1
|
Exploring the permeation of fluoroquinolone metalloantibiotics across outer membrane porins by combining molecular dynamics simulations and a porin-mimetic in vitro model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183838. [PMID: 34896074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The misuse and overuse of fluoroquinolones in recent years have triggered alarming levels of resistance to these antibiotics. Porin channels are crucial for the permeation of fluoroquinolones across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and modifications in porin expression are an important mechanism of bacterial resistance. One possible strategy to overcome this problem is the development of ternary copper complexes with fluoroquinolones. Compared to fluoroquinolones, these metalloantibiotics present a larger partition to the lipid bilayer and a more favorable permeation, by passive diffusion, across bacteriomimetic phospholipid-based model membranes. To rule out the porin-dependent pathway for the metalloantibiotics, we explored the permeation through OmpF (one of the most abundant porins present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) using a multi-component approach. X-ray studies of OmpF porin crystals soaked with a ciprofloxacin ternary copper complex did not show a well-defined binding site for the compound. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the translocation of the metalloantibiotic through this porin is less favorable than that of free fluoroquinolone, as it presented a much larger free energy barrier to cross the narrow constriction region of the pore. Lastly, permeability studies of different fluoroquinolones and their respective copper complexes using a porin-mimetic in vitro model corroborated the lower rate of permeation for the metalloantibiotics relative to the free antibiotics. Our results support a porin-independent mechanism for the influx of the metalloantibiotics into the bacterial cell. This finding brings additional support to the potential application of these metalloantibiotics in the fight against resistant infections and as an alternative to fluoroquinolones.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferreira M, Gameiro P. Fluoroquinolone-Transition Metal Complexes: A Strategy to Overcome Bacterial Resistance. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071506. [PMID: 34361943 PMCID: PMC8303200 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics widely used in the clinical practice due to their large spectrum of action against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Nevertheless, the misuse and overuse of these antibiotics has triggered the development of bacterial resistance mechanisms. One of the strategies to circumvent this problem is the complexation of FQs with transition metal ions, known as metalloantibiotics, which can promote different activity and enhanced pharmacological behaviour. Here, we discuss the stability of FQ metalloantibiotics and their possible translocation pathways. The main goal of the present review is to frame the present knowledge on the conjunction of biophysical and biological tools that can help to unravel the antibacterial action of FQ metalloantibiotics. An additional goal is to shed light on the studies that must be accomplished to ensure stability and viability of such metalloantibiotics. Potentiometric, spectroscopic, microscopic, microbiological, and computational techniques are surveyed. Stability and partition constants, interaction with membrane porins and elucidation of their role in the influx, determination of the antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates, elucidation of the mechanism of action, and toxicity assays are described for FQ metalloantibiotics.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sousa CF, Coimbra JTS, Ferreira M, Pereira-Leite C, Reis S, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA, Gameiro P. Passive Diffusion of Ciprofloxacin and its Metalloantibiotic: A Computational and Experimental study. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166911. [PMID: 33676927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are antibiotics widely used in clinical practise, but the development of bacterial resistance to these drugs is currently a critical public health problem. In this context, ternary copper complexes of FQ (CuFQPhen) have been studied as a potential alternative. In this study, we compared the passive diffusion across the lipid bilayer of one of the most used FQ, ciprofloxacin (Cpx), and its ternary copper complex, CuCpxPhen, that has shown previous promising results regarding antibacterial activity and membrane partition. A combination of spectroscopic studies and molecular dynamics simulations were used and two different model membranes tested: one composed of anionic phospholipids, and the other composed of zwitterionic phospholipids. The obtained results showed a significantly higher membrane permeabilization activity, larger partition, and a more favourable free energy landscape for the permeation of CuCpxPhen across the membrane, when compared to Cpx. Furthermore, the computational results indicated a more favourable translocation of CuCpxPhen across the anionic membrane, when compared to the zwitterionic one, suggesting a higher specificity towards the former. These findings are important to decipher the influx mechanism of CuFQPhen in bacterial cells, which is crucial for the ultimate use of CuFQPhen complexes as an alternative to FQ to tackle multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla F Sousa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João T S Coimbra
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mariana Ferreira
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Pereira-Leite
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Gameiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hofmann L, Hirsch M, Ruthstein S. Advances in Understanding of the Copper Homeostasis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2050. [PMID: 33669570 PMCID: PMC7922089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five thousand people die as a result of more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections in the United States of America per year. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is classified a serious threat, the second-highest threat category of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Among others, the World Health Organization (WHO) encourages the discovery and development of novel antibiotic classes with new targets and mechanisms of action without cross-resistance to existing classes. To find potential new target sites in pathogenic bacteria, such as P. aeruginosa, it is inevitable to fully understand the molecular mechanism of homeostasis, metabolism, regulation, growth, and resistances thereof. P. aeruginosa maintains a sophisticated copper defense cascade comprising three stages, resembling those of public safety organizations. These stages include copper scavenging, first responder, and second responder. Similar mechanisms are found in numerous pathogens. Here we compare the copper-dependent transcription regulators cueR and copRS of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and P. aeruginosa. Further, phylogenetic analysis and structural modelling of mexPQ-opmE reveal that this efflux pump is unlikely to be involved in the copper export of P. aeruginosa. Altogether, we present current understandings of the copper homeostasis in P. aeruginosa and potential new target sites for antimicrobial agents or a combinatorial drug regimen in the fight against multidrug resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (L.H.); (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ferreira M, Sousa CF, Gameiro P. Fluoroquinolone Metalloantibiotics to Bypass Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms: Decreased Permeation through Porins. MEMBRANES 2020; 11:membranes11010003. [PMID: 33375018 PMCID: PMC7822003 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are broad-spectrum antibiotics largely used in the clinical practice against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria. Nevertheless, bacteria have developed several antimicrobial resistance mechanisms against such class of antibiotics. Ternary complexes of FQs, copper(II) and phenanthroline, known as metalloantibiotics, arise in an attempt to counteract an antibiotic resistance mechanism related to low membrane permeability. These metalloantibiotics seem to use an alternative influx route, independent of porins. The translocation pathways of five FQs and its metalloantibiotics were studied through biophysical experiments, allowing us to infer about the role of OmpF porin in the influx. The FQ-OmpF interaction was assessed in mimetic membrane systems differing on the lipidic composition, disclosing no interference of the lipidic composition. The drug-porin interaction revealed similar values for the association constants of FQs and metalloantibiotics with native OmpF. Therefore, OmpF mutants and specific quenchers were used to study the location-association relationship, comparing a free FQ and its metalloantibiotic. The free FQ revealed a specific association, with preference for residues on the centre of OmpF, while the metalloantibiotic showed a random interaction. Thereby, metalloantibiotics may be an alternative to pure FQs, being able to overcome some antimicrobial resistance mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria related to decreased membrane permeability.
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferreira M, Bessa LJ, Sousa CF, Eaton P, Bongiorno D, Stefani S, Campanile F, Gameiro P. Fluoroquinolone Metalloantibiotics: A Promising Approach against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093127. [PMID: 32365881 PMCID: PMC7246690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice, although nowadays they are becoming ineffective due to the emergence of several mechanisms of resistance in most bacteria. The complexation of FQs with divalent metal ions and phenanthroline (phen) is a possible approach to circumvent antimicrobial resistance, since it forms very stable complexes known as metalloantibiotics. This work is aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity of metalloantibiotics of Cu(II)FQphen against a panel of multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates and to clarify their mechanism of action. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined against MDR isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Metalloantibiotics showed improved antimicrobial activity against several clinical isolates, especially MRSA. Synergistic activity was evaluated in combination with ciprofloxacin and ampicillin by the disk diffusion and checkerboard methods. Synergistic and additive effects were shown against MRSA isolates. The mechanism of action was studied though enzymatic assays and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments. The results indicate a similar mechanism of action for FQs and metalloantibiotics. In summary, metalloantibiotics seem to be an effective alternative to pure FQs against MRSA. The results obtained in this work open the way to the screening of metalloantibiotics against other Gram-positive bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV (Rede de Química e Tecnologia – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.J.B.); (C.F.S.); (P.E.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lucinda J. Bessa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV (Rede de Química e Tecnologia – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.J.B.); (C.F.S.); (P.E.); (P.G.)
| | - Carla F. Sousa
- REQUIMTE-LAQV (Rede de Química e Tecnologia – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.J.B.); (C.F.S.); (P.E.); (P.G.)
| | - Peter Eaton
- REQUIMTE-LAQV (Rede de Química e Tecnologia – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.J.B.); (C.F.S.); (P.E.); (P.G.)
| | - Dafne Bongiorno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (D.B.); (S.S.); (F.C.)
| | - Paula Gameiro
- REQUIMTE-LAQV (Rede de Química e Tecnologia – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (L.J.B.); (C.F.S.); (P.E.); (P.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perianu E, Rau I, Vijan LE. DNA influence on norfloxacin fluorescence. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 206:8-15. [PMID: 30081272 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emission properties of norfloxacin, a quinolone antibiotic, in presence of salmon sperm DNA were studied at room temperature and in conditions of acid, alkaline and neutral pH. It was found that norfloxacin molecules are inserted between the DNA base pairs, as evidenced by the emission spectra features and the significant increases in relative viscosity of DNA by the addition of norfloxacin. The fluorescence quenching process was characterized by Stern-Volmer plots which display a positive deviation from the linearity. The analysis was performed in terms of the Stern-Volmer modified equations including both dynamic and static quenching. The use of the finite sink approximation model showed that the process of quenching of the norfloxacin fluorescence with DNA was diffusion limited, irrespective to the pH of the work solution. At the same time, relying on the formation of the ground state complex model and the sphere of action static quenching model, we concluded that the quenching reaction from the norfloxacin - DNA system is due to the combined effect of both dynamic and static quenching processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Perianu
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Polizu Street No 1, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ileana Rau
- Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Polizu Street No 1, RO-011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Loredana Elena Vijan
- Faculty of Science, Physical Education and Informatics, University of Pitesti, Tg. Vale Street No 1, RO-110040 Pitesti, Arges, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vignoli Muniz GS, Incio JL, Alves OC, Krambrock K, Teixeira LR, Louro SRW. Fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of norfloxacin and N-donor mixed-ligand ternary copper(II) complexes: Stability and interaction with SDS micelles. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 189:133-138. [PMID: 28806698 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The stability of ternary copper(II) complexes of a heterocyclic ligand, L (L being 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)) and the fluorescent antibacterial agent norfloxacin (NFX) as the second ligand was studied at pH7.4 and different ionic strengths. Fluorescence quenching upon titration of NFX with the binary complexes allowed to obtain stability constants for NFX binding, Kb, as a function of ionic strength. The Kb values vary by more than two orders of magnitude when buffer concentration varies from 0.5 to 100mM. It was observed that previously synthesized ternary complexes dissociate in buffer according with the obtained stability constants. This shows that equimolar solutions of NFX and binary complexes are equivalent to solutions of synthesized ternary complexes. The interaction of the ternary copper complexes with anionic SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) micelles was studied by fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Titration of NFX-loaded SDS micelles with the complexes Cu:L allowed to determine the stability constants inside the micelles. Fluorescence quenching demonstrated that SDS micelles increase the stability constants by factors around 50. EPR spectra gave details of the copper(II) local environment, and demonstrated that the structure of the ternary complexes inside SDS micelles is different from that in buffer. Mononuclear ternary complexes formed inside the micelles, while in buffer most ternary complexes are binuclear. The results show that anionic membrane interfaces increase formation of copper fluoroquinolone complexes, which can influence bioavailability, membrane diffusion, and mechanism of action of the antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Vignoli Muniz
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Llontop Incio
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Odivaldo C Alves
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Klaus Krambrock
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Letícia R Teixeira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Sonia R W Louro
- Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22451-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dalecki AG, Crawford CL, Wolschendorf F. Copper and Antibiotics: Discovery, Modes of Action, and Opportunities for Medicinal Applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:193-260. [PMID: 28528648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a ubiquitous element in the environment as well as living organisms, with its redox capabilities and complexation potential making it indispensable for many cellular functions. However, these same properties can be highly detrimental to prokaryotes and eukaryotes when not properly controlled, damaging many biomolecules including DNA, lipids, and proteins. To restrict free copper concentrations, all bacteria have developed mechanisms of resistance, sequestering and effluxing labile copper to minimize its deleterious effects. This weakness is actively exploited by phagocytes, which utilize a copper burst to destroy pathogens. Though administration of free copper is an unreasonable therapeutic antimicrobial itself, due to insufficient selectivity between host and pathogen, small-molecule ligands may provide an opportunity for therapeutic mimicry of the immune system. By modulating cellular entry, complex stability, resistance evasion, and target selectivity, ligand/metal coordination complexes can synergistically result in high levels of antibacterial activity. Several established therapeutic drugs, such as disulfiram and pyrithione, display remarkable copper-dependent inhibitory activity. These findings have led to development of new drug discovery techniques, using copper ions as the focal point. High-throughput screens for copper-dependent inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus uncovered several new compounds, including a new class of inhibitors, the NNSNs. In this review, we highlight the microbial biology of copper, its antibacterial activities, and mechanisms to discover new inhibitors that synergize with copper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Dalecki
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marani MM, Perez LO, de Araujo AR, Plácido A, Sousa CF, Quelemes PV, Oliveira M, Gomes-Alves AG, Pueta M, Gameiro P, Tomás AM, Delerue-Matos C, Eaton P, Camperi SA, Basso NG, de Souza de Almeida Leite JR. Thaulin-1: The first antimicrobial peptide isolated from the skin of a Patagonian frog Pleurodema thaul (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae) with activity against Escherichia coli. Gene 2017; 605:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
C. F. S, J. T. S. C, I. G, R. F, P. A. F, P. G. The binding of free and copper-complexed fluoroquinolones to OmpF porins: an experimental and molecular docking study. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a critical public health issue and the development of alternative antibiotics to counteract this problem is an urgent matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sousa C. F.
- Requimte
- UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Coimbra J. T. S.
- Requimte
- UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Gomes I.
- Requimte
- UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova Lisboa
| | - Franco R.
- Requimte
- UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
- Universidade Nova Lisboa
| | - Fernandes P. A.
- Requimte
- UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
| | - Gameiro P.
- Requimte
- UCIBIO
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
| |
Collapse
|