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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Shi K, Jiang Z, Guan C, Zhang L, Yang T, Xie F. Shellac-based materials: Structures, properties, and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135102. [PMID: 39197605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Shellac stands out among natural polymers as the sole animal-derived resin, boasting a complex polyester composition comprising polyhydroxy long-chain fatty acids and sesquiterpene acids. Its unique attributes include biocompatibility, non-toxicity, distinctive amphiphilicity, superb film-forming and adhesive properties, excellent dielectric properties, rapid drying, and solubility in alkaline solutions while resisting acidic ones. These exceptional qualities have propelled shellac beyond its traditional role as a varnish and decorative material, positioning it as a viable option for diverse applications such as food packaging, pharmaceutical formulations, electronic devices, fiber dyeing, and wood restoration. Furthermore, shellac serves as a crucial carbon source for graphene materials. This review comprehensively explores shellac's contributions to prolonging food shelf life, enhancing the carbon sourcing of graphene materials, facilitating the delivery of active substances, boosting the performance of organic field-effect transistors, enabling environmentally friendly textile dyeing, and providing protective coatings for wood. Additionally, it delves into the current limitations and future directions of shellac's applications. By disseminating this knowledge, we aim to deepen researchers' comprehension of shellac and inspire further exploration, thereby fostering sustainable advancements across various industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Kunbo Shi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Zhiyao Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Chengran Guan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China; Jiangsu Dairy Biotechnology Engineering Research Center, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Huayang Xilu 196, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225127, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Fengwei Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.
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O’Sullivan A, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Production of biopharmaceutical dried-powders using supercritical CO2 technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yan G, Cao Z, Devine D, Penning M, Gately NM. Physical Properties of Shellac Material Used for Hot Melt Extrusion with Potential Application in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213723. [PMID: 34771279 PMCID: PMC8587309 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion offers an efficient way of increasing the solubility of a poorly soluble drug. Shellac has potential as a pharmaceutical matrix polymer that can be used in this extrusion process, with further advantages for use in enteric drug delivery systems. The rheological property of a material affects the extrusion process conditions. However, the literature does not refer to any published work that investigates the processability of various shellac materials. This work explores various types of shellac and explores their physicochemical and thermal properties along with their processability in the hot melt extrusion application. Physicochemical characterization of the materials was achieved using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Additional processability characterization was achieved using melt flow index and rheology analysis. The results indicated that there was no chemical difference between the various shellac types compared in this study. However, the extrudable temperature ranges and rheological properties of different shellac types varied; SSB 55 Pharma FL had the lowest processing temperature and glass transition temperatures. Due to the shear-thinning behaviours, shellac can be extruded at lower temperatures. This study provides necessary data to determine the processing conditions in hot melt extrusion applications for the range of shellac materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Yan
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland; (G.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Zhi Cao
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland; (G.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Declan Devine
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland; (G.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Manfred Penning
- Shellac Consultant, Wormser Strasse 28, D-55277 Oppenheim, Germany;
| | - Noel M. Gately
- Materials Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Midlands Midwest, N37 HD68 Co. Westmeath, Ireland; (G.Y.); (Z.C.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-387-621-7186
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Encapsulation of Lactoferrin for Sustained Release Using Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) process were performed to encapsulate lactofer-rin, an iron-binding milk glycoprotein, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). A natural en-teric polymer, shellac, was used as a coating material of lactoferrin carried out by the PGSS pro-cess. Conditions were optimized by applying different temperatures (20–50 °C) and pressures (8–10 MPa) and the particles were evaluated for particle shape and size, lactoferrin encapsulation ef-ficiency, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm lactoferrin entrapment and in vitro dissolution studies at different pH values. Particles with an average diameter of 75.5 ± 7 μm were produced with encapsulation efficiency up to 71 ± 2%. Furthermore, particles that showed high stability in low pH (pH 1.2) and a sustained release over time (t2h = 75%) in higher pH (pH 7.4) suggested an effective encapsulation process for the protection of lactoferrin from gastric di-gestion.
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Xie M, Xu M, Chen X, Li Y. Recent Progress of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in Producing Natural Nanomaterials. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:465-476. [PMID: 30324880 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666181015152952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural medicines are widely utilized in human healthcare. Their beneficial effects have been attributed to the existence of natural active ingredients (NAI) with a positive impact on disease treatment and prevention. Public awareness about the side effects of synthetic chemical compounds increased the need for NAI as well. Clinical applications of NAI are limited by their instability and poor water solubility, while micronization is a major strategy to overcome these drawbacks. Supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) based nano techniques have drawn great attention in nanomedicinal area for many years, due to their unique characters such as fast mass transfer, near zero surface tension, effective solvents elimination, non-toxic, non-flammable, low cost and environmentally benign. In terms of functions of sc-CO2, many modified sc-CO2 based techniques are developed to produce NAI nanoparticles with high solubility, biological availability and stability. 5 types of promising methods, including gas-assisted melting atomization, CO2-assisted nebulization with a bubble dryer, supercritical fluidassisted atomization with a hydrodynamic cavitation mixer, supercritical CO2-based coating method and solution-enhanced dispersion by sc-CO2 process, are summarized in this article followed by a highlight of their fundamental synthesis principles and important medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maobin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital; Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yi Li
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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Akolade JO, Balogun M, Swanepoel A, Ibrahim RB, Yusuf AA, Labuschagne P. Microencapsulation of eucalyptol in polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone using particles from gas-saturated solutions. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34039-34049. [PMID: 35528904 PMCID: PMC9074077 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptol is the natural cyclic ether which constitutes the bulk of terpenoids found in essential oils of Eucalyptus spp. and is used in aromatherapy for treatment of migraine, sinusitis, asthma and stress. It acts by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism and cytokine production. Chemical instability and volatility of eucalyptol restrict its therapeutic application and necessitate the need to develop an appropriate delivery system to achieve extended release and enhance its bioactivity. However, the synthesis method of the delivery system must be suitable to prevent loss or inactivation of the drug during processing. In this study, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) was explored as an alternative solvent for encapsulation and co-precipitation of eucalyptol with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and/or polycaprolactone (PCL) using the particles from gas-saturated solution (PGSS) process. Polymers and eucalyptol were pre-mixed and then processed in a PGSS autoclave at 45 °C and 80 bar for 1 h. The mixture in scCO2 was micronized and characterized. The presence of eucalyptol in the precipitated particles was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The weight ratios of PEG–PCL blends significantly influenced loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency with 77% of eucalyptol encapsulated in a 4 : 1 composite blend of PEG–PCL. The particle size distribution of the PGSS-micronized particles ranged from 30 to 260 μm. ScCO2 assisted microencapsulation in PEG and PCL reduced loss of the volatile drug during a two-hour vaporization study and addition of PCL extended the mean release time in simulated physiological fluids. Free radical scavenging and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities of eucalyptol formulated in the PGSS-micronized particles was sustained. Findings from this study showed that the scCO2-assisted micronization can be used for encapsulation of volatile drugs in polymeric microparticles without affecting bioactivity of the drug. Application of supercritical carbon dioxide as an alternative solvent for microformulation of the volatile unstable drug, eucalyptol in polymeric composites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jubril Olayinka Akolade
- Polymers and Composites, Chemicals Cluster, CSIR
- South Africa
- Biotechnology Advanced Research Centre
- Sheda Science and Technology Complex
- Nigeria
| | | | - Andri Swanepoel
- Polymers and Composites, Chemicals Cluster, CSIR
- South Africa
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Density, interfacial tension, and viscosity of polyethylene glycol 6000 and supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Microencapsulation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin-rich salmon oil using particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) process. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shi NQ, Lai HW, Zhang Y, Feng B, Xiao X, Zhang HM, Li ZQ, Qi XR. On the inherent properties of Soluplus and its application in ibuprofen solid dispersions generated by microwave-quench cooling technology. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 23:573-586. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2016.1256409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Qiu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Wei Lai
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Zheng-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xian-Rong Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Li K, Zheng H, Zhang H, Zhang WW, Li K, Xu J. A novel approach to the fabrication of bleached shellac by a totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching method. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra09132f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel approach to fabricate bleached shellac was established by totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleached process and a unique TCF bleached shellac, excellent material for food or medicine industry, was obtained firstly in alkaline condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Kunming
- People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology on Forest Resources with Characteristics
| | - Hua Zheng
- Research Institute of Resources Insects
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Kunming
- People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology on Forest Resources with Characteristics
| | - Hong Zhang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Kunming
- People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology on Forest Resources with Characteristics
| | - Wen-wen Zhang
- Research Institute of Resources Insects
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Kunming
- People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology on Forest Resources with Characteristics
| | - Kai Li
- Research Institute of Resources Insects
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Kunming
- People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology on Forest Resources with Characteristics
| | - Juan Xu
- Research Institute of Resources Insects
- Chinese Academy of Forestry
- Kunming
- People's Republic of China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology on Forest Resources with Characteristics
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