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Bansal K, Jindal AB. An Insight Into Risk Assessment and Reformulation of Drug Products Manufactured Using Benzene Grade Carbomer: A Regulatory Perspective. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:166. [PMID: 39009861 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been an enormous pain point for patients and regulatory bodies across the globe. In Dec. 2023, the US FDA released guidance on benzene-grade carbomer formulations, which triggered pharmaceutical manufacturers to assess risk, test finished products, and reformulate drug products with benzene-grade carbomer. The immediate implementation of the stoppage of finished products with benzene-grade carbomers has threatened pharmaceutical excipients and finished product manufacturers. The gravity of this situation prompted the US Pharmacopeia to extend the deadline for discontinuation from August 1, 2025, to August 1, 2026, allowing manufacturers ample time for reformulation and regulatory compliance.There is an immediate need to understand the guidance and to learn how manufacturers should do the risk assessment and approach reformulation. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the risk assessment and reformulation processes involved in various dosage forms utilizing benzene-grade carbomer, supported by specific case studies.This review offers insights into navigating the USFDA guidelines to ensure formulation safety and compliance, thus enabling pharmaceutical practitioners to uphold the highest standards of patient care and tackle life cycle management challenges.The decision of the USFDA to restrict the usage of high benzene content of carbomer in the formulation is a welcome move. This article has shown a way for researchers to see opportunities in the path and provide best-in-class medicines to patients with a better formulation safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Bansal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
- Formulation & Development, Amneal Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Anil B Jindal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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2
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Shoman NA, Gebreel RM, El-Nabarawi MA, Attia A. Optimization of hyaluronan-enriched cubosomes for bromfenac delivery enhancing corneal permeation: characterization, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2162162. [PMID: 36587627 PMCID: PMC9943252 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2162162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To design and evaluate hyaluronan-based cubosomes loaded with bromfenac sodium (BS) for ocular application to enhance the corneal permeation and retention in pterygium and cataract treatment. BS-loaded cubosomes were prepared by the emulsification method, employing 23 full factorial design using Design-Expert® software. Glycerol monoolein (GMO) and poloxamer 407 (P407) as lipid phase and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer were the used ingredients. The optimized formulation (OBC; containing GMO (7% w/w), P407 (0.7% w/w) and PVA (2.5% w/w)) was further evaluated. OBC had an entrapment efficiency of 61.66 ± 1.01%, a zeta potential of -30.80 ± 0.61 mV, a mean particle size of 149.30 ± 15.24 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.21 ± 0.02. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed its cubic shape and excellent dispersibility. OBC exhibited high stability and no ocular irritation that was ensured by histopathology. Ex vivo permeation study showed a significant increase in drug deposition and permeability parameters through goat cornea, besides, confocal laser microscopy established the superior permeation capability of OBC, as compared to drug solution. In vivo pharmacokinetics in aqueous humor indicated higher AUC0-tlast (18.88 µg.h/mL) and mean residence time (3.16 h) of OBC when compared to the marketed eye drops (7.93 µg.h/mL and 1.97 h, respectively). Accordingly, hyaluronan-enriched cubosomes can be regarded as a promising carrier for safe and effective topical ocular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Shoman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rana M. Gebreel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa Attia
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt,CONTACT Alshaimaa Attia Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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Oucif Khaled MT, Zaater A, Ben Amor I, Zeghoud S, Ben Amor A, Hemmami H, Alnazza Alhamad A. Drug delivery methods based on nanotechnology for the treatment of eye diseases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:6029-6040. [PMID: 38098602 PMCID: PMC10718325 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most difficult tasks among the numerous medication delivery methods is ocular drug delivery. Despite having effective medications for treating ocular illness, we have not yet managed to develop an appropriate drug delivery strategy with the fewest side effects. Nanotechnology has the potential to significantly address the drawbacks of current ocular delivery systems, such as their insufficient therapeutic effectiveness and unfavourable side effects from invasive surgery or systemic exposure. The objective of the current research is to highlight and update the most recent developments in nano-based technologies for the detection and treatment of ocular diseases. Even if more work has to be done, the advancements shown here might lead to brand-new, very practical ocular nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tayeb Oucif Khaled
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Abdelmalekd Zaater
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Biodiversity laboratory and application of biotechnology in agriculture, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ilham Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Soumeia Zeghoud
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Asma Ben Amor
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Hadia Hemmami
- Department of Process Engineering and Petrochemical, Faculty of Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
- Renewable Energy Development unit in Arid Zones (UDERZA), University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Ali Alnazza Alhamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
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Onugwu AL, Nwagwu CS, Onugwu OS, Echezona AC, Agbo CP, Ihim SA, Emeh P, Nnamani PO, Attama AA, Khutoryanskiy VV. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases. J Control Release 2023; 354:465-488. [PMID: 36642250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye are the primary causes of vision impairment and blindness globally. Drug administration through the topical ocular route is widely accepted because of its user/patient friendliness - ease of administration and convenience. However, it remains a significant challenge to efficiently deliver drugs to the eye through this route because of various structural and physiological constraints that restrict the distribution of therapeutic molecules into the ocular tissues. The bioavailability of topically applied ocular medications such as eye drops is typically less than 5%. Developing novel delivery systems to increase the retention time on the ocular surfaces and permeation through the cornea is one of the approaches adopted to boost the bioavailability of topically administered medications. Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology such as micelles, nanosuspensions, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, cubosomes and nanowafers have been investigated as effective alternatives to conventional ocular delivery systems in treating diseases of the anterior segment of the eye. This review discussed different nanotechnology-based delivery systems that are currently investigated for treating and managing diseases affecting the anterior ocular tissues. We also looked at the challenges in translating these systems into clinical use and the prospects of nanocarriers as a vehicle for the delivery of phytoactive compounds to the anterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaeze Linda Onugwu
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinekwu Sherridan Nwagwu
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Obinna Sabastine Onugwu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Chidiebere Echezona
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinazom Precious Agbo
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Stella Amarachi Ihim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Pharmacology and Physiology Unit, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Prosper Emeh
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Petra Obioma Nnamani
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Amaechi Attama
- Drug Delivery & Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
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Renukuntla J, Palakurthi SS, Bolla PK, Clark BA, Boddu SHS, Manda P, Sockwell S, Charbe NB, Palakurthi S. Advances in in-vitro bioequivalence testing methods for complex ophthalmic generic products. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122209. [PMID: 36162609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) demands that the generic industry prove topical ocular products' pharmaceutical and bioequivalence (BE). In contrast to generic oral drugs, topical ocular product BE testing has proved difficult. New generic versions are compared to an authorized drug product known as a Reference Listed Drug (RLD) to demonstrate their bioequivalence. If the excellent in-vitro results may support the presumption of equivalence in-vivo performance and the only clinically significant difference between the generic and RLD is in its physicochemical qualities and drug release rate, then in-vivo BE studies may be waived. Proving BE through dissolution tests is a golden standard for most conventional dosage forms. However, due to the limited number of biorelevant in-vitro drug release testing (IVRT) approaches capable of differentiating their performance based on product quality and physicochemical properties, the development of generic ophthalmic products has been slow and time-consuming. Often, BE of topical ophthalmic formulations cannot be proved using a single in-vitro test; therefore, an elaborated discussion on various IVRT methods performed to demonstrate bioequivalence of complex generis like ophthalmic emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and gels is necessary. This manuscript aims to review the status of biowaiver criteria for complex ophthalmic products concerning the product-specific FDA guidance to the generic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sushesh Srivatsa Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Bradley A Clark
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Prashanth Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Samuel Sockwell
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Nitin B Charbe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
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González-Fernández FM, Bianchera A, Gasco P, Nicoli S, Pescina S. Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Ophthalmic Administration: Towards Experimental Design Implementation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040447. [PMID: 33810399 PMCID: PMC8067198 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapeutics based on biocompatible lipid matrices allow for enhanced solubility of poorly soluble compounds in the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, overcoming the anatomical and physiological barriers present in the eye, which, despite the ease of access, remains strongly protected. Micro-/nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) combine liquid and/or solid lipids with surfactants, improving drug stability and ocular bioavailability. Current research and development approaches based on try-and-error methodologies are unable to easily fine-tune nanoparticle populations in order to overcome the numerous constraints of ocular administration routes, which is believed to hamper easy approval from regulatory agencies for these systems. The predictable quality and specifications of the product can be achieved through quality-by-design (QbD) implementation in both research and industrial environments, in contrast to the current quality-by-testing (QbT) framework. Mathematical modelling of the expected final nanoparticle characteristics by variation of operator-controllable variables of the process can be achieved through adequate statistical design-of-experiments (DoE) application. This multivariate approach allows for optimisation of drug delivery platforms, reducing research costs and time, while maximising the understanding of the production process. This review aims to highlight the latest efforts in implementing the design of experiments to produce optimised lipid-based nanocarriers intended for ophthalmic administration. A useful background and an overview of the different possible approaches are presented, serving as a starting point to introduce the design of experiments in current nanoparticle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M. González-Fernández
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
- Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.M.G.-F.); (S.P.)
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Paolo Gasco
- Nanovector S.r.l., Via Livorno, 60, 10144 Torino, Italy;
| | - Sara Nicoli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
| | - Silvia Pescina
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Viale Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.G.-F.); (S.P.)
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Vo A, Feng X, Smith WC, Zhu D, Patel M, Kozak D, Wang Y, Zheng J, Ashraf M, Xu X. Analyzing ophthalmic suspension particle size distributions using laser diffraction: Placebo background subtraction method. Int J Pharm 2021; 598:120401. [PMID: 33636327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study demonstrated that the presence of excipients can interfere with the measurement of particle size distribution (PSD), a critical quality attribute of ophthalmic suspensions, by laser diffraction (LD) and that a placebo background subtraction approach can eliminate the impact of excipients on the PSD measurement. Commercially available loteprednol etabonate and brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions were used as model suspensions. The impact of excipients in these formulations on the LD measurements was determined using a one-factor-at-a-time experimental design approach, using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable polystyrene particle size standards as references. Among the evaluated excipients, polymers containing polyacrylic acid were found to interfere with the PSD analysis by creating the LD signals correspond to particles ranging from a few micrometers to a hundred micrometers in size. As a result, the measured PSD of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particles in the formulation overlapped with or superimposed on the excipient PSD signal, leading to erroneous interpretation of the API particle size. Additionally, dispersion of brinzolamide particles in unsaturated solutions led to rapid dissolution of brinzolamide particles during the measurement, resulting in underestimation of the particle size range. Here, a placebo background subtraction approach was developed to eliminate the interference of the excipients. This newly developed LD method was also evaluated using orthogonal methods, including polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The strategy used in this study to eliminate the interference of excipients may also be useful for other heterogeneous dispersions where excipient interference may be of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Vo
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - William C Smith
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Dongkai Zhu
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Vo A, Feng X, Patel D, Mohammad A, Patel M, Zheng J, Kozak D, Choi S, Ashraf M, Xu X. In vitro physicochemical characterization and dissolution of brinzolamide ophthalmic suspensions with similar composition. Int J Pharm 2020; 588:119761. [PMID: 32795488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The quality of an ophthalmic suspension is crucial for its in vivo performance, and often impact product's effectiveness. An in-depth understanding of critical quality attributes (CQAs) of ophthalmic suspensions such as particle size distribution (PSD) and rheology, as well as the impact of these CQAs on product performance are important for successful product development, quality control, and regulatory approval. This study employed brinzolamide ophthalmic suspension, 1%, as a model ophthalmic product, and six batches were manufactured using an innovative planetary centrifugal milling (PCM) process. Three batches were manufactured to have distinctly different PSD. These three batches had qualitatively (Q1) and quantitatively (Q2) the same composition as the model drug product (i.e., Azopt), while the differences in PSD were introduced by changing only the manufacturing process parameters. On the other hand, changes in rheology were introduced by altering the input level of the viscosity enhancing polymer in the formulation. A systematic approach was employed to understand the relation between manufacturing process parameters, CQAs, and in vitro product performance. Among the evaluated CQAs, PSD, rheology, surface tension, and drug dissolution were found more sensitive to the changes in the manufacturing processes. Most notably, we developed a rapid dissolution method (completed within minutes) employing in-situ fiber optic UV dissolution system. This novel dissolution method mimics the environmental conditions of the eye such as dissolution under "non-sink" condition and under high shear (from blinking). The method was highly discriminatory to differences in the PSD in the suspension. This study also revealed an important relation between the PSD of the suspension and its rheology which originated as a result of an interaction at the molecular level between the solid drug particles and the viscosity enhancing polymers. These findings underscore the need to evaluate CQAs of the ophthalmic suspensions in concert rather than separately when comparing ophthalmic drug products and product performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Vo
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Mehulkumar Patel
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Division of Biology, Chemistry, and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Darby Kozak
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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