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Munnangi SR, Youssef AAA, Narala N, Lakkala P, Narala S, Vemula SK, Repka M. Drug complexes: Perspective from Academic Research and Pharmaceutical Market. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1519-1540. [PMID: 37138135 PMCID: PMC10156076 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03517-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous research efforts, drug delivery through the oral route remains a major challenge to formulation scientists. The oral delivery of drugs poses a significant challenge because more than 40% of new chemical entities are practically insoluble in water. Low aqueous solubility is the main problem encountered during the formulation development of new actives and for generic development. A complexation approach has been widely investigated to address this issue, which subsequently improves the bioavailability of these drugs. This review discusses the various types of complexes such as metal complex (drug-metal ion), organic molecules (drug-caffeine or drug-hydrophilic polymer), inclusion complex (drug-cyclodextrin), and pharmacosomes (drug-phospholipids) that improves the aqueous solubility, dissolution, and permeability of the drug along with the numerous case studies reported in the literature. Besides improving solubility, drug-complexation provides versatile functions like improving stability, reducing the toxicity of drugs, increasing or decreasing the dissolution rate, and enhancing bioavailability and biodistribution. Apart, various methods to predict the stoichiometric ratio of reactants and the stability of the developed complex are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Ram Munnangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Nagarjuna Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Preethi Lakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Sagar Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Michael Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, MS, 38677, USA.
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2
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Brown B, Ward A, Fazili Z, Østergaard J, Asare-Addo K. Application of UV dissolution imaging to pharmaceutical systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113949. [PMID: 34461199 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UV-vis spectrometry is widely used in the pharmaceutical sciences for compound quantification, alone or in conjunction with separation techniques, due to most drug entities possessing a chromophore absorbing light in the range 190-800 nm. UV dissolution imaging, the scope of this review, generates spatially and temporally resolved absorbance maps by exploiting the UV absorbance of the analyte. This review aims to give an introduction to UV dissolution imaging and its use in the determination of intrinsic dissolution rates and drug release from whole dosage forms. Applications of UV imaging to non-oral formulations have started to emerge and are reviewed together with the possibility of utilizing UV imaging for physical chemical characterisation of drug substances. The benefits of imaging drug diffusion and transport processes are also discussed.
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3
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Li Z, Sun Y, Bar-Shalom D, Mu H, Larsen SW, Jensen H, Østergaard J. Towards functional characterization of excipients for oral solid dosage forms using UV-vis imaging. Liberation, release and dissolution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113789. [PMID: 33298380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whole-dosage form UV-vis imaging as a potential tool for functional characterization of excipients used in solid oral dosage forms. To this end, tablets (average mass 260.0 mg, 224.5 mg and 222.1 mg) containing theophylline anhydrate (20 % w/w), 1% (w/w) magnesium stearate, and 79 % (w/w) of either microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, Avicel PH 101) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC, Methocel K15 M or K100 M) were prepared as model systems. Drug liberation from tablets was studied in 0.01 M HCl at 37 °C using a Sirius SDi2 equipped with a USP IV type flow cell comprising a UV-vis imaging detector operating at 255 nm and 520 nm. The effluent from the flow cell was passed through a downstream spectrophotometer, and UV-vis spectra in the wavelength range 200-800 nm were recorded every 2 min. The erosion and swelling behavior of the MCC tablets and HPMC K15 M and K100 M tablets were visualized in real time. The swelling of HPMC K15 M and K100 M containing tablets was assessed quantitatively as changes in tablet diameter measured at 520 nm, and was clearly distinguished from the swelling of the MCC tablets. Namely, an increment of 2.5 mm in diameter was determined for the HPMC tablets while the MCC tablets increased by 0.5-1 mm in diameter. Gel layers of variable thickness were observed only for the HPMC K15 M and K100 M tablets. In addition, a relatively high initial liberation rate of theophylline was found for the MCC tablets as compared to the HPMC tablets. UV-vis imaging revealed features of liberation not revealed by simply measuring drug concentration in the dissolution media or by visual assessment. It may be sufficiently sensitive to be further developed for functional characterization of excipients and provide insights into drug-excipient interactions likely to be useful in formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Daniel Bar-Shalom
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Bioneer: Farma, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susan Weng Larsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Jacobsen AC, Ejskjær L, Brandl M, Holm R, Bauer-Brandl A. Do Phospholipids Boost or Attenuate Drug Absorption? In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Mono- and Diacyl Phospholipid-Based Solid Dispersions of Celecoxib. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:198-207. [PMID: 32827494 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids are amphiphilic lipids with versatile properties making them promising excipients for enabling formulations for oral drug delivery. Unfortunately, systematic studies on how phospholipid type and content affect oral absorption are rare. Often, only one phospholipid type is used for the formulation development and only one formulation, optimized according to in vitro parameters, is included in oral bioavailability studies. Using this approach, it is unclear if a certain in vitro parameter is predictive for the in vivo performance. In this study, a labor-saving in vitro permeation screening method was combined with a pharmacokinetic study in rats to for the first time systematically compare two types of phospholipid-based solid dispersions. The dispersions contained the drug celecoxib and monoacyl or diacyl phosphatidylcholine at different drug-to-phospholipid ratios. The in vitro screening revealed: 1) none of the formulations with high phospholipid content increased permeation, 2) phospholipid content was negatively correlated with permeation, and 3) mono and diacyl-phosphatidylcholine formulations performed equally. The pharmacokinetic study revealed: 1) At low phospholipid content absorption was enhanced, 2) phospholipid content was negatively correlated with absorption, and 3) monoacyl and diacyl phosphatidylcholine formulations performed equally. Apart from the reference (suspension), the in vitro permeation screening thus predicted the formulations in vivo performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Jacobsen
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Lotte Ejskjær
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - Martin Brandl
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- Drug Product Development, Janssen Research and Development, Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium; Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annette Bauer-Brandl
- Drug Transport & Delivery Group, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense 5230, Denmark.
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5
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Strategies to improve glibenclamide dissolution: A review using database tomography. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Long CM, Tang K, Chokshi H, Fotaki N. Surface Dissolution UV Imaging for Investigation of Dissolution of Poorly Soluble Drugs and Their Amorphous Formulation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:113. [PMID: 30761437 PMCID: PMC6394625 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs from their pure form and their amorphous formulation under physiological relevant conditions for oral administration based on surface dissolution ultraviolet (UV) imaging. Dissolution of two poorly soluble drugs (cefuroxime axetil and itraconazole) and their amorphous formulations (Zinnat® and Sporanox®) was studied with the Sirius Surface Dissolution Imager (SDI). Media simulating the fasted state conditions (compendial and biorelevant) with sequential media/flow rate change were used. The dissolution mechanism of cefuroxime axetil in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), fasted state simulated gastric fluid (FaSSGF) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) is predominantly swelling as opposed to the convective flow in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF-V1), attributed to the effect of mixed micelles. For the itraconazole compact in biorelevant media, a clear upward diffusion of the dissolved itraconazole into the bulk buffer solution is observed. Dissolution of itraconazole from the Sporanox® compact is affected by the polyethylene glycol (PEG) gelling layer and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix, and a steady diffusional dissolution pattern is revealed. A visual representation and a quantitative assessment of dissolution properties of poorly soluble compounds and their amorphous formulation can be obtained with the use of surface dissolution imaging under in vivo relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiau Ming Long
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Kin Tang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hitesh Chokshi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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7
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Jacobsen AC, Elvang PA, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. A dynamic in vitro permeation study on solid mono- and diacyl-phospholipid dispersions of celecoxib. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 127:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Effect of polymer type on the surface energy of acetaminophen solid dispersions prepared by melt method. Int J Pharm 2017; 530:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Østergaard J. UV imaging in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:140-148. [PMID: 28797957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UV imaging provides spatially and temporally resolved absorbance measurements, which are highly useful in pharmaceutical analysis. Commercial UV imaging instrumentation was originally developed as a detector for separation sciences, but the main use is in the area of in vitro dissolution and release testing studies. The review covers the basic principles of the technology and summarizes the main applications in relation to intrinsic dissolution rate determination, excipient compatibility studies and in vitro release characterization of drug substances and vehicles intended for parenteral administration. UV imaging has potential for providing new insights to drug dissolution and release processes in formulation development by real-time monitoring of swelling, precipitation, diffusion and partitioning phenomena. Limitations of current instrumentation are discussed and a perspective to new developments and opportunities given as new instrumentation is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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van Hoogevest P. Review - An update on the use of oral phospholipid excipients. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 108:1-12. [PMID: 28711714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge and experiences obtained with oral phospholipid excipients is increasing continuously. Nevertheless the present number of oral products using these excipients as essential excipient is very limited. This is remarkable to note, since phospholipids play a significant role in the food uptake mechanisms of the GI tract and these mechanisms could be translated into suitable dosage forms and corresponding drug delivery strategies. In addition, phospholipid excipients are multifunctional biodegradable, non-toxic excipients, which can be used in oral dosage forms as wetting agents, emulsifier, solubilizer and matrix forming excipients. Especially natural phospholipid excipients, made from renewable sources, may be considered as environmentally friendly excipients and as a viable alternative to synthetic phospholipid and non-phospholipid analogues. This review describes 1) essential physico-chemical properties of oral phospholipid excipients 2) the fate of orally administered phospholipids with respect to absorption and metabolism in the GI tract 3) the main dosage forms used for oral administration containing phospholipids. These elements are critically assessed and areas of future research of interest for the use of oral phospholipid excipients are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Hoogevest
- Phospholipid Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Sun Y, Østergaard J. Application of UV Imaging in Formulation Development. Pharm Res 2016; 34:929-940. [PMID: 27766463 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-2047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient drug delivery is dependent on the drug substance dissolving in the body fluids, being released from dosage forms and transported to the site of action. A fundamental understanding of the interplay between the physicochemical properties of the active compound and pharmaceutical excipients defining formulation behavior after exposure to the aqueous environments and pharmaceutical performance is critical in pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and quality control of drugs. UV imaging has been explored as a tool for qualitative and quantitative characterization of drug dissolution and release with the characteristic feature of providing real-time visualization of the solution phase drug transport in the vicinity of the formulation. Events occurring during drug dissolution and release, such as polymer swelling, drug precipitation/recrystallization, or solvent-mediated phase transitions related to the structural properties of the drug substance or formulation can be monitored. UV imaging is a non-intrusive and simple-to-operate analytical technique which holds potential for providing a mechanistic foundation for formulation development. This review aims to cover applications of UV imaging in the early and late phase pharmaceutical development with a special focus on the relation between structural properties and performance. Potential areas of future advancement and application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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12
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Jensen SS, Jensen H, Goodall DM, Østergaard J. Performance characteristics of UV imaging instrumentation for diffusion, dissolution and release testing studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:113-123. [PMID: 27589028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UV imaging is capable of providing spatially and temporally resolved absorbance measurements, which is highly beneficial in drug diffusion, dissolution and release testing studies. For optimal planning and design of experiments, knowledge about the capabilities and limitations of the imaging system is required. The aim of this study was to characterize the performance of two commercially available UV imaging systems, the D100 and SDI. Lidocaine crystals, lidocaine containing solutions, and gels were applied in the practical assessment of the UV imaging systems. Dissolution of lidocaine from single crystals into phosphate buffer and 0.5% (w/v) agarose hydrogel at pH 7.4 was investigated to shed light on the importance of density gradients under dissolution conditions in the absence of convective flow. In addition, the resolution of the UV imaging systems was assessed by the use of grids. Resolution was found to be better in the vertical direction than the horizontal direction, consistent with the illumination geometry. The collimating lens in the SDI imaging system was shown to provide more uniform light intensity across the UV imaging area and resulted in better resolution as compared to the D100 imaging system (a system without a lens). Under optimal conditions, the resolution was determined to be 12.5 and 16.7 line pairs per mm (lp/mm) corresponding to line widths of 40μm and 30μm in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. Overall, the performance of the UV imaging systems was shown mainly to depend on collimation of light, the light path, the positioning of the object relative to the line of 100μm fibres which forms the light source, and the distance of the object from the sensor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine S Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Goodall
- Paraytec Limited, York House, Outgang Lane, Osbaldwick, York, YO19 5UP, United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Østergaard
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Molecular insights into the formation of drug-monoacyl phosphatidylcholine solid dispersions for oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 108:93-100. [PMID: 27240778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid-based formulations provide a key technology to formulate poorly water-soluble drugs. A recent interest has been in using phospholipids with a high content of monoacyl phosphatidylcholine (monoacyl PC) due to its ability to form mixed micelles of mono- and di-acylphospholipids upon aqueous dispersion. The present work focused on binary drug- monoacyl PC systems (at about equimolar ratio) with respect to screening of solid dispersion feasibility. It was tested whether or not a molecular rule of thumb can predict the desirable absence of drug crystallinity in the products. Subsequently, molecular simulations were performed to gain a better understanding of molecular association between drugs and monoacyl PC. Finally, the glass-forming ability (GFA) of pure drugs was considered with respect to solid dispersion formation. All products were obtained from a solvent-evaporation process and subsequent analysis of potential drug crystallinity was measured with X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Molecular simulations were making use of a Monte Carlo algorithm and molecular properties relevant for GFA were calculated. As a result, the dataset of 28 drugs confirmed an earlier proposed empirical rule that enthalpy of fusion and logP were important for solid dispersion formation, while some relevance was also evidenced for drug energies of frontal orbitals. Interestingly, the Monte Carlo simulations revealed several likely associations between drug and phospholipid rather than a well-defined single complex formation. However, drug-excipient interactions were still pivotal, since GFA of pure drug could not predict solid dispersion formation. These findings led to important molecular insights into binary solid dispersions of drug and monoacyl PC, which can guide formulators in early drug product development.
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14
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Kim DW, Park JB. Development and pharmaceutical approach for sustained-released metformin succinate tablets. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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