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De Mori A, Quizon D, Dalton H, Yavuzyegit B, Cerri G, Antonijevic M, Roldo M. Sporopollenin Capsules as Biomimetic Templates for the Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite and β-TCP. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:159. [PMID: 38534844 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pollen grains, with their resilient sporopollenin exine and defined morphologies, have been explored as bio-templates for the synthesis of calcium phosphate minerals, particularly hydroxyapatite (HAp) and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Various pollen morphologies from different plant species (black alder, dandelion, lamb's quarters, ragweed, and stargazer lily) were evaluated. Pollen grains underwent acid washing to remove allergenic material and facilitate subsequent calcification. Ragweed and lamb's quarter pollen grains were chosen as templates for calcium phosphate salts deposition due to their distinct morphologies. The calcification process yielded well-defined spherical hollow particles. The washing step, intended to reduce the protein content, did not significantly affect the final product; thus, justifying the removal of this low-yield step from the synthesis process. Characterisation techniques, including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis, confirmed the successful calcification of pollen-derived materials, revealing that calcified grains were principally composed of calcium deficient HAp. After calcination, biphasic calcium phosphate composed of HAp and TPC was obtained. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using pollen grains as green and sustainable bio-templates for synthesizing biomaterials with controlled morphology, showcasing their potential in biomedical applications such as drug delivery and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna De Mori
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Daniel Quizon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Hannah Dalton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Berzah Yavuzyegit
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize 53100, Turkey
| | - Guido Cerri
- Department of Architecture, Design and Urban Planning, GeoMaterials Laboratory, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milan Antonijevic
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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Nikam A, Sahoo PR, Musale S, Pagar RR, Paiva-Santos AC, Giram PS. A Systematic Overview of Eudragit ® Based Copolymer for Smart Healthcare. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020587. [PMID: 36839910 PMCID: PMC9962897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Eudragit, synthesized by radical polymerization, is used for enteric coating, precise temporal release, and targeting the entire gastrointestinal system. Evonik Healthcare Germany offers different grades of Eudragit. The ratio of methacrylic acid to its methacrylate-based monomers used in the polymerization reaction defines the final product's characteristics and consequently its potential range of applications. Since 1953, these polymers have been made to use in a wide range of healthcare applications around the world. In this review, we reviewed the "known of knowns and known of unknowns" about Eudragit, from molecule to material design, its characterization, and its applications in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Nikam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Priya Ranjan Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shubham Musale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Roshani R. Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Prabhanjan Shridhar Giram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune 411018, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mardini M, Ermolaev A, Khrustaleva L. Hidden Pitfalls of Using Onion Pollen in Molecular Research. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1065-1072. [PMID: 36826015 PMCID: PMC9955844 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is little information on the use of pollen in molecular research, despite the increased interest in genome editing by pollen-mediated transformation. This paper presents an essential toolbox of technical procedures and observations for molecular studies on onion (Allium cepa L.) pollen. PCR is a useful tool as an express method to evaluate editing results before pollination. A direct PCR protocol for pollen suspension has been adapted without needing DNA pre-extraction. We showed that the outer layer of lipids known as pollenkitt is a limiting factor for successful PCR on pollen. A simple pre-washing step of pollen suspension was able to eliminate the pollenkitt and enormously affect the PCR results. Additionally, our pollenkitt study helped us develop a simple and effective pollination method using wetted onion pollen grains. Classical manual pollination usually is conducted by intact pollen without wetting. Most existing methods of the editing system delivery into pollen are carried out in a wet medium with consequent drying before pollination, which adversely affects the viability of pollen. The optimal medium for wet pollination was 12% sucrose water solution. Our method of using wetted pollen grains for pollination might be very beneficial for pollen genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majd Mardini
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA), 49, Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey Ermolaev
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA), 49, Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Crop Breeding, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskaya Str. 42, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ludmila Khrustaleva
- Center of Molecular Biotechnology, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA), 49, Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Botany, Breeding and Seed Production of Garden Plants, Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (RSAU-MTAA), 49, Timiryazevskaya Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Plant Cell Engineering Laboratory, All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Timiryazevskay 42 Str., 127550 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or
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Shan W, Peng F, Shen Q, Zhang J. Preparation and evaluation in vitro and in vivo of pristinamycin enteric-coated granules based on albumin nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:84-91. [PMID: 36803496 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2182602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The purpose of this study was to prepare enteric-coated particles based on albumin nanoparticles (NPs) using a mixture of PIA albumin NPs freeze-dried powder (PA-PIA) and PIIA albumin NPs freeze-dried powder (PA-PIIA) to improve the bioavailability effect of pristinamycin. OBJECTIVE This is the first study on the preparation of pristinamycin into enteric-coated granules based on albumin NPs, and our study has effectively improved the bioavailability of pristinamycin and ensured its safety. METHODS Pristinamycin albumin enteric-coated granules (PAEGs) were prepared by hybrid wet granulation. The characterizations of albumin NPs were performed by in vitro and in vivo studies of PAEGs. The assays were analyzed using zeta-sizer, transmission electron microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and a fully automated biochemical index analyzer. RESULTS The morphology of NPs was close to spherical. PIA-NPs and PIIA-NPs respectively had a zeta potential of (-24.33 ± 0.75) mV and (+7.30 ± 0.27) mV and mean size of (251.91 ± 19.64) nm and (232.83 ± 22.61) nm. The release of PIA and PIIA from PAEGs in the artificial gastrointestinal fluid was as high as 58.46% and 87.79%. In the experimental group of oral PAEGs, PIA and PIIA were AUC(0-t) (3.68 ± 0.58) mg·L-1·h-1 and (2.81 ± 1.06) mg·L-1·h-1. The results of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase biochemical indices showed that there was no significant difference between the experimental and normal groups of oral PAEGs. CONCLUSION The PAEGs significantly increased the release of PIA and PIIA in simulated intestinal fluid and improved the bioavailability. The oral administration of PAEGs may not damage the liver of rats. We hope that our study will promote its industrial development or clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Fang Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Qi Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Maruthi YA, Ramakrishna S. Sporopollenin - Invincible biopolymer for sustainable biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:2957-2965. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Spore exines increase vitamin D clinical bioavailability by mucoadhesion and bile triggered release. J Control Release 2022; 350:244-255. [PMID: 35973473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporopollenin exine capsules (SpECs) are microcapsules derived from the outer shells (exines) of plant spore and pollen grains. This work reports the first clinical study on healthy volunteers to show enhanced bioavailability of vitamin D encapsulated in SpECs from Lycopodium clavatum L. spore grains vs vitamin D alone, and the first evidence (in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo) of mechanisms to account for the enhancement and release of the active in the small intestine. Evidence for mucoadhesion of the SpECs contributing to the mechanism of the enhancement is based on: (i) release profile over time of vitamin D in a double blind cross-over human study showing significant release in the small intestine; (ii) in vivo particle counting data in rat showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iii) ex vivo99mTc labelling and counting data using rat small intestine sections showing preferred retention of SpECs vs synthetic beads; (iv) in vitro mucoadhesion data. Triggered release by bile in the small intestine was shown in vitro using solid state NMR and HPLC.
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Alpizar-Reyes E, Concha JL, Martín-Martínez FJ, Norambuena-Contreras J. Biobased Spore Microcapsules for Asphalt Self-Healing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31296-31311. [PMID: 35772026 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt pavements and bituminous composites are majorly damaged by bitumen aging and fatigue cracking by traffic load. To add, maintenance and reparation of asphalt pavements is expensive and also releases significant amounts of greenhouse gases. These issues can be mitigated by promoting asphalt self-healing mechanisms with encapsulated rejuvenators. The ability of the required microcapsules to be resilient against high temperatures, oxidation, and mechanical stress is essential to promote such self-healing behavior without compromising the field performance of the asphalt pavement. This work proposes, for the first time, the use of extremely resistant biobased spores for the encapsulation of recycled oil-based rejuvenators to produce more resilient self-healing pavements. Spore encapsulants were obtained from natural spores (Lycopodium clavatum) by applying different chemical treatments, which enabled the selection of the best morphologically intact and clean spore encapsulant. The physical, morphological, and physicochemical changes were examined using fluorescence images, ATR-FTIR, SEM, size distribution, XRD, TGA and DSC analyses. Sunflower oil was used as the encapsulated rejuvenator with an optimal sol colloidal mixture for sporopollenin-oil of 1:5 (gram-to-gram). Vacuum, passive, and centrifugal encapsulation techniques were tested for loading the rejuvenator inside the clean spores and for selecting the best encapsulation technology. The encapsulation efficiency and the profiles of the accelerated release of the rejuvenator from the loaded spores over time were studied, and these processes were visualized with optical and inverted fluorescence microscopy. Vacuum encapsulation was identified as the best loading technique with an encapsulation efficiency of 93.02 ± 3.71%. The rejuvenator was successfully encapsulated into the clean spores, as observed by optical and SEM morphologies. In agreement with the TGA and DSC, the microcapsules were stable up to 204 °C. Finally, a self-healing test was conducted through fluorescence tests to demonstrate how these biobased spore microcapsules completely heal a crack into an aged bitumen sample in 50 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Alpizar-Reyes
- LabMAT, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - José L Concha
- LabMAT, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Francisco J Martín-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, U.K
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - José Norambuena-Contreras
- LabMAT, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
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Zakhireh S, Omidi Y, Beygi-Khosrowshahi Y, Barzegari A, Barar J, Adibkia K. Synthesis and biological impacts of pollen shells/Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles composites on human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126921. [PMID: 35033859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell-adhesive surfaces play a pivotal role in biomedical engineering, as most biological reactions take place on surfaces. Pollen shell (PSh) ofPistacia vera L., as a new medical device, has previously been reported to cause cytotoxicity and apoptosis in MG-63 bone cancer cells. METHODS Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) were synthesized and their reaction to PShs was gauged at different concentrations, and then characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer, X-ray diffraction spectra, dynamic light scattering, and vibrating sample magnetometer. Then, the biological impacts of PShs/Fe3O4NPs composites on MG-63 cells were investigated in-vitro using MTT assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Annexin V/propidium iodide, FESEM, and DAPI staining. RESULTS Fe3O4NPs with a size range of 24-40 nm and a zeta potential value of -37.4 mV were successfully assembled on the PShs. The viability of MG-63 cells was significantly decreased when cultured on the magnetic PShs as compared to non-magnetic PShs, in Fe3O4 concentration and time-dependent manner. In contrast, magnetic PShs had a positive effect on the viability of normal human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). The analysis of apoptosis-related genes in cancer cells revealed that loading Fe3O4NPs on PShs increased expression of BAX/BCL2 and caspase-3 genes. The increased apoptotic activity of combined PShs/Fe3O4NPs was further confirmed by flow cytometric measurement, morphological analysis, and DAPI staining. CONCLUSION The incorporation of Fe3O4NPs into PShs could effectively increase anticancer effects on MG-63 cells via the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway, evident by upregulation of BAX/BCL2 ratio and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Zakhireh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Younes Beygi-Khosrowshahi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Zakhireh S, Omidi Y, Beygi-Khosrowshahi Y, Aghanejad A, Barar J, Adibkia K. Biocompatibility Evaluation of Hollow Pollen Grains/Fe3 O4 Nanoparticles Composites as Potential Medical Devices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x21500484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, pollen grains (PGs) have been introduced as drug carriers and scaffolding building blocks. This study aimed to assess the in-vitro biocompatibility of Pistacia vera L. hollow PGs/Fe3O4 nanoparticles (HPGs/Fe3O4NPs) composites using human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs). In this regard, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) were assembled on the surface of HPGs at different concentrations. The biocompatibility of the prepared composites was assessed through MTT assay, apoptosis-related gene expression and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis. Compared to the bare HPGs, the HPGs/Fe3O4NPs exhibited a biphasic impact on hAD-MSCs. The composite containing 1% Fe3O4NPs demonstrated no cytotoxicity up to 21 days while higher Fe3O4NPs contents and long-term exposure revealed adverse effects on the hAD-MSCs’ growth. The obtained result was verified by the qRT-PCR and morphological analysis carried out through FE-SEM which suggests that a narrow region below 1% Fe3O4NPs may be the optimum choice for medicinal applications of HPGs/Fe3O4NPs microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Zakhireh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Younes Beygi-Khosrowshahi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayoub Aghanejad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Eudragit-Coated Sporopollenin Exine Microcapsules (SEMC) of Phoenix dactylifera L. of 5-Fluorouracil for Colon-Specific Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111921. [PMID: 34834336 PMCID: PMC8621040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-loaded pollens of Phoenix dactylifera and their coating with ERS was done and evaluated for the colon-targeted delivery of 5-FU to treat colon cancer. Sporopollenin exine microcapsules (SEMC) from the pollens of Phoenix dactylifera were extracted by the reflux method and 5-FU into SEMC was encapsulated by the vacuum-assisted loading method. 5-FU loaded SEMC was coated with Eudragit® RS-100 (ERS) by the organic solvent-evaporation technique under vacuum to avoid the discharge of 5-FU in the stomach and small intestine. Morphological and physicochemical characterization of drug-loaded SEMC (coated/uncoated) was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, XRD, and DSC. The encapsulation and drug loading were determined by the direct method, and an in vitro release study was performed in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF/SIF). The colon-specific delivery of 5-FU from the SEMC was assessed in terms of pharmacokinetics and gastrointestinal tract distribution after oral administration in rats. The successful encapsulation and loading of 5-FU into SEMC by a vacuum-assisted loading technique and its coating with ERS by a solvent-evaporation technique were achieved. SEM images of uncoated SEMC have shown porous structures, and coating with ERS reserved their morphology with a smooth surface and discrete microstructures and the 5% w/v ERS acetone solution. ERS-coated SEMC sustained the release of 5-FU until 24 h in SIF, while it was up to 12 h only from uncoated SEMC. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 5-FU from uncoated SEMC was 102.82 μg/mL after 1 h, indicating a rapid release of 5-FU in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This concentration decreased quickly with a half-life of 4 h, AUC0-t was 264.1 μg/mL.h, and MRT0-inf was 5.2 h. The Cmax of 5-FU from ERS-coated SEMC was 19.47 μg/mL at 16 h. The Cmax of 5-FU in small intestines was 406.2 μg/g at 1 h from uncoated SEMC and 1271.5 μg/g at 12 h from coated SEMC. Conclusively, a 249.9-fold higher relative bioavailability of 5-FU was achieved with the ERS-coated SEMC in colon tissues than that from uncoated SEMC.
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Ourani-Pourdashti S, Azadi A. Pollens in therapeutic/diagnostic systems and immune system targeting. J Control Release 2021; 340:308-317. [PMID: 34763004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pollen is an excellent natural substance that plays an essential role in the reproduction of plants. In this review, we explain the structure, compositions, and characteristics of pollens. We consider pollen as a multifunctional tool that can be used in therapeutic/diagnostic systems. This microcapsule can be used in the forms of the hollow microcapsule, microgel, and composite, and also can be a tool for the synthesis of micro/nanostructures in various medical applications and used for the production of genetically modified plants that affect human health. In addition, we investigate the capability of this multifunctional tool in the immune system targeting that acts as an immunomodulator. In all applications and capabilities, we explain the potential of using nanostructures as parts of these systems and as auxiliary tools for promoting the applications of pollen. It is expected that soon, with the help of pollen-based therapeutic/diagnostic systems with the ability to immune system targeting, we will achieve effective and targeted therapeutic systems for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this paper, we suggest some ideas that may be a new step for future researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ourani-Pourdashti
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Amir Azadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Deng Z, Li J, Song R, Zhou B, Li B, Liang H. Carboxymethylpachymaran/alginate gel entrapping of natural pollen capsules for the encapsulation, protection and delivery of probiotics with enhanced viability. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Iravani S, Varma RS. Plant Pollen Grains: A Move Towards Green Drug and Vaccine Delivery Systems. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:128. [PMID: 34138347 PMCID: PMC8124031 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00654-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pollen grains and plant spores have emerged as innovative biomaterials for various applications such as drug/vaccine delivery, catalyst support, and the removal of heavy metals. The natural microcapsules comprising spore shells and pollen grain are designed for protecting the genetic materials of plants from exterior impairments. Two layers make up the shell, the outer layer (exine) that comprised largely of sporopollenin, and the inner layer (intine) that built chiefly of cellulose. These microcapsule shells, namely hollow sporopollenin exine capsules have some salient features such as homogeneity in size, non-toxic nature, resilience to both alkalis and acids, and the potential to withstand at elevated temperatures; they have displayed promising potential for the microencapsulation and the controlled drug delivery/release. The important attribute of mucoadhesion to intestinal tissues can prolong the interaction of sporopollenin with the intestinal mucosa directing to an augmented effectiveness of nutraceutical or drug delivery. Here, current trends and prospects related to the application of plant pollen grains for the delivery of vaccines and drugs and vaccine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in Olomouc , Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Microparticles and Nanoparticles from Plants-The Benefits of Bioencapsulation. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040369. [PMID: 33920425 PMCID: PMC8069552 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of drugs and vaccines depends on their stability and ability to interact with their targets in vivo. Many drugs benefit from encapsulation, which protects them from harsh conditions and allows targeted delivery and controlled release. Although many encapsulation methods are inexpensive, such as the formulation of tablets for oral delivery, others require complex procedures that add significantly to production costs and require low-temperature transport and storage, making them inaccessible in developing countries. In this review we consider the benefits of encapsulation technologies based on plants. Plant-derived biopolymers such as starch and the maize storage protein zein are already used as protective coatings, but plant cells used as production host provide natural in vivo bioencapsulation that survives passage through the stomach and releases drugs in the intestine, due to the presence of microbes that can digest the cell wall. Proteins can also be encapsulated in subcellular compartments such as protein bodies, which ensure stability and activity while often conferring additional immunomodulatory effects. Finally, we consider the incorporation of drugs and vaccines into plant-derived nanoparticles assembled from the components of viruses. These are extremely versatile, allowing the display of epitopes and targeting peptides as well as carrying cargoes of drugs and imaging molecules.
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15
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Deng Z, Wang S, Pei Y, Zhou B, Li J, Hou X, Li B, Liang H. Tuning of Molecular Interactions between Zein and Tannic Acid to Modify Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules: Enhanced Stability and Targeted Delivery of Bioactive Macromolecules. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2686-2695. [PMID: 35014307 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple obstacles for the storage and digestion of orally administered bioactive macromolecules. This study developed a low-cost and sustained-release delivery system (sporopollenin exine capsules with zein/tannic acid modification) of proteins with excellent storage stability, and at the same time provided insights into the sustained-release mechanism through exploring the interaction between zein and tannic acid (TA). β-Galactosidase (β-Gal) was utilized as a model protein and loaded into sporopollenin exine capsules (SECs), which were then coated with the zein/TA system. Under the optimized zein/TA conditions, the zein/TA system showed better performance than the zein alone system in the sustained release of β-Gal, with the residual activity of about 70.26% after 24 h of simulated digestion. Evaluation of the storage stability demonstrated a β-Gal residual activity of nearly 90% for 28 days at 25 °C. Additionally, FTIR analysis demonstrated that the stability of the zein/TA system depends on both hydrogen bonding and certain covalent bonding through the Schiff-base reaction, and the sustained release is regulated by the bonding strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shishuai Wang
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.,Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China
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16
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Deng Z, Pei Y, Wang S, Zhou B, Hou X, Li J, Li B, Liang H. Designable Carboxymethylpachymaran/Metal Ion Architecture on Sunflower Sporopollenin Exine Capsules as Delivery Vehicles for Bioactive Macromolecules. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13990-14000. [PMID: 33174430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There are multiple obstacles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for oral administration of bioactive macromolecules. Here, we engineered an oral delivery vehicle (sporopollenin exine capsules with carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP)/metal ion modification) with targeted release based on food-grade ingredients and processing operations. Then, the interaction and binding mechanisms between CMP and metal ions in the vehicle were investigated. By using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) as a model protein, the systems were characterized for the surface morphology and monitored by the in vitro release profile of β-Gal. Notably, the CMP/metal ion systems not only markedly decreased the CMP dosage but also achieved a valid long-term release compared with the previously reported CMP system. Among all the systems, the CMP/3% AlCl3 system showed the best ability to control the release with the maximum residual activity of β-Gal at nearly 72% after 24 h of treatment. Subsequently, the interaction mechanism between CMP and metal ions within the system was characterized by the perspectives of microstructure, rheological properties, and spectroscopy characteristics. The results indicated that the low pH conditions are conducive to the further cross-linking of CMP and metal ions, resulting in a high gel strength and thus a dense structure, which can impact the controlled release of β-Gal in the GIT. Overall, the system may be utilized in the administration of medical and functional foods, specifically for the delivery of bioactive proteins via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Yaqiong Pei
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Shishuai Wang
- College of Culinary and Food Engineering, Wuhan Business University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering, Ministry of Education; National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology; School of Biological Engineering and Food, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Xinyao Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
- Functional Food Engineering & Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Hongshan Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; China
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17
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The application of biomacromolecules to improve oral absorption by enhanced intestinal permeability: A mini-review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Elmacı G. Magnetic Hollow Biocomposites Prepared from
Lycopodium clavatum
Pollens as Efficient Recyclable Catalyst. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Elmacı
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and SciencesAdıyaman University 02040 Adıyaman Turkey
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19
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Carboxymethylpachymaran-zein coated plant microcapsules-based β-galactosidase encapsulation system for long-term effective delivery. Food Res Int 2020; 128:108867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Wang J, Li S, Chen T, Xian W, Zhang H, Wu L, Zhu W, Zeng Q. Nanoscale cationic micelles of amphiphilic copolymers based on star-shaped PLGA and PEI cross-linked PEG for protein delivery application. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2019; 30:93. [PMID: 31392433 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-019-6294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the bioavailability of protein therapeutants and improve the stability of storage and delivery, a series of branched amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of cholic acid (CA) initiated poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (CA-PLGA) and water-soluble polyethyleneimine cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEI-PEG) denoted as CA-PLGA-b-(PEI-PEG) were synthesized and characterized. CA-PLGA-b-(PEI-PEG) presented low cytotoxicity by MTT and cck-8 assay. The cationic CA-PLGA-b-(PEI-PEG) micelles (diameter about 100 nm and zeta potential 34-61 mV) were prepared through self-assembly method, and complexed with insulin via electrostatic interaction to obtain nanoscale micelle/insulin complexes. The micelle/insulin complexes-loaded CA-PLGA microspheres (MIC-MS, 10.4 ± 3.85 μm) were manufactured by employing a double emulsion (W1/O/W2) method. The in vitro insulin release behavior and in vivo hypoglycaemic effect of MIC-MS on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were compared with those of the insulin-loaded CA-PLGA microspheres (INS-MS, 7.8 ± 2.57 μm). The initial burst in vitro release of MIC-MS was markedly lower than that of INS-MS (P < 0.01), and the pharmacological availability of MIC-MS via subcutaneous administration was 148.9% relative to INS-MS. Therefore, the cationic CA-PLGA-b-(PEI-PEG) micelles can effectively increase the bioavailability of insulin in CA-PLGA microspheres and can be considered as a potential protein carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shunying Li
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenjiao Xian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Huiwu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Cancer Therapeutics & Drug Discovery Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qingbing Zeng
- Biomaterials Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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