Fibroin/Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

The development of new biomaterials from natural fibres in the field of biomedicine have attracted great interest in recent years. One of the most studied fibres has been silk fibroin produced by the Bombyx mori worm, due to its excellent mechanical properties and its biodegradability and bioavailability. Among the different biomaterials that can be prepared from silk fibroin, hydrogels have attracted considerable attention due to their potential use in different fields, such as scaffolding, cell therapy and biomedical application. Hydrogels are essentially a three-dimensional network of flexible polymer chains that absorb considerable amounts of water and can be loaded with drugs and/or cells inside to be used in a wide variety of applications. Here we present a simple sonication process for the preparation of curcumin-hyaluronic acid-silk fibroin hydrogels. Different grades of hydrogels were prepared by controlling the relative amounts of their components. The hydrogels were physically and morphologically characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and their biological activity was tested in terms of cell viability in a fibroblast cell line.

Development of Verapamil Hydrochloride-loaded Biopolymer-based Composite Electrospun Nanofibrous Mats: In vivo Evaluation of Enhanced Burn Wound Healing without Scar Formation

Introduction

Researchers aim for new heights in wound healing to produce wound dressings with unique features. Natural, synthetic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers especially in the nanoscale are being employed to support and provide efficient wound management. Economical and environmentally friendly sustainable wound management alternatives are becoming an urgent issue to meet future needs. Nanofibrous mats possess unique properties for ideal wound healing. They mimic the physical structure of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), promote hemostasis, and gas permeation. Their interconnected nanoporosity prevents wound dehydration and microbial infiltration.

Purpose

To prepare and evaluate a novel verapamil HCl-loaded environmentally friendly composite, with biopolymer-based electrospun nanofibers suitable for application as wound dressings providing adequate wound healing with no scar formation.

Methods

Composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning of a blend of the natural biocompatible polymers, sodium alginate (SA) or zein (Z) together with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Composite nanofibers were characterized in terms of morphology, diameter, drug entrapment efficiency, and release. In vivo study of the therapeutic efficacy of verapamil HCl-loaded nanofibers on a Sprague Dawley rat model with dermal burn wound was investigated in terms of percent wound closure, and presence of scars.

Results

Combining PVA with SA or Z improved the electrospinnability and properties of the developed nanofibers. Verapamil HCl-loaded composite nanofibers showed good pharmaceutical attributes favorable for wound healing including, fiber diameter ∼150 nm, high entrapment efficiency (∼80-100%) and biphasic controlled drug release for 24 h. In vivo study demonstrated promising potentials for wound healing without scaring.

Conclusion

The developed nanofibrous mats combined the beneficial properties of the biopolymers and verapamil HCl to provide an increased functionality by exploiting the unique advantages of nanofibers in wound healing at a small dose proved to be insufficient in case of the conventional dosage form.

Recent Advances of Hyaluronan for Skin Delivery: From Structure to Fabrication Strategies and Applications

Hyaluronan (HA) plays a fundamental role in maintaining the homeostasis on skin health. Furthermore, the effect of HA in skin inflammatory diseases is worth studying in the next future. HA and its conjugates change the solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients, improve emulsion properties, prolong stability, reduce immunogenicity, and provide targeting. HA penetrates to deeper layers of the skin via several mechanisms, which depend on the macromolecular structure and composition of the formulation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in epidermal dysfunction and skin aging are not well understood. Nevertheless, HA is known to selectively activate CD44-mediated keratinocyte signaling that regulates its proliferation, migration, and differentiation. The molecular size of HA is critical for molecular mechanisms and interactions with receptors. High molecular weight HA is used in emulsions and low molecular weight is used to form nanostructured lipid carriers, polymeric micelles, bioconjugates, and nanoparticles. In the fabrication of microneedles, HA is combined with other polymers to enhance mechanical properties for piercing the skin. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art and last reported ways of processing, and applications in skin drug delivery, which will advocate for their broadened use in the future.

Hydroalcoholic extract of Remijia ferruginea accelerates the closure of skin wounds by modulating tissue morphology and antioxidant profile: An in vitro and in vivo study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Remijia ferruginea DC. (Rubiaceae) (syn. Cinchona ferruginea A.St.-Hil.) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of wounds, fever and malaria.

AIM

This study investigated in vitro the proliferative and antioxidant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of R. ferruginea (HERF) and in vivo the healing effect of ointment based on HERF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The plant extract was characterized by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Cell proliferation assays and in vitro antioxidant activity were performed. In in vivo assays, wound contraction ax was evaluated, as well as histological analyzes such as cellularity, proportion of blood vessels and collagen type I and III index. In addition, analyzes of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and GST were performed.

RESULTS

Our results showed in the chromatographic analysis that catechin, rutin and quercetin were the main phenolic compounds in the plant extract and may be responsible for the antioxidant and proliferative effects (p < 0.05). In addition, these compounds were found in higher concentration in leaves collected in spring. The ointment containing HERF was able to modulate tissue morphology, increasing cell proliferation, blood vessels, being able to stimulate the production of collagen fibers type I and III, (p < 0.05) contributing to scar tissue maturation and resistance.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that the three doses of HERF tested (1%, 3% and 5%) can modulate the skin repair process, but the best effects were observed after exposure to the highest dose.

Novel Curcumin-Encapsulated α-Tocopherol Nanoemulsion System and Its Potential Application for Wound Healing in Diabetic Animals

Objective

This project was aimed at formulating a novel nanoemulsion system and evaluating it for open incision wound healing in diabetic animals.

Methods

The nanoemulsions were characterized for droplet size and surface charge, drug content, antioxidant and antimicrobial profiling, and wound healing potential in diabetic animals. The skin samples excised were also analyzed for histology, mechanical strength, and vibrational and thermal analysis.

Results

The optimized nanoemulsion (CR-NE-II) exhibited droplet size of26.76 ± 0.9 nm with negative surface charge (−10.86 ± 1.06 mV), was homogenously dispersed with drug content of68.05 ± 1.2%, released almost82.95 ± 2.2%of the drug within first 2 h of experiment with synergistic antioxidant (95 ± 2.1%) and synergistic antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial strains in comparison to blank nanoemulsion, and promoted significantly fast percent reepithelization (96.47%). The histological, vibrational, thermal, and strength analysis of selected skin samples depicted a uniform and even distribution of collagen fibers which translated into significant increase in strength of skin samples in comparison to the control group.

Conclusions

The optimized nanoemulsion system significantly downregulated the oxidative stress, enhanced collagen deposition, and precluded bacterial contamination of wound, thus accelerating the skin tissue regeneration process.

The combined use of photobiomodulation and curcumin-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles significantly improved wound healing in diabetic rats compared to either treatment alone

This experimental study examined the effects of curcumin-loaded iron oxide nanoparticles (CUR), photobiomodulation (PBM), and CUR + PBM treatments on mast cells (MC)s numbers and degranulation, inflammatory cells (macrophages, neutrophils), and wound strength in the last step of the diabetic wound repair process (maturation phase) in a rat model of type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM). T1DM was induced in 24 rats, and 1 month later, an excisional wound was created on each rat's back skin. The rats were then distributed into four groups: (1) untreated diabetic control group (UDCG); (2) rats treated with CUR (CUR); (3) rats exposed to PBM (890 nm, 80 Hz, 0.2 J/cm²) (PBM); (4) rats treated with CUR plus PBM (CUR + PBM). Fifteen days after surgery, skin tissue samples were taken for biomechanical and stereological evaluations. The biomechanical factor of maximum force was observed to be considerably improved in the CUR + PBM (p = 0.000), PBM (p = 0.014), and CUR (p = 0.003) groups compared to the UDCG. CUR + PBM, PBM, and CUR groups had significantly decreased total numbers of MC compared with the UDCG (all, p = 0.001). The results were significantly better in the CUR + PBM (p = 0.000) and PBM (p = 0.003) groups than in the CUR group. Inflammatory cell counts were significantly lower in the CUR + PBM, PBM, and CUR groups than in the UDCG (all, p = 0.0001). In all evaluating methods, the usage of CUR + PBM produced better results than the use of CUR or PBM alone (almost all tests, p = 0.0001). CUR + PBM, PBM, and CUR significantly improved the repair of diabetic skin wounds in type 1 DM rats through significant decreases of MC number, degranulation, and inflammatory cells as well as a noteworthy improvement in wound strength. The impact of CUR + PBM was superior to that of either PBM or CUR alone. It is suggested that CUR + PBM could be used as a MC stabilizer for the effective treatment of some related human diseases.

Vesicular Nanocarriers for Phytocompounds in Wound Care: Preparation and Characterization

The need to develop wound healing preparations is a pressing challenge given the limitations of the current treatment and the rising prevalence of impaired healing wounds. Although herbal extracts have been used for many years to treat skin disorders, due to their wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, their efficacy can be questionable because of their poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanotechnology offers an opportunity to revolutionize wound healing therapies by including herbal compounds in nanosystems. Particularly, vesicular nanosystems exhibit beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, targeted and sustained delivery capacity, and increased phytocompounds’ bioavailability and protection, conferring them a great potential for future applications in wound care. This review summarizes the beneficial effects of phytocompounds in wound healing and emphasizes the advantages of their entrapment in vesicular nanosystems. Different types of lipid nanocarriers are presented (liposomes, niosomes, transferosomes, ethosomes, cubosomes, and their derivates’ systems), highlighting their applications as carriers for phytocompounds in wound care, with the presentation of the state-of-art in this field. The methods of preparation, characterization, and evaluation are also described, underlining the properties that ensure good in vitro and in vivo performance. Finally, future directions of topical systems in which vesicle-bearing herbal extracts or phytocompounds can be incorporated are pointed out, as their development is emerging as a promising strategy.

Novel Clotrimazole and Vitis vinifera loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Antifungal and wound healing efficiencies

Chitosan integrated nanoparticles of clotrimazole and Egyptian Vitis vinifera juice extract was evaluated in order to maximize the antifungal activity and reduce the gross side effects. In the present study Egyptian Thompson Seedless Vitis vinifera and Clotrimazole (Cz) loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NCs/VJ/Cz) showed a promising antifungal effect with average inhibition zone diameters of 74 and 72 mm against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger respectively. NCs/VJ /Cz was stable with significant drug entrapment efficiency reached 94.7%; PDI 0.24; zeta potential value + 31 and average size 35.4 nm diameter. Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of skin retention, permeation and wound repair potentialities of NCs/VJ /Cz ointment was examined by experimental rats with wounded skin fungal infection. Data proved the ability of NCs/VJ /Cz to gradually release the drugs in a sustained manner with complete wound healing effect and tissue repair after 7 days administration. As a conclusion NCs/VJ /Cz ointment can be used as a novel anti-dermatophytic agent with high wound healing capacity.

Microwave-Assisted Physically Cross-Linked Chitosan-Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Membrane Doped with Curcumin as a Novel Wound Healing Platform

This project purposes to develop chitosan and sodium alginate-based hydrogel membranes loaded with curcumin through microwave-based physical cross-linking technique and its evaluation for wound healing potential. For the purpose, curcumin-loaded chitosan and sodium alginate membranes were developed using microwave at fixed frequency of 2450 MHz, power 350 W for 60 s, and tested for their physicochemical attributes like swelling, erosion, surface morphology, drug content, and in vitro drug release. The membranes were also subjected to tensile strength and vibrational and thermal analysis followed by testing in vivo on animals. The results indicated that microwave treatment significantly enhanced the swelling ability, reduced the erosion, and ensured smooth surface texture with optimal drug content. The drug was released in a slow fashion releasing total of 41 ± 4.2% within 24-h period with a higher tensile strength of 16.4 ± 5.3 Mpa. The vibrational analysis results revealed significant fluidization of hydrophilic domains and defluidization of hydrophobic domains which translated into a significant rise in the melting temperature and corresponding enthalpy which were found to be 285.2 ± 3.2 °C and 4.89 ± 1.4 J/g. The in vivo testing revealed higher percent re-epithelialization (75 ± 2.3%) within 14 days of the treatment application in comparison to only gauze and other treatments applied, with higher extent of collagen deposition having well-defined epidermis and stratum corneum formation. The microwave-treated chitosan-sodium alginate hydrogel membranes loaded with curcumin may prove to be another alternative to treat skin injuries. Graphical Abstract.

Inspiring biomimetic system based on red blood cell membrane vesicles for effective curcumin loading and release

The aim of this study is to introduce an inspiring biomimetic system based on the red blood cell membrane (RBCM) vesicles for improved encapsulation efficiency and release of curcumin (Cur). Here, the role of the sonication time (0.5, 1.5, 3 and 5 min) on the properties of RBCM-CUR vesicles is investigated. It is determined that the hydrodynamic vesicle size, zeta potential, and release behavior are tunable by changing the sonication time. Noticeably, the average size of vesicles decreased from 163.0 ± 21 nm to 116.3 ± 16 nm by increasing the sonication time from 0.5 to 5 min. Moreover, the drug release value, after 24 h incubation, enhances from 57 to 99% with the expansion of sonication from 0.5 to 5 min. Additionally, the entrapment efficiency of Cur as a model drug is high in whole sonication time, owing to the amphiphilic nature of RBCM. Finally, the RBCM-CUR vesicles are not only cytocompatible, but also could support the attachment and proliferation of fibroblast cells in vitro. The RBCM based system for delivery of Cur could be a promising system for the wound healing applications.

Ultrashort Peptides and Hyaluronic Acid-Based Injectable Composite Hydrogels for Sustained Drug Release and Chronic Diabetic Wound Healing

Peptide hydrogels are widely used for biomedical applications owing to their good biocompatibility and unique advantages in terms of amino acid-based structures and functions. However, the exploration of the peptide/saccharide composite hydrogels as potential biomaterials for chronic diabetic wound healing is still limited. Herein, hyaluronic acid (HA) was incorporated into diphenylalanine (FF) conjugated with different aromatic moieties by a one-pot reaction. Our results showed that the dipeptide derivatives modified by benzene (B), naphthalene (N), and pyrene (P) self-assembled into composite hydrogels with uniform distribution and good mechanical properties in the presence of HA. The obtained N-FF/HA composite hydrogel exhibited greatly improved self-healing properties via injection syringe needle operation and good biocompatibility on human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells. Besides, the structure of thinner nanofibers and honeycomb networks inside the composite hydrogel allowed for a longer sustained release of curcumin, a hydrophobic drug for anti-inflammation and wound healing. The curcumin-loaded N-FF/HA composite hydrogels could promote chronic wound healing in the streptozotocin-induced type I diabetic mouse model. The results suggested that our developed saccharide-peptide hydrogels could serve as very promising synthetic biomaterials for applications in both drug delivery and wound healing in the future.

Alternative Wound Management: Translating Science into Practice

GENERAL PURPOSE

To present a scoping review of preclinical and clinical trial evidence supporting the efficacy and/or safety of major alternative wound care agents to summarize their effects on validated elements of wound bed preparation and wound management paradigms.

TARGET AUDIENCE

This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES

After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:1. Differentiate the effectiveness of the topical wound care agents included in this review.2. Compare the preventive efficacy of intravenous agents administered to trauma and surgical patients.3. Select the effectiveness of products in this review that are left in place after surgical procedures.4. Identify an oral agent that can be helpful in mitigating the effects of COVID-19.

Lipid engineered nanoparticle therapy for burn wound treatment

INTRODUCTION

Skin is the largest organ of the human body protecting the underlying organs and tissues from any foreign attack. Any damage caused in the skin may sometimes result in serious consequences within the internal body tissues. Burn is one such issue that damage the layers of skin and thereby makingthe skin vulnerableand pronefor any foreign matter to enter and cause serious diseases.

METHODS

An online literature assessment was steered for the lipid nanoparticles, burn wound treatments, and different types of nanoformulation. Appropriate information was taken from different electronic scientific databases such as Web of Science, Elsevier, Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar etc.,Additional data was summarized from textbooks, local prints and scripts.

RESULTS

Recent innovations and developments in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems has shown promising results in minimizing the drawbacks associated with conventional therapies. Lipid based nanoparticles possess capabilities to deliver active agents to their target site without the possibility of degradation. Conventional therapy of burn wound is costly and the treatment is long lasting, making the patient uncomfortable. Moreover, italso doesn't yield satisfactory results or narrow effects.Encapsulation of bioactives inside the lipid core protects the active entity from pH and enzymatic degradations.

CONCLUSION

This review highlights the drawbacks associated with the conventional dosage forms. A lot of consideration is focused on the advancement of nanomaterials using innovative methods in wound care for treating burn wounds with the faster healing effect.This review article highlights recent developments in lipid based nanoformulations for treatment of burn wound injury.

Diacerein-Loaded Hyaluosomes as a Dual-Function Platform for Osteoarthritis Management via Intra-Articular Injection: In Vitro Characterization and In Vivo Assessment in a Rat Model

The application of intra-articular injections in osteoarthritis management has gained great attention lately. In this work, novel intra-articular injectable hyaluronic acid gel-core vesicles (hyaluosomes) loaded with diacerein (DCN), a structural modifying osteoarthritis drug, were developed. A full factorial design was employed to study the effect of different formulation parameters on the drug entrapment efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. Results showed that the prepared optimized DCN- loaded hyaluosomes were able to achieve high entrapment (90.7%) with a small size (310 nm). The morphology of the optimized hyaluosomes was further examined using TEM, and revealed spherical shaped vesicles with hyaluronic acid in the core. Furthermore, the ability of the prepared DCN-loaded hyaluosomes to improve the in vivo inflammatory condition, and deterioration of cartilage in rats (injected with antigen to induce arthritis) following intra-articular injection was assessed, and revealed superior function on preventing cartilage damage, and inflammation. The inflammatory activity assessed by measuring the rat’s plasma TNF-α and IL-1b levels, revealed significant elevation in the untreated group as compared to the treated groups. The obtained results show that the prepared DCN-loaded hyaluosomes would represent a step forward in the design of novel intra articular injection for management of osteoarthritis.

Curcumin nanoformulations for antimicrobial and wound healing purposes

The development and spread of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is hampering the management of microbial infectious and wound healing processes. Curcumin is the most active and effective constituent of Curcuma longa L., also known as turmeric, and has a very long and strong history of medicinal value for human health and skincare. Curcumin has been proposed as strong antimicrobial potentialities and many attempts have been made to determine its ability to conjointly control bacterial growth and promote wound healing. However, low aqueous solubility, poor tissue absorption and short plasma half-life due its rapid metabolism needs to be solved for made curcumin formulations as suitable treatment for wound healing. New curcumin nanoformulations have been designed to solve the low bioavailability problem of curcumin. Thus, in the present review, the therapeutic applications of curcumin nanoformulations for antimicrobial and wound healing purposes is described.

Lipid nanovesicles for biomedical applications: 'What is in a name'?

Vesicles, generally defined as self-assembled structures formed by single or multiple concentric bilayers that surround an aqueous core, have been widely used for biomedical applications. They can either occur naturally (e.g. exosomes) or be produced artificially and range from the micrometric scale to the nanoscale. One the most well-known vesicle is the liposome, largely employed as a drug delivery nanocarrier. Liposomes have been modified along the years to improve physicochemical and biological features, resulting in long-circulating, ligand-targeted and stimuli-responsive liposomes, among others. In this process, new nomenclatures were reported in an extensive literature. In many instances, the new names suggest the emergence of a new nanocarrier, which have caused confusion as to whether the vesicles are indeed new entities or could simply be considered modified liposomes. Herein, we discussed the extensive nomenclature of vesicles based on the suffix "some" that are employed for drug delivery and composed of various types and proportions of lipids and others amphiphilic compounds. New names have most often been selected based on changes of vesicle lipid composition, but the payload, structural complexity (e.g. multicompartment) and new/improved proprieties (e.g. elasticity) have also inspired new vesicle names. Based on this discussion, we suggested a rational classification for vesicles.

Response Surface Optimization of Ultra-Elastic Nanovesicles Loaded with Deflazacort Tailored for Transdermal Delivery: Accentuated Bioavailability and Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy

PURPOSE

The aim of the present study was to develop deflazacort (DFZ) ultra-elastic nanovesicles (UENVs) loaded gel for topical administration to evade gastrointestinal adverse impacts accompanying DFZ oral therapy.

METHODS

UENVs were elaborated according to D-optimal mixture design employing different edge activators as Span-60, Tween-85 and sodium cholate which were incorporated into the nanovesicles to improve the deformability of vesicles bilayer. DFZ-UENVs were formulated by thin-film hydration technique followed by characterization for different parameters including entrapment efficiency (%EE), particle size, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies. The composition of the optimized DFZ-UENV formulation was found to be DFZ (10 mg), Span-60 (30 mg), Tween-85 (30 mg), sodium cholate (3.93 mg), L-α phosphatidylcholine (60 mg) and cholesterol (30 mg). The optimum formulation was incorporated into hydrogel base then characterized in terms of physical parameters, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation study and pharmacodynamics evaluation. Finally, pharmacokinetic study in rabbits was performed via transdermal application of UENVs gel in comparison to oral drug.

RESULTS

The optimum UENVs formulation exhibited %EE of 74.77±1.33, vesicle diameter of 219.64±2.52 nm, 68.88±1.64% of DFZ released after 12 h and zeta potential of -55.57±1.04 mV. The current work divulged successful augmentation of the bioavailability of DFZ optimum formulation by about 1.37-fold and drug release retardation compared to oral drug tablets besides significant depression of edema, cellular inflammation and capillary congestion in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.

CONCLUSION

The transdermal DFZ-UENVs can achieve boosted bioavailability and may be suggested as an auspicious non-invasive alternative platform for oral route.

Wound Healing Effect of Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet on a Rat Burn Wound Model: A Preliminary Study

Worldwide, an estimated 6 million patients seek medical attention for burns annually. Various treatment methods and materials have been investigated and developed to enhance burn wound healing. Recently, a new technology, plasma medicine, has emerged to offer new solutions in wound care. As the development of plasma medicine has shown benefit in wound healing, we aimed to assess the effects of plasma medicine on burn wounds. To investigate the effectiveness of a nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet (NAPPJ) for burn wound treatment on a brass comb burn wound rat model. Burn wounds were made by applying a preheated brass comb (100°C) for 2 minutes, which resulted in four full-thickness burn wounds separated by three interspaces. Interspaces were exposed to NAPPJ treatment for 2 minutes and morphological changes and neutrophil infiltration were monitored at 0, 4, and 7 days post-wounding. The percentage of necrotic interspace was higher in the control group than in the plasma-treated group (51.8 ± 20.5% vs 31.5 ± 19.0%, P < .001). Moreover, the exposure of interspace to NAPPJ greatly reduced the number of infiltrating neutrophils. In addition, the percentage of interspace that underwent full-thickness necrosis in the plasma-treated group was smaller than that in the control group (28% vs 67%). NAPPJ exposure on interspaces has a positive effect on burn wounds leading to wound healing by reducing burn injury progression.

Formulation and Evaluation of Microwave-Modified Chitosan-Curcumin Nanoparticles-A Promising Nanomaterials Platform for Skin Tissue Regeneration Applications Following Burn Wounds

Improved physicochemical properties of chitosan-curcumin nanoparticulate carriers using microwave technology for skin burn wound application are reported. The microwave modified low molecular weight chitosan variant was used for nanoparticle formulation by ionic gelation method nanoparticles analyzed for their physicochemical properties. The antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures, cytotoxicity and cell migration using human dermal fibroblasts-an adult cell line-were studied. The microwave modified chitosan variant had significantly reduced molecular weight, increased degree of deacetylation and decreased specific viscosity. The nanoparticles were nano-sized with high positive charge and good dispersibility with entrapment efficiency and drug content in between 99% and 100%, demonstrating almost no drug loss. Drug release was found to be sustained following Fickian the diffusion mechanism for drug release with higher cumulative drug release observed for formulation (F)2. The microwave treatment does not render a destructive effect on the chitosan molecule with the drug embedded in the core of nanoparticles. The optimized formulation precluded selected bacterial strain colonization, exerted no cytotoxic effect, and promoted cell migration within 24 h post application in comparison to blank and/or control application. Microwave modified low molecular weight chitosan-curcumin nanoparticles hold potential in delivery of curcumin into the skin to effectively treat skin manifestations.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gellan gum hydrogel films: Assessing the co impact of therapeutic oils and ofloxacin on wound healing

Herein, we report co-encapsulation of ofloxacin with tea tree or lavender oil in gellan gum based hydrogel films by solvent casting ionotropic gelation method as wound dressing. Prepared films were transparent, flexible, and displayed antioxidant activity with superior antibacterial response against common inhabitants of wound i.e. gram positive and negative bacteria. Solid-state characterization of optimized formulation (OL3 and OT3) revealed successful incorporation of drug and oils in hydrogel structure without any noticeable interaction. In vitro release studies showed an initial burst release but remaining portion released in controlled manner over 48 h from the films and furthermore, presence of oils did not affected the ofloxacin release. Optimized formulation containing ofloxacin and 25% w/w lavender/tea tree oil showed 98% wound contraction in rats after ten days of treatment. Histological images displayed completely healed epidermis. Taken together, our prepared hydrogel films demonstrated favorable features with appreciable antibacterial, wound healing activity and could be useful for the treatment of full thickness wounds.

Fabrication of Bacterial Cellulose-Curcumin Nanocomposite as a Novel Dressing for Partial Thickness Skin Burn

The current study aimed to fabricate curcumin-loaded bacterial cellulose (BC-Cur) nanocomposite as a potential wound dressing for partial thickness burns by utilizing the therapeutic features of curcumin and unique structural, physico-chemical, and biological features of bacterial cellulose (BC). Characterization analyses confirmed the successful impregnation of curcumin into the BC matrix. Biocompatibility studies showed the better attachment and proliferation of fibroblast cells on the BC-Cur nanocomposite. The antibacterial potential of curcumin was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Wound healing analysis of partial-thickness burns in Balb^c mice showed an accelerated wound closure up to 64.25% after 15 days in the BC-Cur nanocomposite treated group. Histological studies showed healthy granulation tissues, fine re-epithelialization, vascularization, and resurfacing of wound bed in the BC-Cur nanocomposite group. These results indicate that combining BC with curcumin significantly improved the healing pattern. Thus, it can be concluded that the fabricated biomaterial could provide a base for the development of promising alternatives for the conventional dressing system in treating burns.

Gelation of the internal core of liposomes as a strategy for stabilization and modified drug delivery I. Physico-chemistry study

Since the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery, both polymer-based and lipid-based nanocarriers have demonstrated clinical benefits, improving both drug efficacy and safety. However, to further address the challenges of the drug delivery field, hybrid lipid-polymer nanocomposites have been designed to merge the beneficial features of both polymer-based and lipid-based delivery systems in a single nanocarrier. Within this scenario, this work is aimed at developing novel hybrid vesicles following the recent strategy of modifying the internal structure of liposomes. Specifically, polyethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (PEG-DMA, molecular weight 750 or 4000), was entrapped within unilamellar liposomes made of hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol, and photo-crosslinked, in order to transform the aqueous inner core of liposomes into a soft and elastic hydrogel. After appropriate optimization of the preparation and gelation procedures, the primary objective of this work was to analyze the effect of the molecular weight of PEG-DMA on the main properties of these Gel-in-Liposome (GiL) systems. Indeed, by varying the molecular weight of PEG-DMA also its hydrophilic/lipophilic balance was modified and different arrangements of the polymer within the structure of liposomes as well as different interaction with their membrane were obtained. Both polymers were found in the inner core of the liposomes, however, the more hydrophobic PEG₇₅₀-DMA also formed localized clusters within the liposome membrane, whereas the more hydrophilic PEG₄₀₀₀-DMA formed a polymeric corona on the vesicle surface. Preliminary cytotoxicity studies were also performed to evaluate the biological safety of these GiL systems and their suitability as innovative materials drug delivery application.

Biological applications study of bio-nanocomposites based on chitosan/TiO2 nanoparticles polymeric films modified by oleic acid

The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize nanocomposite films to improve the treatment of skin wounds by applying the film as a bandage. To modify chitosan (Cs) and to prepare nanocomposites, a mixture between titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) was performed at different concentrations (2, 5, 10 and 15 wt%) and oleic acid (OA). The thin nanocomposite films were prepared by using casting method. The prepared films (Cs, Cs/TiO₂ NPs, Cs/OA and Cs/OA/TiO₂ NPs) were described by water absorption (swelling study) and biological degradation. Physico-chemical characterizations of Cs, Cs/OA, Cs/TiO₂ NPs and Cs/OA/TiO₂ NPs (with only 15 wt% TiO₂ NPs) films were determined by X-ray diffraction, transmission high-resolution electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as their mechanical properties. Antimicrobial activity against microorganisms has been studied to assess activity against bacteria. The prepared nanocomposite films showed good antimicrobial activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The therapeutic effects of Cs-TiO₂ NPs-oleic acid nanocomposites on healing excision wounds were studied in rat animal model. The data obtained revealed that groups treated with nanocomposites showed enhancement wound closure and speed up wound healing time.

Development and Characterization of Squalene-Loaded Topical Agar-Based Emulgel Scaffold: Wound Healing Potential in Full-Thickness Burn Model

Full-thickness burns pose a major challenge for clinicians to handle because of their restricted self-healing ability. Even though several approaches have been implemented for repairing these burnt skin tissue defects, all of them had unsatisfactory outcomes. Moreover, during recent years, skin tissue engineering techniques have emerged as a promising approach to improve skin tissue regeneration and overcome the shortcomings of the traditional approaches. Although previous literatures report the wound healing effects of the squalene oil, in the current study, for the first time, we developed a squalene-loaded emulgel-based scaffold as a novel approach for potential skin regeneration. This squalene-loaded agar-based emulgel scaffold was fabricated by using physical cross-linking technique using lecithin as an emulsifier. Characterization studies such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the amorphous nature, chemical interactions, and cross-linked capabilities of the developed emulgel scaffold. The squalene-loaded emulgel scaffold showed excellent wound contraction when compared with the agar gel and negative control. In case of the histopathology and recent immunohistochemistry findings, it was clearly evidenced that squalene-loaded emulgel promoted faster rate of the revascularization and macrophage polarization in order to enhance the burn wound healing. Moreover, the findings also revealed that the incorporation of squalene oil into the formulation enhances collagen deposition and accelerates the burnt skin tissue regeneration process. Finally, we conclude that the squalene-loaded emulgel scaffold could be an effective formulation used in the treatment of the burnt skin tissue defects.

Novel Siwa propolis and colistin-integrated chitosan nanoparticles: elaboration; in vitro and in vivo appraisal

Aim: The present study aimed to formulate novel cremophore-decorated chitosan nanoparticles of colistin, integrated with Siwa propolis extract, to solve bacterial resistance to colistin. Materials & methods: The novel nanoformula was prepared using an incorporation method. Physicochemical assessment and in vivo studies of the selected nanoformulations were performed. Results: The nanoformulation exhibited a nanosize of 48.3 nm, high ζ potential (43.6 mV), high entrapment efficiency (75%) and complete bacterial growth eradication within 2 h (minimum inhibitory concentration = 6.25 μg/ml). Histological examination showed that incorporation of colistin into the nanoformulation could successfully prevent its nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: Tailoring of proper nanocarrier could successfully revert bacteria from being colistin-resistant to colistin-sensitive. The developed nanoformulation can be considered as a potential antibacterial agent in pneumonia treatment.

Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Loading of Natural Plant Extracts and Their Biomedical Applications

Many types of research have distinctly addressed the efficacy of natural plant metabolites used for human consumption both in cell culture and preclinical animal model systems. However, these in vitro and in vivo effects have not been able to be translated for clinical use because of several factors such as inefficient systemic delivery and bioavailability of promising agents that significantly contribute to this disconnection. Over the past decades, extraordinary advances have been made successfully on the development of novel drug delivery systems for encapsulation of plant active metabolites including organic, inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles. The advanced formulas are confirmed to have extraordinary benefits over conventional and previously used systems in the manner of solubility, bioavailability, toxicity, pharmacological activity, stability, distribution, sustained delivery, and both physical and chemical degradation. The current review highlights the development of novel nanocarrier for plant active compounds, their method of preparation, type of active ingredients, and their biomedical applications.

Silica microsphere–resorcinol composite embedded collagen scaffolds impart scar-less healing of chronic infected burns in type-I diabetic and non-diabetic rats

Biocompatible hybrid collagen scaffolds embedded with a silica–resorcinol composite promote scar-less wound healing in chronically infected deep second-degree burns.

Curcumin-Loaded Mesoporous Silica Particles as Wound-Healing Agent: An In vivo Study

BACKGROUND

Curcumin likely has wound-healing properties, but its poor pharmacokinetic attributes inhibit its potential. To overcome these limitations, a novel nanoformulation was previously developed, wherein curcumin was loaded into mesoporous silica particles.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study is to assess the efficiency of this nanocurcumin formulation as a wound-healing agent in an animal model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Curcumin was loaded onto mesoporous silica particles. Eighteen healthy, test-naive male Wistar rats were randomly separated into two groups of 9: Group 1 (control) rats were treated topically with a standard drug (sulfadiazine) and Group 2 with 1% curcumin formulation. A circular excision wound was made, and topical application was performed twice a day. The excision diameters were measured on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 of treatment. Three rats from each group were sacrificed on days 7, 14 and 21, and a cross-section from skin specimen in the excision injury was obtained for histological assessment of inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, presence of collagen and reepithelization.

RESULTS

Wound contraction percentage in rats treated with curcumin nanoformulation was nonsignificantly higher than that in the control group (P > 0.05). In both groups, inflammatory reactions considerably reduced by day 21 of treatment, the angiogenesis process was almost complete by day 7, fibroblast proliferation noticeably rose by day 14, and a high degree of wound reepithelization was achieved by day 21, with no significant differences between the groups. Interestingly, by day 21, the level of collagen significantly increased in curcumin nanoformulation-treated rats compared with those treated with sulfadiazine.

CONCLUSIONS

Curcumin nanoformulation likely enhanced wound repair by inhibiting the inflammatory response, stimulating angiogenesis, inducing fibroblast proliferation as well as enhancing reepithelization and synthesis of collagen. Therefore, the curcumin nanoformulation used in this study may have potential as a wound-healing ethnomedicine.