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Xiong Y, Yong Z, Xu C, Deng Q, Wang Q, Li S, Wang C, Zhang Z, Yang X, Li Z. Hyperbaric Oxygen Activates Enzyme-Driven Cascade Reactions for Cooperative Cancer Therapy and Cancer Stem Cells Elimination. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301278. [PMID: 37114827 PMCID: PMC10375084 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumor starvation induced by intratumor glucose depletion emerges as a promising strategy for anticancer therapy. However, its antitumor potencies are severely compromised by intrinsic tumor hypoxia, low delivery efficiencies, and undesired off-target toxicity. Herein, a multifunctional cascade bioreactor (HCG), based on the self-assembly of pH-responsive hydroxyethyl starch prodrugs, copper ions, and glucose oxidase (GOD), is engineered, empowered by hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) for efficient cooperative therapy against aggressive breast cancers. Once internalized by tumor cells, HCG undergoes disassembly and releases cargoes in response to acidic tumor microenvironment. Subsequently, HBO activates GOD-catalyzed oxidation of glucose to H2 O2 and gluconic acid by ameliorating tumor hypoxia, fueling copper-catalyzed •OH generation and pH-responsive drug release. Meanwhile, HBO degrades dense tumor extracellular matrix, promoting tumor accumulation and penetration of HCG. Moreover, along with the consumption of glucose and the redox reaction of copper ions, the antioxidant capacity of tumor cells is markedly reduced, collectively boosting oxidative stress. As a result, the combination of HCG and HBO can not only remarkably suppress the growth of orthotopic breast tumors but also restrain pulmonary metastases by inhibiting cancer stem cells. Considering the clinical accessibility of HBO, this combined strategy holds significant translational potentials for GOD-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Xiong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhengtao Yong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chen Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Deng
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shiyou Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510530, P. R. China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medical, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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Curylofo-Zotti FA, Oliveira VDC, Marchesin AR, Borges HS, Tedesco AC, Corona SAM. In vitro antibacterial activity of green tea-loaded chitosan nanoparticles on caries-related microorganisms and dentin after Er:YAG laser caries removal. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:50. [PMID: 36689037 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of green tea (Gt), EGCG, and nanoformulations containing chitosan (Nchi) and chitosan+green tea (Nchi+Gt) against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. In addition, the antibacterial effect of nanoformulations was evaluated directly on dentin after the selective removal of carious lesion. At first, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. mutans and L. casei isolates were investigated. In parallel, dentin specimens were exposed to S. mutans to induce carious lesions. Soft dentin was selectively removed by Er:YAG laser (n=33) or bur (n=33). Remaining dentin was biomodified with Nchi (n=11) or Gt+Nchi (n=11). Control group (n=11) did not receive any treatment. Dentin scraps were collected at three time points. Microbiological analyses were conducted and evaluated by agar plate counts. Gt at 1:32 dilution inhibited S. mutans growth while 1:16 was efficient against L. casei. EGCG at 1:4 dilution completely inhibited S. mutans and L. casei growth. Independently of the association with Gt, Nchi completely inhibited S. mutans at 1:4 dilution. For L. casei, different concentrations of Nchi (1:32) and Nchi+Gt (1:8) were required to inhibit cell growth. After selective carious removal, viability of S. mutans decreased (p<0.001), without difference between bur and Er:YAG laser (p>0.05). Treatment with Nchi and Nchi+Gt did not influence the microbial load of S. mutans on dentin (p>0.05). Although variations in concentrations were noticed, all compounds showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans and L. casei. Both bur and Er:YAG laser have effectively removed soft dentin and reduced S. mutans counts. Nanoformulations did not promote any additional antibacterial effect in the remaining dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Almeida Curylofo-Zotti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Cafe Avenue, s/n 14040-904, Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
| | - Viviane De Cássia Oliveira
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Analu Rodriguez Marchesin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Cafe Avenue, s/n 14040-904, Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Hiago Salge Borges
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silmara Aparecida Milori Corona
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Cafe Avenue, s/n 14040-904, Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Ha ES, Kang HT, Park H, Kim S, Kim MS. Advanced technology using supercritical fluid for particle production in pharmaceutical continuous manufacturing. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Harish V, Ansari MM, Tewari D, Gaur M, Yadav AB, García-Betancourt ML, Abdel-Haleem FM, Bechelany M, Barhoum A. Nanoparticle and Nanostructure Synthesis and Controlled Growth Methods. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12183226. [PMID: 36145012 PMCID: PMC9503496 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are materials with one or more nanoscale dimensions (internal or external) (i.e., 1 to 100 nm). The nanomaterial shape, size, porosity, surface chemistry, and composition are controlled at the nanoscale, and this offers interesting properties compared with bulk materials. This review describes how nanomaterials are classified, their fabrication, functionalization techniques, and growth-controlled mechanisms. First, the history of nanomaterials is summarized and then the different classification methods, based on their dimensionality (0-3D), composition (carbon, inorganic, organic, and hybrids), origin (natural, incidental, engineered, bioinspired), crystal phase (single phase, multiphase), and dispersion state (dispersed or aggregated), are presented. Then, the synthesis methods are discussed and classified in function of the starting material (bottom-up and top-down), reaction phase (gas, plasma, liquid, and solid), and nature of the dispersing forces (mechanical, physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological). Finally, the challenges in synthesizing nanomaterials for research and commercial use are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vancha Harish
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Md Mustafiz Ansari
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Manish Gaur
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awadh Bihari Yadav
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Center for Hazards Mitigation, Environmental Studies and Research (CHMESR), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Europeen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, 34730 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.B.)
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 Y074 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.B.); or (A.B.)
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5
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De Marco I. Supercritical Fluids and Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1449. [PMID: 36144072 PMCID: PMC9503529 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. Among the many techniques used to obtain nanoparticles, those based on supercritical fluids ensure reduced dimensions, narrow particle size distributions, and a very low or zero solvent residue in the powders. This review focuses on using supercritical carbon dioxide-based processes to obtain the nanoparticles of compounds used for the treatment or prevention of cancer. The scientific literature papers have been classified into two groups: nanoparticles consisting of a single active principle ingredient (API) and carrier/API nanopowders. Various supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) based techniques for obtaining the nanoparticles were considered, along with the operating conditions and advantages and disadvantages of each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy;
- Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
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6
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O’Sullivan A, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Production of biopharmaceutical dried-powders using supercritical CO2 technology. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Poureghbal Y, Rahimi M, Akbari M. Ionic gelation of chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate using a novel combined nebulizer and falling film system. CAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Rahimi
- Chemical Engineering Department Razi University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Mona Akbari
- Chemical Engineering Department University of Hormozgan Bandar Abbas Iran
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8
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Herdiana Y, Wathoni N, Shamsuddin S, Muchtaridi M. Scale-up polymeric-based nanoparticles drug delivery systems: Development and challenges. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Mathew S, Arumainathan S. Crosslinked Chitosan-Gelatin Biocompatible Nanocomposite as a Neuro Drug Carrier. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:18732-18744. [PMID: 35694506 PMCID: PMC9178715 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The polymers, chitosan, a polysaccharide, and gelatin, a protein, are crosslinked in different ratios without the aid of a crosslinking agent. Facile chemical reactions were followed to synthesize a chitosan/gelatin nanocomposite in three different ratios (1:1, 1:3, and 3:1). The solubility of chitosan and the stability of gelatin were improved due to the crosslinking. Both the polymers have excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, adhesion, and absorption properties in a biological environment. The properties of the composite were favorable to be used in drug delivery applications, and the drug dopamine was encapsulated in the composite for all three ratios. The properties of the chitosan/gelatin nanocomposite and dopamine-loaded chitosan/gelatin nanocomposite were examined using XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV, TGA, TEM, and DLS techniques, and the crosslinking was confirmed. Higuchi kinetic release was seen with a cumulative release of 93% within 24 h for the 1:3 nanocomposite in a neutral medium. The peaks at 9 and 20° in the XRD spectrum confirmed the encapsulation of dopamine with the increase in the crystallinity of chitosan, which is also evident from the SAED image. The dopamine functional groups were confirmed from the IR peaks between 500 and 1500 cm-1 and the wide UV absorption maxima between 250 and 290 nm. The particle size of the drug-loaded composite in the ratios 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1 were calculated to be 275, 405, and 355 nm, respectively. The nanocomposite also showed favorable DPPH antioxidant and antibacterial activity againstStaphylococcus aureus. Sustained release of dopamine in a neutral medium using crosslinked chitosan and gelatin without the presence of a crosslinker is the highlight of the work.
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O'Sullivan A, Long B, Verma V, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Solid-State and Particle Size Control of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals using Atomization-Based Techniques. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121798. [PMID: 35525471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility represent a major constraint during the development of new API molecules and can influence the impact of new medicines or halt their approval to the market. Cocrystals offer a novel and competitive advantage over other conventional methods with respect towards the substantial improvement in solubility profiles relative to the single-API crystals. Furthermore, the production of such cocrystals through atomization-based methods allow for greater control, with respect to particle size reduction, to further increase the solubility of the API. Such atomization-based methods include supercritical fluid methods, conventional spray drying and electrohydrodynamic atomization/electrospraying. The influence of process parameters such as solution flow rates, pressure and solution concentration, in controlling the solid-state and final particle size are discussed in this review with respect to atomization-based methods. For the last decade, literature has been attempting to catch-up with new regulatory rulings regarding the classification of cocrystals, due in part to data sparsity. In recent years, there has been an increase in cocrystal publications, specifically employing atomization-based methods. This review considers the benefits to employing atomization-based methods for the generation of pharmaceutical cocrystals, examines the most recent regulatory changes regarding cocrystals and provides an outlook towards the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O'Sullivan
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Barry Long
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Vivek Verma
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Luis Padrela
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Wang ZD, Peng HH, Guan YX, Yao SJ. Supercritical CO2 assisted micronization of curcumin-loaded oil-in-water emulsion promising in colon targeted delivery. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Ozkan G, Franco P, De Marco I, Capanoglu E, Esatbeyoglu T. Investigating the effects of supercritical antisolvent process and food models on antioxidant capacity, bioaccessibility and transepithelial transport of quercetin and rutin. Food Funct 2022; 13:4469-4477. [PMID: 35343983 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo04091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of the Supercritical Anti-Solvent (SAS) process and food models on the antioxidant capacity, bioaccessibility and transport dynamics of flavonol-loaded polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) based microparticles were investigated using a combined in vitro gastrointestinal digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. SAS-processed and unprocessed flavonols were supplied in two different food models: 10% ethanol for an aqueous hydrophilic food simulant and 3% acetic acid for an acidic food simulant. The SAS processing of quercetin and rutin resulted in a much higher recovery of these bioactives as well as greater retention of antioxidant capacity after gastrointestinal digestion in both hydrophilic and acidic food models. The present study also demonstrates that SAS coprecipitation has a positive effect on the stability and transport of bioactives across the epithelial cell layer. It can be deduced from the results that the SAS process can be a useful method in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications with high stability, bioaccessibility, bioavailability and thus enhanced nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulay Ozkan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey. .,Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Paola Franco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Iolanda De Marco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tuba Esatbeyoglu
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Am Kleinen Felde 30, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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Islam T, Al Ragib A, Ferdosh S, Uddin ABMH, Haque Akanda MJ, Mia MAR, D. M RP, Kamaruzzaman BY, Islam Sarker MZ. Development of nanoparticles for pharmaceutical preparations using supercritical techniques. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2021.1983545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariqul Islam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Abdullah Al Ragib
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Sahena Ferdosh
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - A. B. M. Helal Uddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | | | - Md. Abdur Rashid Mia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Reddy Prasad D. M
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Programme area, Universiti Technology Brunei, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bin Yunus Kamaruzzaman
- Faculty of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Md. Zaidul Islam Sarker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Food Science Program, Cooperative Research, Education and Extension Services, Northern Marianas College, Saipan, MP, USA
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14
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Mikušová V, Mikuš P. Advances in Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9652. [PMID: 34502560 PMCID: PMC8431817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have an outstanding position in pharmaceutical, biological, and medical disciplines. Polymeric NPs based on chitosan (CS) can act as excellent drug carriers because of some intrinsic beneficial properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, bioactivity, easy preparation, and targeting specificity. Drug transport and release from CS-based particulate systems depend on the extent of cross-linking, morphology, size, and density of the particulate system, as well as physicochemical properties of the drug. All these aspects have to be considered when developing new CS-based NPs as potential drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review is summarizing and discussing recent advances in CS-based NPs being developed and examined for drug delivery. From this point of view, an enhancement of CS properties by its modification is presented. An enhancement in drug delivery by CS NPs is discussed in detail focusing on (i) a brief summarization of basic characteristics of CS NPs, (ii) a categorization of preparation procedures used for CS NPs involving also recent improvements in production schemes of conventional as well as novel CS NPs, (iii) a categorization and evaluation of CS-based-nanocomposites involving their production schemes with organic polymers and inorganic material, and (iv) very recent implementations of CS NPs and nanocomposites in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mikušová
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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15
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Gooneh-Farahani S, Naghib SM, Naimi-Jamal MR, Seyfoori A. A pH-sensitive nanocarrier based on BSA-stabilized graphene-chitosan nanocomposite for sustained and prolonged release of anticancer agents. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17404. [PMID: 34465842 PMCID: PMC8408197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97081-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart nanomaterials with stimuli-responsive behavior are considered as promising platform for various drug delivery applications. Regarding their specific conditions, such as acidic pH, drug carriers to treatment of tumor microenvironment need some criteria to enhance drug delivery efficiency. In this study, for the first time, pH-sensitive BSA-stabilized graphene (BSG)/chitosan nanocomposites were synthesized through electrostatic interactions between the positively charged chitosan nanoparticles and negatively charged BSG and used for Doxorubicin (DOX) encapsulation as a general anticancer drug. Physicochemical characterization of the nanocomposites with different concentrations of BSG (0.5, 2, and 5wt%) showed effective decoration of chitosan nanoparticles on BSG. Comparing DOX release behavior from the nanocomposites and free BSG-chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated at two pHs of 7.4 and 4.5 in 28 days. It was shown that the presence of BSG significantly reduced the burst release observed in chitosan nanoparticles. The nanocomposite of 2wt% BSG was selected as the optimal nanocomposite with a release of 84% in 28 days and with the most uniform release in 24 h. Furthermore, the fitting of release data with four models including zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-Peppas indicated that the addition of BSG changed the release mechanism of the drug, enabling uniform release for the optimal nanocomposite in first 24 h, compared to that for pure chitosan nanoparticles. This behavior was proved using metabolic activity assay of the SKBR-3 breast cancer cell spheroids exposed to DOX release supernatant at different time intervals. It was also demonstrated that DOX released from the nanocomposite had a significant effect on the suppression of cancer cell proliferation at acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Gooneh-Farahani
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Chemistry Department, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Naghib
- Nanotechnology Department, School of New Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran.
| | - M Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Chemistry Department, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Salehi Khesht AM, Karpisheh V, Sahami Gilan P, Melnikova LA, Olegovna Zekiy A, Mohammadi M, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Majidi Zolbanin N, Mahmoodpoor A, Hassannia H, Aghebati-Maleki L, Jafari R, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Blockade of CD73 using siRNA loaded chitosan lactate nanoparticles functionalized with TAT-hyaluronate enhances doxorubicin mediated cytotoxicity in cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:849-863. [PMID: 34245737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs are still one of the first treatment options used in many cancers; however, problems such as cytotoxic side effects on normal cells after systemic administration and resistance to treatment have reduced the use of chemotherapeutics day by day. Targeted delivery of these drugs to the tumor site and sensitization of cancer cells to death induced by chemotherapy drugs are ways that can overcome the limitations of the use of these drugs. In this study, we designed and generated a novel nanocarrier composed of chitosan lactate nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized by HIV-1 derived TAT peptide (Transactivating transcriptional activator) and hyaluronate (HA) to deliver CD73 siRNA and doxorubicin to 4T1 and CT26 cancer cells, both in vivo and in vitro, as a novel combinatorial treatment strategy. The CD73 molecule plays a key role in many cancer cell behaviors such as proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, imunosuppression, and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, we decided to reduce the side effects of DOX by simultaneously transmitting CD73 siRNA and DOX by CL-TAT-HA NPs, increase the susceptibility of cancer cells to DOX-induced cell death, and stimulate anti-tumor immune responses, for the first time. These results indicated that simultaneous transfer of CD73 siRNA and DOX to cancer cells (4 T1 and CT26) increased cell death and inhibited the prolifration and spread of cancer cells. Also, the preferential aggregation of NPs in the tumor microenvironment reduced tumor growh, promoted the survival of tumor-bearing mice, and induced anti-tumor immune responses. These findings indicate that CL-TAT-HA NPs are a good candidate for targeted siRNA/drug delivery to cancer cells and the simultaneous transfer of CD73 siRNA and DOX to cancer cells using this nanocarrier can be used to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mahmoud Salehi Khesht
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Vahid Karpisheh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Sahami Gilan
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technologies Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Lyubov A Melnikova
- Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Angelina Olegovna Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahdis Mohammadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Imam Reza Medical Research & Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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17
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Carrion CC, Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Jaleh B, Soufi GJ, Iravani S. Lignin, lipid, protein, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, gum, pectin, alginate and chitosan-based nanomaterials for cancer nanotherapy: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:193-228. [PMID: 33631269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems are relatively new, they are rapidly evolving since the nanomaterials are deployed as effective means of diagnosis and delivery of assorted therapeutic agents to targeted intracellular sites in a controlled release manner. Nanomedicine and nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are rapidly developing as they play crucial roles in the development of therapeutic strategies for various types of cancer and malignancy. Nevertheless, high costs, associated toxicity and production of complexities are some of the critical barriers for their applications. Green nanomedicines have continually been improved as one of the viable approaches towards tumor drug delivery, thus making a notable impact on which considerably affect cancer treatment. In this regard, the utilization of natural and renewable feedstocks as a starting point for the fabrication of nanosystems can considerably contribute to the development of green nanomedicines. Nanostructures and biopolymers derived from natural and biorenewable resources such as proteins, lipids, lignin, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, gum, pectin, alginate, and chitosan play vital roles in the development of cancer nanotherapy, imaging and management. This review uncovers recent investigations on diverse nanoarchitectures fabricated from natural and renewable feedstocks for the controlled/sustained and targeted drug/gene delivery systems against cancers including an outlook on some of the scientific challenges and opportunities in this field. Various important natural biopolymers and nanomaterials for cancer nanotherapy are covered and the scientific challenges and opportunities in this field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Carrillo Carrion
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Ctra Nnal IV-A Km. 396, E-14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Mohaddeseh Sajjadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran
| | - Babak Jaleh
- Department of Physics, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65174 Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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18
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Supercritical CO2 assisted preparation of chitosan-based nano-in-microparticles with potential for efficient pulmonary drug delivery. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Nanoparticles and Nanocrystals by Supercritical CO2-Assisted Techniques for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many active ingredients currently prescribed show limited therapeutic efficacy, mainly due to their dissolution rate inadequate to treat the pathology of interest. A large drug particle size creates an additional problem if a specific site of action in the human body has to be reached. For this reason, active ingredient size reduction using micronization/nanonization techniques is a valid approach to improve the efficacy of active compounds. Supercritical carbon-dioxide-assisted technologies enable the production of different morphologies of different sizes, including nanoparticles and nanocrystals, by modulating operating conditions. Supercritical fluid-based processes have numerous advantages over techniques conventionally employed to produce nanosized particles or crystals, such as reduced use of toxic solvents, which are completely removed from the final product, ensuring safety for patients. Active compounds can be processed alone by supercritical techniques, although polymeric carriers are often added as stabilizers, to control the drug release on the basis of the desired therapeutic effect, as well as to improve drug processability with the chosen technology. This updated review on the application of supercritical micronization/nanonization techniques in the pharmaceutical field aims at highlighting the most effective current results, operating conditions, advantages, and limitations, providing future perspectives.
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20
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Combined Delivery of DOX and Kaempferol using PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles to Target Colon Cancer. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Shi Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Liu W, Khan MZH, Liu X. Molecularly Imprinting Polymers (MIP) Based on Nitrogen Doped Carbon Dots and MIL-101(Fe) for Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1655. [PMID: 32842523 PMCID: PMC7559160 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MIL-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanocomposites were successfully synthesized through a simple and versatile stirring auxiliary encapsulation method. MIP as a carrier has been applied to the highly efficient selective recognition and sustained release of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX). The adsorption mechanism and release behavior of MIP@DOX in vitro were also discussed. Adsorption studies showed that MIP using DOX as template had specific selectivity to DOX, and its optimal drug loading efficiency reached 97.99%. The adsorption isotherm accorded with Freundlich models. The cumulative release curve showed that at the conditions of pH 5.5 and 7.4, the nanomaterials have a slow-release effect on the release of DOX. In addition, the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of MIP nanoparticles on HepG2 and HL-7702 cell lines measured by MTT assay also proved their low toxicity and biological activity. The cell activity of HepG2 and HL-7702 incubated with MIP for 24 h was 69.9% and 76.07%, respectively. These results collectively illustrated that the MIP nano-materials synthesized in this study can be efficiently employed to the drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Shi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhua Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Md Zaved H Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jessore University of Science and Technology, Jessore 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Xiuhua Liu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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22
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Rostami E. Progresses in targeted drug delivery systems using chitosan nanoparticles in cancer therapy: A mini-review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Engineering approaches for drug delivery systems production and characterization. Int J Pharm 2020; 581:119267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Wang W, Meng Q, Li Q, Liu J, Zhou M, Jin Z, Zhao K. Chitosan Derivatives and Their Application in Biomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E487. [PMID: 31940963 PMCID: PMC7014278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a product of the deacetylation of chitin, which is widely found in nature. Chitosan is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, which seriously limits both its application scope and applicable fields. However, chitosan contains active functional groups that are liable to chemical reactions; thus, chitosan derivatives can be obtained through the chemical modification of chitosan. The modification of chitosan has been an important aspect of chitosan research, showing a better solubility, pH-sensitive targeting, an increased number of delivery systems, etc. This review summarizes the modification of chitosan by acylation, carboxylation, alkylation, and quaternization in order to improve the water solubility, pH sensitivity, and the targeting of chitosan derivatives. The applications of chitosan derivatives in the antibacterial, sustained slowly release, targeting, and delivery system fields are also described. Chitosan derivatives will have a large impact and show potential in biomedicine for the development of drugs in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Qiuyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Mo Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Chemistry Engineering and Materials, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; (W.W.); (Q.M.); (Q.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Kai Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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25
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Chitosan coating of zein-carboxymethylated short-chain amylose nanocomposites improves oral bioavailability of insulin in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2019; 313:1-13. [PMID: 31622690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive means of insulin administration circumvent some of the inconveniences of injections. Oral administration in particular is convenient, pain-free, and allows favorable glucose homeostasis, but is subject to chemical instability, enzymatic degradation, and poor gastrointestinal absorption. Natural polymeric nanoparticles have emerged as a promising oral delivery system for peptide therapeutics due their safety, biocompatibility, and stability. In this study, self-assembled nanocomposites from chitosan (CS) and insulin-loaded, zein-carboxymethylated short-chain amylose (IN-Z-CSA) nanocomposites were synthesized to improve oral bioavailability of insulin. The optimized IN-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites exhibited an average size of 311.32±6.98 nm, a low polydispersity index (0.227±0.01), a negative zeta potential (43.77±1.36 mV), an encapsulation efficiency of 89.6±0.9%, and a loading capacity of 6.8±0.4%. The IN-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites were stable in storage conditions. The transepithelial permeability of the N-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites was 12-fold higher than that of insulin. Cellular uptake studies revealed that the IN-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites were internalized into Caco-2 cells by both endocytosis and a paracellular route. Additionally, in pharmacological studies, orally administered IN-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites had a stronger hypoglycemic effect with a relative bioavailability of 15.19% compared with that of IN-Z-CSA1.0% nanocomposites. Furthermore, cell toxicity and in vivo tests revealed that the IN-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites were biocompatible. Overall, these results indicate that the IN-Z-CSA/CS0.2% nanocomposites can improve oral bioavailability of insulin and are a promising delivery system for insulin or other peptide/protein drugs.
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