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Endo R, Ueda T, Nagaoki T, Shima N, Sato Y, Harashima H, Nakamura T. Impact of in vivo fate of STING agonist-loaded lipid nanoparticles on antitumor immunity. J Control Release 2024; 372:609-618. [PMID: 38942082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutically manipulating the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway has promising potential for enhancing antitumor immunity. Agonists of this pathway (STING agonists) are being evaluated in clinical trials. Loading the STING agonists into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) increases their safety and efficacy. We previously developed STING agonists loaded LNPs consisting of the ionizable lipid YSK12-C4 (YSK12-LNPs), which showed significant antitumor effects. However, it is largely unclear how the in vivo fate of STING agonists loaded LNPs affects the antitumor immune responses. In this study, we compared the YSK12-LNPs with LNPs composed of DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3-LNPs) showing different in vivo fates. Biodistribution and flow cytometry analyses of mouse tissues revealed that the MC3-LNPs delivered higher amounts of STING agonists to the liver than the YSK12-LNPs. Additionally, significantly more liver leukocytes internalized the MC3-LNPs than the YSK12-LNPs. In contrast, the YSK12-LNPs delivered higher amounts of STING agonists to the liver leukocytes than the MC3-LNPs, leading to the effective induction of innate immunity and inflammation in the tumors. However, the antitumor effects in the B16-F10 lung metastasis and CT26 tumor models were comparable. Interestingly, flow cytometry analyses suggested that the YSK12-LNPs were more likely to activate natural killer cells and M1 macrophages, while the MC3-LNPs were more likely to activate CD8+ T cells. Our data suggest that different antitumor immune response mechanisms may operate depending on the characteristics and distribution of the LNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikito Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ueda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takumi Nagaoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Natsumi Shima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Sato Y, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Harashima H. The impact of, and expectations for, lipid nanoparticle technology: From cellular targeting to organelle targeting. J Control Release 2024; 370:516-527. [PMID: 38718875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The success of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has enhanced the potential of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as a system for the delivery of mRNA. In this review, we describe our progress using a lipid library to engineer ionizable lipids and promote LNP technology from the viewpoints of safety, controlled biodistribution, and mRNA vaccines. These advancements in LNP technology are applied to cancer immunology, and a potential nano-DDS is constructed to evaluate immune status that is associated with a cancer-immunity cycle that includes the sub-cycles in tumor microenvironments. We also discuss the importance of the delivery of antigens and adjuvants in enhancing the cancer-immunity cycle. Recent progress in NK cell targeting in cancer immunotherapy is also introduced. Finally, the impact of next-generation DDS technology is explained using the MITO-Porter membrane fusion-based delivery system for the organelle targeting of the mitochondria. We introduce a successful example of the MITO-Porter used in a cell therapeutic strategy to treat cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kim G, Zhu R, Zhang Y, Jeon H, Shirinichi F, Wang Y. Fluorescent Chiral Quantum Dots to Unveil Origin-Dependent Exosome Uptake and Cargo Release. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3358-3374. [PMID: 38717870 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are promising nanocarriers for drug delivery. Yet, it is challenging to apply exosomes in clinical use due to the limited understanding of their physiological functions. While cellular uptake of exosomes is generally known through endocytosis and/or membrane fusion, the mechanisms of origin-dependent cellular uptake and subsequent cargo release of exosomes into recipient cells are still unclear. Herein, we investigated the intricate mechanisms of exosome entry into recipient cells and intracellular cargo release. In this study, we utilized chiral graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as representatives of exosomal cargo, taking advantage of the superior permeability of chiral GQDs into lipid membranes as well as their excellent optical properties for tracking analysis. We observed that the preferential cellular uptake of exosomes derived from the same cell-of-origin (intraspecies exosomes) is higher than that of exosomes derived from different cell-of-origin (cross-species exosomes). This uptake enhancement was attributed to receptor-ligand interaction-mediated endocytosis, as we identified the expression of specific ligands on exosomes that favorably interact with their parental cells and confirmed the higher lysosomal entrapment of intraspecies exosomes (intraspecies endocytic uptake). On the other hand, we found that the uptake of cross-species exosomes primarily occurred through membrane fusion, followed by direct cargo release into the cytosol (cross-species direct fusion uptake). We revealed the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular uptake and subsequent cargo release of exosomes depending on their cell-of-origin and recipient cell types. Overall, this study envisions valuable insights into further advancements in effective drug delivery using exosomes, as well as a comprehensive understanding of cellular communication, including disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Runyao Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Youwen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University─Camden, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - Hyunsu Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Farbod Shirinichi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yichun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Khalifa AM, Nakamura T, Sato Y, Harashima H. Vaccination with a combination of STING agonist-loaded lipid nanoparticles and CpG-ODNs protects against lung metastasis via the induction of CD11b highCD27 low memory-like NK cells. Exp Hematol Oncol 2024; 13:36. [PMID: 38553761 PMCID: PMC10981311 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-024-00502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are effective in attacking tumor cells that escape T cell attack. Memory NK cells are believed to function as potent effector cells in cancer immunotherapy. However, knowledge of their induction, identification, and potential in vivo is limited. Herein, we report on the induction and identification of memory-like NK cells via the action of a combination of a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist loaded into lipid nanoparticles (STING-LNPs) and cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs), and the potential of the inducted memory-like NK cells to prevent melanoma lung metastasis. METHODS The antitumor effects of either the STING-LNPs, CpG-ODNs, or the combination therapy were evaluated using a B16-F10 lung metastasis model. The effect of the combined treatment was evaluated by measuring cytokine production. The induction of memory-like NK cells was demonstrated via flow cytometry and confirmed through their preventative effect. RESULTS The combination of STING-LNPs and CpG-ODNs tended to enhance the production of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-18, and exerted a therapeutic effect against B16-F10 lung metastasis. The combination therapy increased the population of CD11bhighCD27low NK cells. Although monotherapies failed to show preventative effects, the combination therapy induced a surprisingly strong preventative effect, which indicates that CD11bhighCD27low cells could be a phenotype of memory-like NK cells. CONCLUSION As far as could be ascertained, this is the first report of the in vivo induction, identification, and confirmation of a phenotype of the memory-like NK cells through a prophylactic effect via the use of an immunotherapeutic drug. Our findings provide novel insights into the in vivo induction of CD11bhighCD27low memory-like NK cells thus paving the way for the development of efficient immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Khalifa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Escalona-Rayo O, Papadopoulou P, Slütter B, Kros A. Biological recognition and cellular trafficking of targeted RNA-lipid nanoparticles. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 85:103041. [PMID: 38154322 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have unlocked the potential of ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics and vaccines. Production and large-scale manufacturing methods for RNA-LNPs have been established and rapidly accelerate. Despite this, basic research on LNPs is still required, due to their high assembly complexity and fairly new development, including research on lipid organization, transfection optimization, and in vivo behavior. Understanding fundamental aspects of LNPs that is, how lipid composition and physicochemical properties affect their biodistribution, cell recognition, and transfection, could propel their clinical development and facilitate overcoming current challenges. Herein, we review recent developments in the field of LNP technology and summarize the main findings focusing on nano-bio interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Escalona-Rayo
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Panagiota Papadopoulou
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Department of Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Kim G, Zhu R, Zhang Y, Jeon H, Wang Y. Fluorescent Chiral Quantum Dots to Unveil Origin-Dependent Exosome Uptake and Cargo Release. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.20.572689. [PMID: 38187632 PMCID: PMC10769435 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.20.572689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are promising nanocarriers for drug delivery. Yet, it is challenging to apply exosomes in clinical use due to the limited understanding of their physiological functions. While cellular uptake of exosomes is generally known through endocytosis and/or membrane fusion, the mechanisms of origin-dependent cellular uptake and subsequent cargo release of exosomes into recipient cells are still unclear. Herein, we investigated the intricate mechanisms of exosome entry into recipient cells and the intracellular cargo release. In this study, we utilized chiral graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as representatives of exosomal cargo, taking advantage of the superior permeability of chiral GQDs into lipid membranes, as well as their excellent optical properties for tracking analysis. We observed a higher uptake rate of exosomes in their parental recipient cells. However, these exosomes were predominantly entrapped in lysosomes through endocytosis (intraspecies endocytic uptake). On the other hand, in non-parental recipient cells, exosomes exhibited a greater inclination for cellular uptake through membrane fusion, followed by direct cargo release into the cytosol (cross-species direct fusion uptake). We revealed the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular uptake and the subsequent cargo release of exosomes depending on their cell-of-origin and recipient cell types. This study envisions valuable insights into further advancements in the effective drug delivery using exosomes, as well as a comprehensive understanding of cellular communication, including disease pathogenesis.
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7
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Zabala-Ferrera O, Beltramo PJ. Effects of Ion Concentration and Headgroup Chemistry on Thin Lipid Film Drainage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16294-16302. [PMID: 37939040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
While the use of lipid nanoparticles in drug delivery applications has grown over the past few decades, much work remains to be done toward the characterization and rational design of the drug carriers. A key feature of delivery is the interaction of the exterior leaflet of the LNP with the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, which relies in part on the fusogenicity of the lipids and the ionic environment. In this paper, we study the interactions between two lipid monolayers using a thin film balance to create lipid thin films and interferometry to measure film evolution. We probe the role of lipid headgroup chemistry and charge, along with ionic solution conditions, in either promoting or hindering film drainage and stability. Specific headgroups phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylserine (PS) are chosen to represent a combination of charge and fusogenicity. We quantify each film's drainage characteristics over a range of capillary numbers. Qualitatively, we find that films transition from drainage via a large dimple to drainage via channels and vortices as the capillary number increases. Additionally, we observe a transition from electrostatically dominated film drainage at low CaCl2 concentrations to fusogenic-dominated film drainage at higher CaCl2 concentrations for anionic fusogenic (PS) films. Understanding the role of headgroup composition, ionic composition, and ionic concentration will pave the way for the design of tunable vesicle and buffer systems that behave desirably across a range of ex vivo and in vivo environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Zabala-Ferrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Peter J Beltramo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Nakamura T, Nakade T, Sato Y, Harashima H. Delivering mRNA to a human NK cell line, NK-92 cells, by lipid nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122810. [PMID: 36898618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
In cancer immunotherapy, therapeutic methods targeting NK are highly expected. NK cell-based therapy using NK-92, a human NK cell line, has been clinically evaluated. Delivering mRNA into NK-92 cells is a potent strategy for enhancing its functions. However, the use of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) for this purpose has not yet been evaluated. We previously developed a LNP that was composed of CL1H6 (CL1H6-LNP) for the efficient delivery of siRNA to NK-92 cells, and the use of this material for delivering mRNA to NK-92 cells is reported in this study. Compared with a DLin-MC3-DMA based LNP, used as a benchmark, the CL1H6-LNP caused a high mRNA expression intensity and a cell transfection efficiency of 100%. The efficient mRNA delivery by this CL1H6-LNP is attributed to the high affinity for NK-92 cells and the intense, rapid fusion with the endosomal membrane. It therefore appears that the CL1H6-LNP could be a useful non-viral vector for modifying the NK-92 functions by mRNA. Our findings also provide some insights into the design and development of LNPs for delivering mRNA to NK-92 and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Taisei Nakade
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Quagliarini E, Wang J, Renzi S, Cui L, Digiacomo L, Ferri G, Pesce L, De Lorenzi V, Matteoli G, Amenitsch H, Masuelli L, Bei R, Pozzi D, Amici A, Cardarelli F, Marchini C, Caracciolo G. Mechanistic Insights into the Superior DNA Delivery Efficiency of Multicomponent Lipid Nanoparticles: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56666-56677. [PMID: 36524967 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are currently having an increasing impact on nanomedicines as delivery agents, among others, of RNA molecules (e.g., short interfering RNA for the treatment of hereditary diseases or messenger RNA for the development of COVID-19 vaccines). Despite this, the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) by LNPs in preclinical studies is still unsatisfactory, mainly due to the lack of systematic structural and functional studies on DNA-loaded LNPs. To tackle this issue, we developed, characterized, and tested a library of 16 multicomponent DNA-loaded LNPs which were prepared by microfluidics and differed in lipid composition, surface functionalization, and manufacturing factors. 8 out of 16 formulations exhibited proper size and zeta potential and passed to the validation step, that is, the simultaneous quantification of transfection efficiency and cell viability in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). The most efficient formulation (LNP15) was then successfully validated both in vitro, in an immortalized adult keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and in an epidermoid cervical cancer cell line (CaSki), and in vivo as a nanocarrier to deliver a cancer vaccine against the benchmark target tyrosine-kinase receptor HER2 in C57BL/6 mice. Finally, by a combination of confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, we were able to show that the superior efficiency of LNP15 can be linked to its disordered nanostructure consisting of small-size unoriented layers of pDNA sandwiched between closely apposed lipid membranes that undergo massive destabilization upon interaction with cellular lipids. Our results provide new insights into the structure-activity relationship of pDNA-loaded LNPs and pave the way to the clinical translation of this gene delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Quagliarini
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Junbiao Wang
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032Camerino, Italy
| | - Serena Renzi
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Lishan Cui
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Digiacomo
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Ferri
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Pesce
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina De Lorenzi
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Matteoli
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Sapienza", 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bei
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Amici
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Cardarelli
- Laboratorio NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Marchini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032Camerino, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- NanoDelivery Lab, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161Rome, Italy
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John C, Jain K, Masanam HB, Narasimhan AK, Natarajan A. Recent Trends and Opportunities for the Targeted Immuno-Nanomaterials for Cancer Theranostics Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2217. [PMID: 36557516 PMCID: PMC9781111 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of cancer immunotherapies has increased noticeably in recent years. Recent advancements in immunotherapy, particularly in blocking the immune checkpoints (ICs) axis, have shown favorable treatment outcomes for multiple types of cancer including melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSLC). Engineered micromachines, including microparticles, and nanoplatforms (organic and inorganic), functionalized with immune agonists can effectively deliver immune-targeting molecules to solid tumors. This review focuses on the nanomaterial-based strategies that have shown promise in identifying and targeting various immunological markers in the tumor microenvironment (TME) for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanomaterials-based cancer immunotherapy has improved treatment outcomes by triggering an immune response in the TME. Evaluating the expression levels of ICs in the TME also could potentially aid in diagnosing patients who would respond to IC blockade therapy. Detecting immunological checkpoints in the TME using noninvasive imaging systems via tailored nanosensors improves the identification of patient outcomes in immuno-oncology (IO). To enhance patient-specific analysis, lab-on-chip (LOC) technology is a rapid, cost-effective, and accurate way of recapitulating the TME. Such novel nanomaterial-based technologies have been of great interest for testing immunotherapies and assessing biomarkers. Finally, we provide a perspective on the developments in artificial intelligence tools to facilitate ICs-based nano theranostics toward cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde John
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kaahini Jain
- Department of Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hema Brindha Masanam
- Advanced Nano-Theranostics (ANTs), Biomaterials Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ashwin Kumar Narasimhan
- Advanced Nano-Theranostics (ANTs), Biomaterials Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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11
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Khalifa AM, Nakamura T, Sato Y, Sato T, Hyodo M, Hayakawa Y, Harashima H. Interval- and cycle-dependent combined effect of STING agonist loaded lipid nanoparticles and a PD-1 antibody. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122034. [PMID: 35863595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade combination to other drugs have attracted the interest of scientists for treating tumors resistant to PD-1 blockade. In this study, the impact of the interval, order of administration, and number of cycles of immunotherapeutic combination of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway agonist loaded lipid nanoparticle (STING-LNP) and PD-1 antibody for inducing the optimal combined antitumor activity against a melanoma lung metastasis is reported. One cycle had no effect, but two and three cycles resulted in a combinedantitumor effect. The interval between the administration was found to influence the induction of the combined effect. The second and third doses increased the gene expression of the NK cell activation marker, interferon γ (IFN-γ), PD-1 and a ligand of PD-1 (PD-L1), whereas the first dose failed. NK cells in the lung showed an increase in the expression of the activation markers and PD-1 after the second dose. The combined antitumor effect of this combination therapy against melanoma lung metastasis model could be dependent on the interval as well as the number of doses of STING-LNP.These findings suggest the importance of the protocol setting when combining a nano system loaded with an immune adjuvant and PD-1 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M Khalifa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takanori Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mamoru Hyodo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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12
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Nakamura T, Sato Y, Yamada Y, Abd Elwakil MM, Kimura S, Younis MA, Harashima H. Extrahepatic targeting of lipid nanoparticles in vivo with intracellular targeting for future nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114417. [PMID: 35787389 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A new era of nanomedicines that involve nucleic acids/gene therapy has been opened after two decades in 21st century and new types of more efficient drug delivery systems (DDS) are highly expected and will include extrahepatic delivery. In this review, we summarize the possibility and expectations for the extrahepatic delivery of small interfering RNA/messenger RNA/plasmid DNA/genome editing to the spleen, lung, tumor, lymph nodes as well as the liver based on our studies as well as reported information. Passive targeting and active targeting are discussed in in vivo delivery and the importance of controlled intracellular trafficking for successful therapeutic results are also discussed. In addition, mitochondrial delivery as a novel strategy for nucleic acids/gene therapy is introduced to expand the therapeutic dimension of nucleic acids/gene therapy in the liver as well as the heart, kidney and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mahmoud M Abd Elwakil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Seigo Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Yamada Y, Sato Y, Nakamura T, Harashima H. Innovative cancer nanomedicine based on immunology, gene editing, intracellular trafficking control. J Control Release 2022; 348:357-369. [PMID: 35623492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent rapid progress in the area of drug delivery systems (DDS) has opened a new era in medicine with a strong linkage to understanding the molecular mechanisms associated with cancer survival. In this review, we summarize new cancer strategies that have recently been developed based on our DDS technology. Cancer immunotherapy will be improved based on the concept of the cancer immunity cycle, which focuses on dynamic interactions between various types of cancer and immune cells in our body. The new technology of genome editing will also be discussed with reference to how these new DDS technologies can be used to introduce therapeutic cargoes into our body. Lastly, a new organelle, mitochondria will be the focus of creating a new cancer treatment strategy by a MITO-Porter which can deliver macromolecules directly to mitochondria of cancer cells via a membrane fusion approach and the impact of controlled intracellular trafficking will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Fusion Oriented REsearch for disruptive Science and Technology (FOREST) Program, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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14
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Komuro M, Nagane M, Endo R, Nakamura T, Miyamoto T, Niwa C, Fukuyama T, Harashima H, Aihara N, Kamiie J, Suzuki R, Yamashita T. Glucosylceramide in T cells regulates the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:24-30. [PMID: 35168060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease in the colon characterized by excessive activation of T cells. Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are composed of lipid rafts in cellular membranes, and their content is linked to immune cell function. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of GSLs in IBD. Microarray data showed that in IBD patients, the expression of only UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) decreased among the GSLs synthases. Ad libitum access to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) resulted in decreased UGCG and glucosylceramide (GlcCer) content in mesenteric lymph nodes and T cells from the spleen. Furthermore, the knockdown of Ugcg in T cells exacerbated the pathogenesis of colitis, which was accompanied by a decrease in Treg levels. Treatment with GlcCer nanoparticles prevented DSS-induced colitis. These results suggested that GlcCer in T cells is involved in the pathogenesis of IBD. Furthermore, GlcCer nanoparticles are a potential efficacious therapeutic target for IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Komuro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagane
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Center for Human and Animal Symbiosis Science, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Rikito Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Niwa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Aihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rimina Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Nakamura T, Kawakami K, Nomura M, Sato Y, Hyodo M, Hatakeyama H, Hayakawa Y, Harashima H. Combined nano cancer immunotherapy based on immune status in a tumor microenvironment. J Control Release 2022; 345:200-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Strategies for fighting pandemic virus infections: Integration of virology and drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 343:361-378. [PMID: 35122872 PMCID: PMC8810279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses have sometimes resulted in worldwide pandemics, with the influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) being major participants. Long-term efforts have made it possible to control the influenza virus, but seasonal influenza continues to take many lives each year, and a pandemic influenza virus sometimes emerges. Although vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed, we are not yet able to coexist with the SARS-CoV-2. To overcome such viruses, it is necessary to obtain knowledge about international surveillance systems, virology, ecology and to determine that immune responses are effective. The information must then be transferred to drugs. Delivery systems would be expected to contribute to the rational development of drugs. In this review, virologist and drug delivery system (DDS) researchers discuss drug delivery strategies, especially the use of lipid-based nanocarriers, for fighting to respiratory virus infections.
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17
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Ding A, Quan L, Guo X, Wang H, Wen Y, Liu J, Zhang L, Zhang D, Lu P. Storage strategy for shale gas flowback water based on non-bactericide microorganism control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149187. [PMID: 34340077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shale gas is a promising unconventional natural gas in the world, however the produced flowback water have severe challenges to surrounding water resource. Conventional reuse technology uses bactericide to control corrosive microorganism, which might bring uncontrolled drug resistance and other secondary pollution. In this study, storage strategy of flowback water was designed as a pre-control stage to decline corrosive microorganism. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were chosen as two key parameters based on microbial physiological and biochemical characteristics. Results showed that under the cross effect of temperature and dissolved oxygen, 15 °C and anaerobic condition had the optimal microorganism control effectiveness. Microorganism amount and live/dead cell ratio decreased by 63.7% and 68.74% respectively compared raw water. COD removal efficiency reduced to only 20%, indicating that the microorganism activity was extremely inhibited. However, microorganism in flowback water was more sensitive to dissolved oxygen compared to temperature. Redundancy analysis confirmed that dissolved oxygen contribution was as high as 91.5% while temperature was not significant (p > 0.05), the contribution rate was only 8.5%. Thermococcus, Archaeoglobus, Thermovirga, Thermotoga and Moorella were the dominated thermophilic, anaerobic and sulfate reduction or metal corrosion microorganism in flowback water, so all these identified microorganisms were control targets. Importantly, all the target microorganisms detected in flowback water were declined after different storage strategies. This study provides an effective storage strategy for flowback water to inhibit the microbial amount and activity without biocides addition, which could help promote the green exploitation of shale gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lin Quan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xu Guo
- Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yiyi Wen
- Genetic Engineering Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Daijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China; Department of Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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18
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Nakamura T, Nakade T, Yamada K, Sato Y, Harashima H. The hydrophobic tail of a pH-sensitive cationic lipid influences siRNA transfection activity and toxicity in human NK cell lines. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121140. [PMID: 34592399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural killer (NK) cells in cell therapy is an attractive next generation strategy for cancer immunotherapy. NK-92 cells (a human NK cell line) have been tested in clinical trial stages, making them an off-the-shelf medicine. Controlling gene expression in NK-92 cells by an artificial delivery system is an available for enhancing NK-92 cell therapy. We report here on the development of a siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticle (LNP) composed of CL1H6 (CL1H6-LNP), an optimized, pH-sensitive cationic lipid, with efficient gene silencing and low cytotoxicity in NK-92 cells. The hydrophilic head group of the lipid molecule used in preparing these particles largely influences the pKa of the final LNP, and lipids with an amino moiety substituted with a methyl group showed a high gene silencing activity. Compared with myristate and palmitate, the hydrophobic tail of oleate had a high gene silencing activity and cell viability. Analyses of intracellular trafficking indicated that the CL1H6-LNP appeared to escape from the endosomes via membrane fusion, without disrupting the membrane. The mechanism of endosomal escape should contribute to our understanding of efficient gene silencing with a low degree of cytotoxicity. These results therefore suggest that a CL1H6-LNP has promise for delivering siRNA to NK-92 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Taisei Nakade
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Koharu Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Kumar ARK, Shou Y, Chan B, L K, Tay A. Materials for Improving Immune Cell Transfection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007421. [PMID: 33860598 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy holds great promise for preventing and treating deadly diseases such as cancer. However, it remains challenging to transfect and engineer primary immune cells for clinical cell manufacturing. Conventional tools using viral vectors and bulk electroporation suffer from low efficiency while posing risks like viral transgene integration and excessive biological perturbations. Emerging techniques using microfluidics, nanoparticles, and high-aspect-ratio nanostructures can overcome these challenges, and on top of that, provide universal and high-throughput cargo delivery. Herein, the strengths and limitations of traditional and emerging materials for immune cell transfection, and commercial development of these tools, are discussed. To enhance the characterization of transfection techniques and uptake by the clinical community, a list of in vitro and in vivo assays to perform, along with relevant protocols, is recommended. The overall aim, herein, is to motivate the development of novel materials to meet rising demand in transfection for clinical CAR-T cell manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun R K Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Yufeng Shou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Brian Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Krishaa L
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Andy Tay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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Sato Y, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Harashima H. The nanomedicine rush: New strategies for unmet medical needs based on innovative nano DDS. J Control Release 2021; 330:305-316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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