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Hess F, Kipping T, Weitschies W, Krause J. Understanding the Interaction of Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Parameters Critical for the Processability of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Systems during Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:472. [PMID: 38675133 PMCID: PMC11055164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a common manufacturing process used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the solubility of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The goal is to create an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) where the amorphous form of the API is stabilized within a polymer matrix. Traditionally, the development of pharmaceutically approved polymers has focused on requirements such as thermal properties, solubility, drug-polymer interactions, and biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the material have often been neglected in the design of new polymers. However, new downstream methods require more flexible polymers or suitable plasticizer polymer combinations. In this study, two grades of the polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is already established for HME, are investigated in terms of their mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties. The mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were tested by the three-point bending test. The rheological behavior was analyzed by oscillating plate measurements. Thermal analysis was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the solid and liquid plasticizers mannitol, sorbitol, triacetin, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, and glycerol were evaluated for use with PVA and their impact on the polymer properties was elaborated. Finally, the effects of the plasticizers are compared to each other, and the correlations are analyzed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). Thereby, a clear ranking of the plasticizer effects was established, and a deeper understanding of the polymer-plasticizer interactions was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hess
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kipping
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julius Krause
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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Pisay M, Padya S, Mutalik S, Koteshwara KB. Stability Challenges of Amorphous Solid Dispersions of Drugs: A Critical Review on Mechanistic Aspects. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:45-94. [PMID: 38037820 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023039877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The most common drawback of the existing and novel drug molecules is their low bioavailability because of their low solubility. One of the most important approaches to enhance the bioavailability in the enteral route for poorly hydrophilic molecules is amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). The solubility of compounds in amorphous form is comparatively high because of the availability of free energy produced during formulation. This free energy results in the change of crystalline nature of the prepared ASD to the stable crystalline form leading to the reduced solubility of the product. Due to the intrinsic chemical and physical uncertainty and the restricted knowledge about the interactions of active molecules with the carriers making, this ASD is a challenging task. This review focused on strategies to stabilize ASD by considering the various theories explaining the free-energy concept, physical interactions, and thermal properties. This review also highlighted molecular modeling and machine learning computational advancement to stabilize ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidhar Pisay
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Singh Padya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Kunnatur B Koteshwara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka State, India
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Tambe S, Jain D, Rawat R, Mali S, Pagano MA, Brunati AM, Amin P. MeltSerts technology (brinzolamide ocular inserts via hot-melt extrusion): QbD-steered development, molecular dynamics, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123579. [PMID: 37931727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The research work aimed to develop a robust sustained release biocompatible brinzolamide (BRZ)-loaded ocular inserts (MeltSerts) using hot-melt extrusion technology with enhanced solubility for glaucoma management. A 32 rotatable central composite design was employed for the optimization of the MeltSerts to achieve sustained release. The effect of two independent factors was examined: Metolose® SR 90SH-100000SR (HPMC, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose) and Kolliphor® P 407 (Poloxamer 407, P407). The drug release (DR) of BRZ at 0.5 h and 8 h were adopted as dependent responses. The factorial analysis resulted in an optimum composition of 50.00 % w/w of HPMC and 15.00 % w/w of P407 which gave % DR of 9.11 at 0.5 h and 69.10 at 8 h. Furthermore, molecular dynamic simulations were performed to elucidate various interactions between BRZ, and other formulation components and it was observed that BRZ showed maximum interactions with HPC and HPMC with an occupancy of 92.82 and 52.87 %, respectively. Additionally, molecular docking studies were performed to understand the interactions between BRZ and mucoadhesive polymers with ocular mucin (MUC-1). The results indicated a docking score of only -5.368 for BRZ alone, whereas a significantly higher docking score was observed for the optimized Meltserts -6.977, suggesting enhanced retention time of the optimized MeltSerts. SEM images displayed irregular surfaces, while EDS analysis validated uniform BRZ distribution in the optimized formulation. The results of the ocular irritancy studies both ex vivo and in vivo demonstrated that MeltSerts are safe for ocular use. The results indicate that the developed MeltSerts Technology has the potential to manufacture ocular inserts with cost-effectiveness, one-step processability, and enhanced product quality. Nonetheless, it also offers a once-daily regimen, consequently decreasing the dosing frequency, preservative exposure, and ultimately better glaucoma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srushti Tambe
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Divya Jain
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Ravi Rawat
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Suraj Mali
- Birla Institute of Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835 215, India
| | | | - Anna Maria Brunati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy
| | - Purnima Amin
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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4
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Pöstges F, Lenhart J, Stoyanov E, Lunter DJ, Wagner KG. Phase homogeneity in ternary amorphous solid dispersions and its impact on solubility, dissolution and supersaturation - Influence of processing and hydroxypropyl cellulose grade. Int J Pharm X 2023; 6:100222. [PMID: 38162398 PMCID: PMC10755049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2023.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
As performance of ternary amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) depends on the solid-state characteristics and polymer mixing, a comprehensive understanding of synergistic interactions between the polymers in regard of dissolution enhancement of poorly soluble drugs and subsequent supersaturation stabilization is necessary. By choosing hot-melt extrusion (HME) and vacuum compression molding (VCM) as preparation techniques, we manipulated the phase behavior of ternary efavirenz (EFV) ASDs, comprising of either hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)-SSL or HPC-UL in combination with Eudragit® L 100-55 (EL 100-55) (50:50 polymer ratio), leading to single-phased (HME) and heterogeneous ASDs (VCM). Due to higher kinetic solid-state solubility of EFV in HPC polymers compared to EL 100-55, we visualized higher drug distribution into HPC-rich phases of the phase-separated ternary VCM ASDs via confocal Raman microscopy. Additionally, we observed differences in the extent of phase-separation in dependence on the selected HPC grade. As HPC-UL exhibited decisive lower melt viscosity than HPC-SSL, formation of partially miscible phases between HPC-UL and EL 100-55 was facilitated. Consequently, as homogeneously mixed polymer phases were required for optimal extent of solubility improvement, the manufacturing-dependent differences in dissolution performances were smaller using HPC-UL, instead of HPC-SSL, i.e. using HPC-UL was less demanding on shear stress provided by the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Pöstges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonas Lenhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf d. Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Edmont Stoyanov
- Nisso Chemical Europe GmbH, Berliner Allee 42, 40212 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominique J. Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf d. Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl G. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 3, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Saha SK, Joshi A, Singh R, Dubey K. Review of industrially recognized polymers and manufacturing processes for amorphous solid dispersion based formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:678-696. [PMID: 37427544 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2233595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Evolving therapeutic landscape through combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening have resulted in an increased number of poorly soluble drugs. Drug delivery strategies quickly adapted to convert these drugs into successful therapies. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technology is widely employed as a drug delivery strategy by pharmaceutical industries to overcome the challenges associated with these poorly soluble drugs. The development of ASD formulation requires an understanding of polymers and manufacturing techniques. A review of US FDA-approved ASD-based products revealed that only a limited number of polymers and manufacturing technologies are employed by pharmaceutical industries. This review provides a comprehensive guide for the selection and overview of polymers and manufacturing technologies adopted by pharmaceutical industries for ASD formulation. The various employed polymers with their underlying mechanisms for solution-state and solid-state stability are discussed. ASD manufacturing techniques, primarily implemented by pharmaceutical industries for commercialization, are presented in Quality by Design (QbD) format. An overview of novel excipients and progress in manufacturing technologies are also discussed. This review provides insights to the researchers on the industrially accepted polymers and manufacturing technology for ASD formulation that has translated these challenging drugs into successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Formulation Research and Development - Orals, Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | | | - Romi Singh
- Formulation Research and Development - Orals, Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Kiran Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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6
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Palekar S, Mamidi HK, Guo Y, Vartak R, Patel K. Corroborating various material-sparing techniques with hot melt extrusion for the preparation of triclabendazole amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:122989. [PMID: 37120123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) are one of the most adopted technologies for improving the solubility of novel molecules. Formulation of ASDs using solvent free methods such as hot melt extrusion (HME) has been in the spotlight off-lately. However, early-stage formulation development is tricky and a difficult bridge to pass due to limited drug availability. Material-sparing techniques (theoretical & practical) have been used for selecting suitable polymeric carriers for formulating ASDs. However, these techniques have limitations in predicting the effect of process parameters. The objective of this study is to use both theoretical and practical material-sparing techniques to optimize a polymer for the developing Triclabendazole (TBZ) ASDs. Initial screening by theoretical approaches suggested that TBZ is highly miscible with Kollidon®VA64 (VA64) and poorly miscible with Parteck®MXP (PVA). However, results from ASDs prepared using SCFe were opposite to these predictions. ASDs prepared using either technique and both VA64 and PVA showed >200x increase in solubility. Each formulation released >85% of drug in less than 15 mins. Although the thermodynamic phase diagram suggested that VA64 was the ideal polymer for TBZ-ASDs, it has certain limitations in factoring the different elements during melt-processing and hence, practical approaches like SCFe could help in predicting the drug-polymer miscibility for HME processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhant Palekar
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Hemanth K Mamidi
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA; Continuus Pharmaceuticals Inc, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Yi Guo
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Richa Vartak
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA.
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7
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Thompson SA, Davis DA, Miller DA, Kucera SU, Williams RO. Pre-Processing a Polymer Blend into a Polymer Alloy by KinetiSol Enables Increased Ivacaftor Amorphous Solid Dispersion Drug Loading and Dissolution. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051281. [PMID: 37238952 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compares the effects of pre-processing multiple polymers together to form a single-phase polymer alloy prior to amorphous solid dispersion formulation. KinetiSol compounding was used to pre-process a 1:1 (w/w) ratio of hypromellose acetate succinate and povidone to form a single-phase polymer alloy with unique properties. Ivacaftor amorphous solid dispersions comprising either a polymer, an unprocessed polymer blend, or the polymer alloy were processed by KinetiSol and examined for amorphicity, dissolution performance, physical stability, and molecular interactions. A polymer alloy ivacaftor solid dispersion with a drug loading of 50% w/w was feasible versus 40% for the other compositions. Dissolution in fasted simulated intestinal fluid revealed that the 40% ivacaftor polymer alloy solid dispersion reached a concentration of 595 µg/mL after 6 h, 33% greater than the equivalent polymer blend dispersion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance revealed changes in the ability of the povidone contained in the polymer alloy to hydrogen bond with the ivacaftor phenolic moiety, explaining the differences in the dissolution performance. This work demonstrates that the creation of polymer alloys from polymer blends is a promising technique that provides the ability to tailor properties of a polymer alloy to maximize the drug loading, dissolution performance, and stability of an ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Thompson
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 W. University Ave, PHR 4.214, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel A Davis
- AustinPx, LLC, 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Dave A Miller
- AustinPx, LLC, 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Sandra U Kucera
- AustinPx, LLC, 111 W Cooperative Way, Suite 300, Georgetown, TX 78626, USA
| | - Robert O Williams
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 W. University Ave, PHR 4.214, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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8
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Agrawal S, Fernandes J, Shaikh F, Patel V. Quality aspects in the development of pelletized dosage forms. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08956. [PMID: 35243077 PMCID: PMC8873546 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify and collate the major common challenges that arise during pellet development. These challenges focus on aspects right from raw material properties until the final drying process of the pelletization. The challenges associated with the particle size of drug and excipients, physicochemical properties, drug excipient interaction and the effect of type/grade and amount of raw material on the pellet properties are covered in this review. Technological and process related challenges within the commonly used pelletization techniques such as extrusion-spheronization, hot-melt extrusion and layering techniques are also emphasized. The paper likewise gives an insight to the possible ways of addressing the quality of pellets during development.
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Ijaz QA, Latif S, Shoaib QUA, Rashid M, Arshad MS, Hussain A, Bukhari NI, Riaz S, Abbas N. Preparation and Characterization of pH-Independent Sustained-Release Tablets Containing Hot Melt Extruded Solid Dispersions of Clarithromycin : Tablets Containing Solid Dispersions of Clarithromycin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:275. [PMID: 34773162 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited solubility of clarithromycin (CAM), coupled with low bioavailability and rapid elimination, are major shortcomings, needed to be addressed to achieve optimum therapeutic goals. Therefore, sustained-release (SR) tablets containing solid dispersion (SD) granules of CAM were prepared in this study. Initially, SD granules of CAM were prepared by hot melt extrusion (HME) technique using Kollidon VA64 as a hydrophilic carrier. The saturation solubility of SD showed almost 4.5-fold increase as compared to pure CAM in pH 6.8 medium. In vitro drug dissolution data indicated a substantial increase in the dissolution of SD as compared to that of pure CAM. The thermal stability of drug, carrier, and SD at elevated HME temperatures was evident from the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed a decrease in the crystallinity and the uniform dispersion of drug, respectively. Moreover, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) data confirmed the formation of hydrogen bond between the carbonyl group of drug and the hydroxyl group of carrier. SD loaded sustained-release (SD-SR) matrix tablets were prepared with hydrophobic polymers (Eudragit RS100 and Eudragit RL100). The pH-independent swelling and permeability of both polymers were responsible for the sustained drug release from SD-SR tablets. Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies suggested a 3.4-fold increase in the relative bioavailability of SD-SR tablets as compared to that of pure CAM.
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dos Santos J, da Silva GS, Velho MC, Beck RCR. Eudragit ®: A Versatile Family of Polymers for Hot Melt Extrusion and 3D Printing Processes in Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1424. [PMID: 34575500 PMCID: PMC8471576 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eudragit® polymers are polymethacrylates highly used in pharmaceutics for the development of modified drug delivery systems. They are widely known due to their versatility with regards to chemical composition, solubility, and swelling properties. Moreover, Eudragit polymers are thermoplastic, and their use has been boosted in some production processes, such as hot melt extrusion (HME) and fused deposition modelling 3D printing, among other 3D printing techniques. Therefore, this review covers the studies using Eudragit polymers in the development of drug delivery systems produced by HME and 3D printing techniques over the last 10 years. Eudragit E has been the most used among them, mostly to formulate immediate release systems or as a taste-masker agent. On the other hand, Eudragit RS and Eudragit L100-55 have mainly been used to produce controlled and delayed release systems, respectively. The use of Eudragit polymers in these processes has frequently been devoted to producing solid dispersions and/or to prepare filaments to be 3D printed in different dosage forms. In this review, we highlight the countless possibilities offered by Eudragit polymers in HME and 3D printing, whether alone or in blends, discussing their prominence in the development of innovative modified drug release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil; (J.d.S.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Guilherme Silveira da Silva
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil;
| | - Maiara Callegaro Velho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil; (J.d.S.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil; (J.d.S.); (M.C.V.)
- Departamento de Produção e Controle de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-900, Brazil;
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Thakore SD, Akhtar J, Jain R, Paudel A, Bansal AK. Analytical and Computational Methods for the Determination of Drug-Polymer Solubility and Miscibility. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2835-2866. [PMID: 34041914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, poorly water-soluble drugs require enabling technologies to increase apparent solubility in the biological environment. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as an attractive strategy that has been used to market more than 20 oral pharmaceutical products. The amorphous form is inherently unstable and exhibits phase separation and crystallization during shelf life storage. Polymers stabilize the amorphous drug by antiplasticization, reducing molecular mobility, reducing chemical potential of drug, and increasing glass transition temperature in ASD. Here, drug-polymer miscibility is an important contributor to the physical stability of ASDs. The current Review discusses the basics of drug-polymer interactions with the major focus on the methods for the evaluation of solubility and miscibility of the drug in the polymer. Methods for the evaluation of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility have been classified as thermal, spectroscopic, microscopic, solid-liquid equilibrium-based, rheological, and computational methods. Thermal methods have been commonly used to determine the solubility of the drug in the polymer, while other methods provide qualitative information about drug-polymer miscibility. Despite advancements, the majority of these methods are still inadequate to provide the value of drug-polymer miscibility at room temperature. There is still a need for methods that can accurately determine drug-polymer miscibility at pharmaceutically relevant temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Junia Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ranjna Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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Tran PHL, Lee BJ, Tran TTD. Recent studies on the processes and formulation impacts in the development of solid dispersions by hot-melt extrusion. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 164:13-19. [PMID: 33887388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Industrial-scale pharmaceutical applications still face many challenges in overcoming the low absorption and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Hot-melt extrusion has emerged as a promising approach with continuous processing on an industrial scale for the preparation of drug delivery systems. Many reviews have mentioned the potential applications, processes, principles and advantages and disadvantages of hot-melt extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry. However, a focus on the recent progress of hot-melt extrusion, which investigates the impacts of processes and formulations of solid dispersions of poorly water-soluble drugs, is missing. In this review, various factors, including polymers, drug properties, additives and surfactants, in solid dispersion SD formulations by hot-melt extrusion will be discussed. Moreover, the effects of the hot-melt extrusion process on the physicochemical properties of solid dispersions will be mentioned. The utilization of molecular interactions in hot-melt extrusion to improve drug stability will also be described. Overall, this summary of recent studies on solid dispersion by hot-melt extrusion will provide perspectives and effectiveness for the development of formulations containing poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong H L Tran
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, IMPACT, Institute for Innovation in Physical and Mental Health and Clinical Translation, Geelong, Australia
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Thao T D Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam; The Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam.
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Hanada M, Jermain SV, Thompson SA, Furuta H, Fukuda M, Williams RO. Ternary Amorphous Solid Dispersions Containing a High-Viscosity Polymer and Mesoporous Silica Enhance Dissolution Performance†. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:198-213. [PMID: 33291881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a ternary amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) that was designed as an immediate-release tablet with a high drug load (e.g., 40% w/w) to produce heightened maintenance of drug supersaturation during dissolution testing, which will be henceforth referred to as the "maintenance ability". Ternary ASD granules were produced by hot melt extrusion (HME) and were comprised of itraconazole (ITZ) 50%, hypromellose (HPMC) 20%, and mesoporous silica (XDP) 30%, where amorphous ITZ incorporated into HPMC was efficiently absorbed in XDP pores. The ternary ASD granules containing a high-viscosity HPMC (AF4M) produced a significantly heightened maintenance ability of drug supersaturation in neutral pH dissolution media in which crystalline ITZ solubility is below 1 μg/mL. The final tablet formulation contained 80% w/w of the ASD granules (40% w/w ITZ), had an acceptable size, and exhibited both sufficient tablet hardness and disintegration. The dissolution behavior of the ternary ASD tablet exhibited a supersaturation maintenance ability similar to that of the ASD granules. Under neutral conditions, the ternary ASD tablet showed immediate and higher ITZ release compared with the binary ASD tablets, and this phenomenon could be explained by the difference in ITZ/AF4M particle size in the tablet. In high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was observed that ITZ and AF4M in the ternary formulation could easily form nano-sized particles (<1 μm) during the absorption process into/onto XDP pores prepared by HME, which contributed to the immediate ITZ release from the ternary ASD tablet under neutral pH conditions. Therefore, the ternary ASD containing high-viscosity HPMC and mesoporous silica prepared by HME made it possible to design a high ASD content, small-size tablet with an ideal dissolution profile in biorelevant media, and we expect that this technology can be applied for continuous HME ASD manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Hanada
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,CMC Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Scott V Jermain
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Formulation and Process Development, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephen A Thompson
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hirosuke Furuta
- CMC Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Mamoru Fukuda
- CMC Research Laboratory, Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1848 Nogi, Nogi-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan
| | - Robert O Williams
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Avenue, A1920, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Zhang Z, Dong L, Guo J, Li L, Tian B, Zhao Q, Yang J. Prediction of the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions: relationship of aging and phase separation with the thermodynamic and kinetic models along with characterization techniques. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 18:249-264. [PMID: 33112679 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1844181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Solid dispersion has been considered to be one of the most promising methods for improving the solubility and bioavailability of insoluble drugs. However, the physical stability of solid dispersions (SDs), including its aging and recrystallization, or phase separation, has always been one of the most challenging problems in the process of formulation development and storage.Areas covered: The high energy state of SDs is one of the primary reasons for the poor physical stability. The factors affecting the physical stability of SDs have been described from the perspective of thermodynamics and kinetics, and the corresponding theoretical model is put forward. We briefly summarize several commonly used techniques to characterize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of SDs. Specific measures to improve the physical stability of SDs have been proposed from the perspective of prescription screening, process parameters, and storage conditions.Expert opinion: The separation of the drug from the polymer, the formation, and migration of drug crystals will cause the SDs to shift toward the direction of energy reduction, which is the intrinsic cause of instability. Furthermore, computational simulation can be used for efficient and rapid screening suitable for the excipients to improve the physical stability of SDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luning Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jueshuo Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
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Nair AR, Lakshman YD, Anand VSK, Sree KSN, Bhat K, Dengale SJ. Overview of Extensively Employed Polymeric Carriers in Solid Dispersion Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:309. [PMID: 33161493 PMCID: PMC7649155 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersion is the preferred technology to prepare efficacious forms of BCS class-II/IV APIs. To prepare solid dispersions, there exist a wide variety of polymeric carriers with interesting physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available at the disposal of a formulation scientist. Since the advent of the solid dispersion technology in the early 1960s, there have been more than 5000 scientific papers published in the subject area. This review discusses the polymeric carrier properties of most extensively used polymers PVP, Copovidone, PEG, HPMC, HPMCAS, and Soluplus® in the solid dispersion technology. The literature trends about preparation techniques, dissolution, and stability improvement are analyzed from the Scopus® database to enable a formulator to make an informed choice of polymeric carrier. The stability and extent of dissolution improvement are largely dependent upon the type of polymeric carrier employed to formulate solid dispersions. With the increasing acceptance of transfer dissolution setup in the research community, it is required to evaluate the crystallization/precipitation inhibition potential of polymers under dynamic pH shift conditions. Further, there is a need to develop a regulatory framework which provides definition and complete classification along with necessarily recommended studies to characterize and evaluate solid dispersions.
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Tang B, Liu Z, Tian Z, Zhang J, Chen X, Fang G, Song H. Development and evaluation of synchronized and sustained release Tripergium Wilfordii tablets based hot-melt extrusion and direct powder compression. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Simões MF, Pinto RM, Simões S. Hot-melt extrusion in the pharmaceutical industry: toward filing a new drug application. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1749-1768. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Sensitivity of a continuous hot-melt extrusion and strand pelletization line to control actions and composition variation. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:239-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Karttunen AP, Hörmann TR, De Leersnyder F, Ketolainen J, De Beer T, Hsiao WK, Korhonen O. Measurement of residence time distributions and material tracking on three continuous manufacturing lines. Int J Pharm 2019; 563:184-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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