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Tugizov SM. Molecular Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Disease of Oropharyngeal Mucosal Epithelium. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1444. [PMID: 37239115 PMCID: PMC10216750 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia have a polarized organization, which is critical for maintaining a highly efficient barrier as well as innate immune functions. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, the barrier and innate immune functions of the oral mucosa are impaired via a number of mechanisms. The goal of this review was to discuss the molecular mechanisms of HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosa and their role in promoting HIV transmission and disease pathogenesis, notably the development of opportunistic infections, including human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. In addition, the significance of adult and newborn/infant oral mucosa in HIV resistance and transmission was analyzed. HIV/AIDS-associated changes in the oropharyngeal mucosal epithelium and their role in promoting human papillomavirus-positive and negative neoplastic malignancy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof M Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Saroul N, Tardif N, Pereira B, Dissard A, Montrieul L, Sanchez P, Salles J, Petersen JE, Jakobson T, Gilain L, Mom T, Boirie Y, Rooyakers O, Walrand S. Conditioned Media from Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines and Serum Samples from Head and Neck Cancer Patients Drive Catabolic Pathways in Cultured Muscle Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061843. [PMID: 36980729 PMCID: PMC10047086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of secreted factors from the tumor cells in driving cancer cachexia and especially muscle loss is unknown. We wanted to study both the action of secreted factors from head and neck cancer (HNC) cell lines and circulating factors in HNC patients on skeletal muscle protein catabolism. METHODS Conditioned media (CM) made from head and neck cancer cell lines and mix of sera from head and neck cancer (HNC) patients were incubated for 48 h with human myotubes. The atrophy and the catabolic pathway were monitored in myotubes. The patients were classified regarding their skeletal muscle loss observed at the outset of management. RESULTS Tumor CM (TCM) was able to produce atrophy on myotubes as compared with control CM (CCM). However, a mix of sera from HNC patients was not able to produce atrophy in myotubes. Despite this discrepancy on atrophy, we observed a similar regulation of the catabolic pathways by the tumor-conditioned media and mix of sera from cancer patients. The catabolic response after incubation with the mix of sera seemed to depend on the muscle loss seen in patients. CONCLUSION This study found evidence that the atrophy observed in HNC patients cannot be solely explained by a deficit in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Saroul
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Biostatistics Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Tardif
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexis Dissard
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laura Montrieul
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Phelipe Sanchez
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérôme Salles
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jens Erik Petersen
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Towe Jakobson
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Laurent Gilain
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Mom
- Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clinical Nutrition Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olav Rooyakers
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
- Division of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Human Nutrition Unit, INRAE, Auvergne Human Nutrition Research Center, Clermont Auvergne University, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, INRAE, UNH, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clinical Nutrition Department, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand France, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Targeted Therapy with PI3K, PARP, and WEE1 Inhibitors and Radiotherapy in HPV Positive and Negative Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Reveals Synergy while Effects with APR-246 Are Limited. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010093. [PMID: 36612094 PMCID: PMC9818008 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) tonsillar and base of tongue cancer (TSCC/BOTSCC) is rising in incidence, but chemoradiotherapy is not curative for all. Therefore, targeted therapy with PI3K (BYL719), PARP (BMN-673), and WEE1 (MK-1775) inhibitors alone or combined was pursued with or without 10 Gy and their effects were analyzed by viability, proliferation, and cytotoxicity assays on the TSCC/BOTSCC cell lines HPV+ UPCI-SCC-154 and HPV- UT-SCC-60A. Effective single drug/10 Gy combinations were validated on additional TSCC lines. Finally, APR-246 was assessed on several TSCC/BOTSCC cell lines. BYL719, BMN-673, and MK-1775 treatments induced dose dependent responses in HPV+ UPCI-SCC-154 and HPV- UT-SCC-60A and when combined with 10 Gy, synergistic effects were disclosed, as was also the case upon validation. Using BYL719/BMN-673, BYL719/MK-1775, or BMN-673/MK-1775 combinations on HPV+ UPCI-SCC-154 and HPV- UT-SCC-60A also induced synergy compared to single drug administrations, but adding 10 Gy to these synergistic drug combinations had no further major effects. Low APR-246 concentrations had limited usefulness. To conclude, synergistic effects were disclosed when complementing single BYL719 BMN-673 and MK-1775 administrations with 10 Gy or when combining the inhibitors, while adding 10 Gy to the latter did not further enhance their already additive/synergistic effects. APR-246 was suboptimal in the present context.
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Vitamin D Levels in Children with Recurrent Acute Tonsillitis in Jordan: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148744. [PMID: 35886596 PMCID: PMC9317687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D is essential for many functions of the body. In addition to its primary function of regulating the absorption of calcium in the small intestine, its role in the immune system has recently been studied. The current study aimed to test the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the rate of recurrent acute tonsillitis in children. Methods: According to Paradise criteria, two hundred forty-two children with recurrent acute tonsillitis were recruited. A group of healthy children (n = 262) was also recruited as controls. Poisson regression was run to predict the number of tonsillitis episodes per year based on vitamin D levels. The mean vitamin D level in the study group was lower than in the control group (p < 0.0001). Poisson regression of the rate of recurrent tonsillitis and vitamin D level (OR = 0.969 (95% CI, 0.962−0.975)) showed that for every single unit increase in vitamin D level, there was a 3.1% decrease in the number of tonsillitis episodes per year (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with higher rates of recurrent acute tonsillitis. Future controlled trials should investigate the role of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the rate of recurrent tonsillitis.
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Govers C, Calder PC, Savelkoul HFJ, Albers R, van Neerven RJJ. Ingestion, Immunity, and Infection: Nutrition and Viral Respiratory Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841532. [PMID: 35296080 PMCID: PMC8918570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory infections place a heavy burden on the health care system, particularly in the winter months. Individuals with a vulnerable immune system, such as very young children and the elderly, and those with an immune deficiency, are at increased risk of contracting a respiratory infection. Most respiratory infections are relatively mild and affect the upper respiratory tract only, but other infections can be more serious. These can lead to pneumonia and be life-threatening in vulnerable groups. Rather than focus entirely on treating the symptoms of infectious disease, optimizing immune responsiveness to the pathogens causing these infections may help steer towards a more favorable outcome. Nutrition may have a role in such prevention through different immune supporting mechanisms. Nutrition contributes to the normal functioning of the immune system, with various nutrients acting as energy sources and building blocks during the immune response. Many micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) act as regulators of molecular responses of immune cells to infection. It is well described that chronic undernutrition as well as specific micronutrient deficiencies impair many aspects of the immune response and make individuals more susceptible to infectious diseases, especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In addition, other dietary components such as proteins, pre-, pro- and synbiotics, and also animal- and plant-derived bioactive components can further support the immune system. Both the innate and adaptive defense systems contribute to active antiviral respiratory tract immunity. The initial response to viral airway infections is through recognition by the innate immune system of viral components leading to activation of adaptive immune cells in the form of cytotoxic T cells, the production of neutralizing antibodies and the induction of memory T and B cell responses. The aim of this review is to describe the effects of a range different dietary components on anti-infective innate as well as adaptive immune responses and to propose mechanisms by which they may interact with the immune system in the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen Govers
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Philip C. Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - R. J. Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Research & Development, FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, Netherlands
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Wijesundara NM, Lee SF, Davidson R, Cheng Z, Rupasinghe HPV. Carvacrol Suppresses Inflammatory Biomarkers Production by Lipoteichoic Acid- and Peptidoglycan-Stimulated Human Tonsil Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030503. [PMID: 35276864 PMCID: PMC8840435 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx caused by viral, bacterial, or non-infectious factors. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of carvacrol was assessed using an in vitro model of streptococcal pharyngitis using human tonsil epithelial cells (HTonEpiCs) induced with Streptococcus pyogenes cell wall antigens. HTonEpiCs were stimulated by a mixture of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN) for 4 h followed by exposure to carvacrol for 20 h. Following exposure, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, human beta defensin-2 (HBD-2), epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating protein-78 (ENA-78), granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandin (PGE2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-8, ENA-78, and GCP-2 were decreased in a carvacrol dose-dependent manner. The production of HBD-2 was significantly suppressed over 24 h carvacrol treatments. PGE2 and COX-2 levels in the cell suspensions were affected by carvacrol treatment. TNF-α was not detected. The cell viability of all the tested carvacrol concentrations was greater than 80%, with no morphological changes. The results suggest that carvacrol has anti-inflammatory properties, and carvacrol needs to be further assessed for potential clinical or healthcare applications to manage the pain associated with streptococcal pharyngitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niluni M. Wijesundara
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Song F. Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 6R8, Canada; (S.F.L.); (R.D.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, and the Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ross Davidson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 6R8, Canada; (S.F.L.); (R.D.); (Z.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Cheng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 6R8, Canada; (S.F.L.); (R.D.); (Z.C.)
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-902-893-6623
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Gurov AV, Dubovaya TK, Ermolaev AG, Murzakhanova ZV, Makhmudova NR, Dombalagyan AK. [Possibilities of modern forms of antimicrobial peptides in the treatment of inflammatory pathology of the pharynx]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2022; 87:43-49. [PMID: 36404690 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20228705143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the pharynx occupy one of the leading places in the structure of otorhinolaryngological pathology. Acute and chronic inflammatory processes in the pharynx, as well as exacerbations of the latter, are faced by doctors of a wide range of specialties. Oropharyngeal swab laboratory testing is required to identify a specific pathogen, which takes time. In this regard, of particular interest are local drugs with the necessary spectrum of action, the use of which is possible, both as monotherapy and in combination with systemic therapy. The combination of tyrothricin (tyrothricin), benzalkonium chloride (benzalkonium chloride), and benzocaine (benzocaine) (dorithricin) is highly effective in the treatment of bacterial, viral and fungal infections of the pharynx, and microorganisms consistently demonstrate high sensitivity to the components of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gurov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T K Dubovaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A G Ermolaev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z V Murzakhanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N R Makhmudova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Kh Dombalagyan
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Gurov AV, Yushkina MA, Muzhichkova AV. [Microbiocenosis-regulating therapy of inflammatory pathology of the oropharynx]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2021; 86:51-56. [PMID: 34964330 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20218606151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathology of the oropharynx, which does not lose its relevance, is a problem that is of interest to doctors of various specialties. As one of the main causes of inflammatory diseases of the pharynx, the influence of microorganisms, primarily viruses, on the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract is indicated. The authors of the article emphasize the importance of preserving the indigenous microbiota, which provides a barrier function and prevents the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic microorganisms. In this regard, the most effective and safe is local microbiocenosis-regulatory therapy using lysozyme, a natural peptide that has antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. As such a drug, the authors recommend the combined drug Lorolizin, which can be used in the treatment of acute pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis, and adenoiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gurov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Yushkina
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Muzhichkova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Sturm N, Quinterot M, Guyot JP, Righini C, Daamen WF, van Kuppevelt TH, Huard B. Polarized Secretion of APRIL by the Tonsil Epithelium Upon Toll-Like Receptor Stimulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715724. [PMID: 34484218 PMCID: PMC8416415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mucosa such as tonsil, antibody-producing plasmocytes (PCs) lie in sub-epithelium space, which is thought to provide a suitable environment for their survival. A proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) is one key survival factor for PCs present in this area. According to in situ staining, apical epithelial cells produced APRIL, and the secreted product had to migrate all through the stratified surface epithelium to reach basal cells. A similar process also occurred in the less-organized crypt epithelium. Tonsil epithelial cells captured secreted APRIL, thanks to their surface expression of the APRIL coreceptor, either syndecan-1 or -4 depending on their differentiation stage. In the most basal epithelial cells, secreted APRIL accumulated inside secretory lamp-1+ vesicles in a polarized manner, facing the sub-epithelium. The tonsil epithelium upregulated APRIL production by apical cells and secretion by basal cells upon Toll-like receptor stimulation. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated epithelial cells sustained in vitro PC survival in a secreted APRIL-dependent manner. Taken together, our study shows that the tonsil epithelium responds to pathogen sensing by a polarized secretion of APRIL in the sub-epithelial space, wherein PCs reside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sturm
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France.,Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5525, La Tronche, France
| | - Melanie Quinterot
- Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5525, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | - Willeke F Daamen
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Huard
- Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5525, La Tronche, France
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Holzhauser S, Wild N, Zupancic M, Ursu RG, Bersani C, Näsman A, Kostopoulou ON, Dalianis T. Targeted Therapy With PI3K and FGFR Inhibitors on Human Papillomavirus Positive and Negative Tonsillar and Base of Tongue Cancer Lines With and Without Corresponding Mutations. Front Oncol 2021; 11:640490. [PMID: 34046344 PMCID: PMC8144504 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.640490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) tonsillar and base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC/BOTSCC), the major subsites of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) have favorable outcome, but upon relapse, outcome is poor and new therapies needed. Since, phosphatidyl-inositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) and fibroblast-growth-factor-receptor-3 (FGFR3) mutations often occur in such tumors, here, we tested targeted therapy directed to such genes in TSCC/BOTSCC cell lines. We also combined the two types of inhibitors with each other, and cisplatin or docetaxel that are used clinically. Methods The HPV+ CU-OP-2, -3, -20, UPCI-SCC-154, and HPV- CU-OP-17 and UT-SCC-60A cell lines were first tested for common PIK3CA/FGFR3 mutations by competitive-allele-specific TaqMan-PCR. They were then treated with the food and drug administration (FDA) approved drugs, alpelisib (BYL719) and erdafitinib (JNJ-42756493) alone and in combination with cisplatin or docetaxel. Viability, proliferation, apoptosis and cytotoxicity responses were thereafter followed by WST-1 assays and the IncuCyte S3 Live® Cell Analysis System. Results HPV+ CU-OP-2 had a pS249C-FGFR3, and like CU-OP-20, a pE545K-PIK3CA mutation, while no other lines had such mutations. Irrespectively, dose dependent responses to all PI3K/FGFR inhibitors were obtained, and upon combining the inhibitors, positive effects were observed. Cisplatin and docetaxel also induced dose dependent responses, and upon combination with the inhibitors, both positive and neutral effects were found. Conclusions The data suggest that FDA approved drugs alpelisib and erdafitinib efficiently inhibit TSCC/BOTSCC cell line growth, especially when combined irrespective of presence of corresponding mutations and should be further explored, for use upon recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Holzhauser
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicole Wild
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Zupancic
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ramona G Ursu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Cinzia Bersani
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Näsman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gazi U, Ozkayalar H, Mujahed MIM, Tosun O, Dalkan C, Sanlidag B, Asım Safak M, Mocan G, Onder Bahceciler N. Altered tonsillar toll-like receptor (TLR)-1 and TLR-2 expression levels between periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA), and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 144:110674. [PMID: 33725589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tonsillar microenvironment is thought to contribute to innate immune dysregulation responsible for the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) because of beneficial effects of tonsillectomy on treatment of the syndrome. Accordingly previous studies reported altered lymphocyte frequency, cytokine level and microbial composition in PFAPA tonsils. The aim of our study is to monitor expression levels of pro-inflammatory cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which have important role in induction of inflammation and maintaining tissue haemostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven patients with PFAPA syndrome, and eight patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis were included in our study. Tonsillar expression levels of TLR-1, -2, -4, -5, and -6 were monitored by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression levels were scored using semi-quantitative analysis method and were statistically analyzed by Two-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance test. RESULTS IHC analysis demonstrated expression of all TLRs in tonsillar surface epithelium (SE) and lymphoid interior (LI) except for TLR-6 which was not present in the former. There has not been any statistically significant difference in TLR expression levels between PFAPA and GAβHS tonsils, except for TLR-1 and TLR-2 which were higher on LI and lower on SE of PFAPA tonsils, respectively, than that of the GAβHS samples. CONCLUSIONS Altered TLR expression levels may be involved in PFAPA pathogenesis. Future studies with higher patient number, uninflamed tonsils and cellular markers are required to further enlighten the role of TLRs in the development of syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Hanife Ozkayalar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Monjed I M Mujahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ozgur Tosun
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ceyhun Dalkan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Burcin Sanlidag
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mustafa Asım Safak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gamze Mocan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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12
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Palchun VT, Kryukov AI, Gurov AV, Ermolaev AG. [Palatine tonsils: physiology and pathology]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2020; 84:11-16. [PMID: 32027316 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20198406111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The article presents modern ideas about the etiology, pathogenesis, and features of the clinical picture of chronic tonsillar pathology. Specific attention is paid to the classification of chronic tonsillitis, in particular the classification of B.S. Preobrazhensky - V.T. Palchun. Data on modern methods for assessing the morphofunctional state of palatine tonsils, including immunohistochemical studies, are presented. Modern approaches to therapy are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T Palchun
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia, 117997; Sverzhevsky Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - A I Kryukov
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia, 117997; Sverzhevsky Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - A V Gurov
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia, 117997; Sverzhevsky Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - A G Ermolaev
- N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia, 117997
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13
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Holzhauser S, Kostopoulou ON, Ohmayer A, Lange BKA, Ramqvist T, Andonova T, Bersani C, Wickström M, Dalianis T. In vitro antitumor effects of FGFR and PI3K inhibitors on human papillomavirus positive and negative tonsillar and base of tongue cancer cell lines. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6249-6260. [PMID: 31788102 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) tonsillar and base of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC/BOTSCC) have better outcomes than corresponding HPV- negative (HPV-) cancer cases. Our previous study demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit a (PIK3CA) are often mutated in HPV+ cancer. To investigate whether targeted therapy is an option for TSCC/BOTSCC, two HPV+ and one HPV- TSCC/BOTSCC cell lines were tested for their sensitivity towards FGFR and PI3K inhibitors. The HPV+ cell lines UM-SCC-47 and UPCI-SCC-154, and the HPV- cell line UT-SSC-60A were tested by competitive allele-specific TaqMan-PCR for presence/absence of frequently occurring FGFR3 and PIK3CA mutations. All cells were then treated with FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 and PI3K inhibitors BEZ235 and BKM120 alone, or with AZD4547 and BEZ235 in combination. Viability was analyzed using a WST-1 assay, cytotoxicity tested by a CellTox Green cytotoxicity assay, apoptosis analyzed by a Caspase Glo 3/7 assay and proliferation examined with the xCELLigence system. HPV+ UM-SCC-47 and UPCI-SCC-154 cells, and HPV- UT-SSC-60A cells, did not exhibit any common FGFR3 or PIK3CA mutations, but were all sensitive to FGFR inhibitor AZD4547 and PI3K inhibitors BEZ235 and BKM120. Notably, HPV+ UPCI-SCC-154 cells were more sensitive than the other two cell lines. Furthermore, when AZD4547 and BEZ235 treatment was combined in HPV+ UPCI-SCC-154 and HPV- UT-SSC-60A cells, potentiated combination effects were observed. HPV+ UM-SCC-47 and UPCI-SCC-154 cells, and HPV- UT-SSC-60A cells had no common FGFR3 or PIK3CA mutations, but were sensitive to FGFR inhibitor AZD4547, and PI3K inhibitors BEZ235 and BKM120. Furthermore, the latter two cell lines were particularly sensitive to combinations of AZD4547 and BEZ235.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Holzhauser
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ourania N Kostopoulou
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Ohmayer
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birthe K A Lange
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Ramqvist
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teodora Andonova
- Department of Children and Women's Health, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Bersani
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Wickström
- Department of Children and Women's Health, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Dalianis
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Bioclinicum, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden
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Tonsillar hyperplasia and recurrent acute tonsillitis in children: Immunohistochemical evaluation of the lymphatic tissue. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 121:15-19. [PMID: 30851510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Özdaş S, Özdaş T. Crm1 knockdown by specific small interfering RNA reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in head and neck cancer cell lines. Turk J Biol 2019; 42:132-143. [PMID: 30814875 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common and most aggressive type of head and neck cancer. Current approaches for the treatment of HNSCC are not sufficient to increase the patient survival or to reduce the high recurrence rate. Consequently, there is a need to explore the molecular characteristics of this cancer in order to discover potential therapeutic target molecules. The overexpression of chromosome region maintenance 1 (Crm1), responsible for the transport of different classes of macromolecules from the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm, in various cancer cells has made it an attractive target molecule in cancer research. It has been reported that transcription factors, which are the target cargo proteins of Crm1, have critical roles in regulating intracellular processes via their expression levels and functions, which in turn are regulated by the cell cycle and signaling proteins. Previous findings show that head and neck cancer cells overexpress Crm1 and that these cells become highly dependent on Crm1 function. The results of this study show that after decreasing Crm1 expression levels in HNSCC cells through either treatment with specific Crm1 RNA interference (siRNA) or the selective Crm1 inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB), cell viability, proliferation, migration, and wound-healing abilities decreased, suppressing tumorigenic properties through the induction of apoptosis. Crm1 is a powerful diagnostic biomarker because of its central role in cancerogenesis, and it has a high potential for the development of targeted Crm1 molecules or synthetic agents, such as LMB, as well as for the improvement of the clinical features in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Özdaş
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Adana Science and Technology University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Talih Özdaş
- Otolaryngology Clinic, Adana Numune Education and Research Hospital , Adana , Turkey
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16
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Shaaker M, Mehdizadeh A, Ezzeddini R, Ghasemi B, Jabbari Moghaddam Y, Abdollahi Fakhim S, Saleh Moghaddam M, Darabi M. The study of serum and tissue cholesterol levels in children undergoing tonsillectomy. THE JOURNAL OF QAZVIN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/qums.22.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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17
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Gankovskaya LV, Bykova VP, Namasova-Baranova LS, Karaulov AV, Rahmanova IV, Gankovskii VA, Merkushova CD, Svitich OA. Innate immunity gene expression by epithelial cells of upper respiratory tract in children with adenoid hypertrophy. Auris Nasus Larynx 2018; 45:753-759. [PMID: 29500040 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major role of the innate immunity in the defence of mucosal tissue is well established. However, a balance between the main components of the immunity such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) and defensins in the pathology of upper respiratory tract in children has not been addressed yet. Our aim was to investigate the gene expression of some TLRs as well as alpha and beta-defensins in children suffered from adenoid hyperthrophy in comparison with healthy children. METHODS Samples (nasal epithelium and adenoids) from patients with hypertrophic adenoids (n = 77) and control group (n = 33) were investigated. Quantification of HBD-1 and 2 mRNA, alpha-defensin-HNP1 and toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4 and 9 mRNA expression was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The detection of TLR4 and TLR9 was performed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The main finding of the study is a dramatic up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expression (but down-regulation of TLR9) along with a significant reduction in the expression of the defensins in children with adenoid hyperthrophy. CONCLUSION The data suggest that one of the mechanisms of mucosal involvement in the pathogenesis of upper respiratory tract infection might by a disbalance between TLRs and defensins revealed in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leila Seimurovna Namasova-Baranova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal State Budget Institution "Scientific Centre of Children Health", Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Viktorovich Karaulov
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Oksana Anatolievna Svitich
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation; I.Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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18
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Braig F, Voigtlaender M, Schieferdecker A, Busch CJ, Laban S, Grob T, Kriegs M, Knecht R, Bokemeyer C, Binder M. Liquid biopsy monitoring uncovers acquired RAS-mediated resistance to cetuximab in a substantial proportion of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42988-42995. [PMID: 27119512 PMCID: PMC5190002 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapy is insufficiently understood in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), entailing the lack of predictive biomarkers. Here, we studied resistance-mediating EGFR ectodomain and activating RAS mutations by next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cell lines and tumor tissue of cetuximab-naïve patients (46 cases, 12 cell lines), as well as liquid biopsies taken during and after cetuximab/platinum/5-fluorouracil treatment (20 cases). Tumors of cetuximab-naïve patients were unmutated, except for HRAS mutations in 4.3% of patients. Liquid biopsies revealed acquired KRAS, NRAS or HRAS mutations in more than one third of patients after cetuximab exposure. 46% of patients with on-treatment disease progression showed acquired RAS mutations, while no RAS mutations were found in the non-progressive subset of patients, indicating that acquisition of RAS mutant clones correlated significantly with clinical resistance (Chi square p=0.032). The emergence of mutations preceded clinical progression in half of the patients, with a maximum time from mutation detection to clinical progression of 16 weeks. RAS mutations account for acquired resistance to EGFR-targeting in a substantial proportion of HNSCC patients, even though these tumors are rarely mutated at baseline. Liquid biopsies may be used for mutational monitoring to guide treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Braig
- Department of Oncology and Hematology with Sections Bone Marrow Transplant and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum / University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minna Voigtlaender
- Department of Oncology and Hematology with Sections Bone Marrow Transplant and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum / University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aneta Schieferdecker
- Department of Oncology and Hematology with Sections Bone Marrow Transplant and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum / University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chia-Jung Busch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Center of The University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Laban
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Center of The University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias Grob
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, Head and Neck Cancer Center of The University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainald Knecht
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Cancer Center of The University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Bokemeyer
- Department of Oncology and Hematology with Sections Bone Marrow Transplant and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum / University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Oncology and Hematology with Sections Bone Marrow Transplant and Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Tumorzentrum / University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Ross KF, Herzberg MC. Autonomous immunity in mucosal epithelial cells: fortifying the barrier against infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:387-398. [PMID: 27005450 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells express an autonomous innate immune response that controls the overgrowth of invaded bacteria, mitigates the harmful effects of the bacteria carried within, and does not rely on other external arms of the immune response. Epithelial cell autonomous innate immunity "respects" the social biology of invading bacteria to achieve symbiosis, and is the primary protective mechanism against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
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20
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Arslan F, Babakurban ST, Erbek SS, Sahin FI, Terzi YK. Chronic tonsillitis is not associated with beta defensin 1 gene polymorphisms in Turkish population. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 79:557-60. [PMID: 25683590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defensins are antimicrobial peptides expressed on mucosal surfaces. They function as part of the innate immune system. Palatine tonsils play important roles in innate immune system. However, our knowledge on the pathophysiology of chronic tonsils is limited. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between beta defensin 1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms and chronic tonsillitis. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, non-randomized, controlled clinical study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Eighty six patients with chronic tonsillitis and eighty controls without history of chronic tonsillitis were enrolled in this study. Genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses after polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Genotype and allele frequencies of the -20G/A (rs11362), -44C/G (rs1800972) and -52G/A (rs1799946) single nucleotide polymorphisms were not statistically different between patients and control groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, we found that DEFB1 gene -20G/A, -44C/G and -52G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms were not associated with chronic tonsillitis. Studies, which analyse other polymorphism of the beta defensin 1 gene in large case series, should be conducted to understand the role of DEFB1 gene on chronic tonsillitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Arslan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, M. Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi, 5. Sokak, No: 48, 06490 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Seda Turkoglu Babakurban
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, M. Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi, 5. Sokak, No: 48, 06490 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selim S Erbek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, M. Fevzi Cakmak Caddesi, 5. Sokak, No: 48, 06490 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Feride I Sahin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Kubilay Sokak, No: 36 Maltepe, 06570 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Kasım Terzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Baskent University, Faculty of Medicine, Kubilay Sokak, No: 36 Maltepe, 06570 Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
The ability of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to establish latency despite specific immune responses and to successfully persist lifelong in the human host shows that EBV has developed powerful strategies and mechanisms to exploit, evade, abolish, or downsize otherwise effective immune responses to ensure its own survival. This chapter focuses on current knowledge on innate immune responses against EBV and its evasion strategies for own benefit and summarizes the questions that remain to be tackled. Innate immune reactions against EBV originate both from the main target cells of EBV and from nontarget cells, which are elements of the innate immune system. Thus, we structured our review accordingly but with a particular focus on the innate recognition of EBV in its two stages in its life cycle, latent state and lytic replication. Specifically, we discuss (I) innate sensing and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by its main target cells, focusing on (i) EBV transmission between epithelial cells and B cells and their life cycle stages; and (ii) elements of innate immunity in EBV's target cells. Further, we debate (II) the innate recognition and resulting innate immune responses against EBV by cells other than the main target cells, focusing on (iii) myeloid cells: dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophil granulocytes; and (iv) natural killer cells. Finally, we address (III) how EBV counteracts or exploits innate immunity in its latent and lytic life cycle stages, concentrating on (v) TLRs; (vi) EBERs; and (vii) microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lünemann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Rowe
- Centre for Human Virology, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Nadal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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McClure R, Massari P. TLR-Dependent Human Mucosal Epithelial Cell Responses to Microbial Pathogens. Front Immunol 2014; 5:386. [PMID: 25161655 PMCID: PMC4129373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling represents one of the best studied pathways to implement defense mechanisms against invading microbes in human being as well as in animals. TLRs respond to specific microbial ligands and to danger signals produced by the host during infection, and initiate downstream cascades that activate both innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs are expressed by professional immune cells and by the large majority of non-hematopoietic cells, including epithelial cells. In epithelial tissues, TLR functions are particularly important because these sites are constantly exposed to microorganisms, due to their location at the host interface with the environment. While at these sites specific defense mechanisms and inflammatory responses are initiated via TLR signaling against pathogens, suppression or lack of TLR activation is also observed in response to the commensal microbiota. The mechanisms by which TLR signaling is regulated in mucosal epithelial cells include differential expression and levels of TLRs (and their signaling partners), their cellular localization and positioning within the tissue in a fashion that favors responses to pathogens while dampening responses to commensals and maintaining tissue homeostasis in physiologic conditions. In this review, the expression and activation of TLRs in mucosal epithelial cells of several sites of the human body are examined. Specifically, the oral cavity, the ear canal and eye, the airways, the gut, and the reproductive tract are discussed, along with how site-specific host defense mechanisms are implemented via TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McClure
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Paola Massari
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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Regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:947072. [PMID: 23509817 PMCID: PMC3591135 DOI: 10.1155/2013/947072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal barrier of the upper respiratory tract including the nasal cavity, which is the first site of exposure to inhaled antigens, plays an important role in host defense in terms of innate immunity and is regulated in large part by tight junctions of epithelial cells. Tight junction molecules are expressed in both M cells and dendritic cells as well as epithelial cells of upper airway. Various antigens are sampled, transported, and released to lymphocytes through the cells in nasal mucosa while they maintain the integrity of the barrier. Expression of tight junction molecules and the barrier function in normal human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) are affected by various stimuli including growth factor, TLR ligand, and cytokine. In addition, epithelial-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is a master switch for allergic inflammatory diseases including allergic rhinitis, enhances the barrier function together with an increase of tight junction molecules in HNECs. Furthermore, respiratory syncytial virus infection in HNECs in vitro induces expression of tight junction molecules and the barrier function together with proinflammatory cytokine release. This paper summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of tight junctions in the upper airway epithelium under normal, allergic, and RSV-infected conditions.
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Sun Y, Zhou B, Wang C, Huang Q, Zhang Q, Han Y, Dai W, Fan E, Li Y. Biofilm formation and Toll-like receptor 2, Toll-like receptor 4, and NF-kappaB expression in sinus tissues of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 26:104-9. [PMID: 22182736 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2012.26.3718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial biofilm formation is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, how bacterial biofilms are related to innate immune response in patients is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of biofilms in CRS patients and investigate the biofilm-related Toll-like receptor (TLR) and downstream NF-kappaB expression in sinus tissues of patients with CRS. METHODS A total of 31 CRS patients and 11 control patients with other diseases undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were recruited consecutively. Their random sinonasal tissue specimens were examined for the formation of biofilms by scanning electron microscopy. The relative levels of TLR2, TLR4, and NF-kappaB expression in those sinus tissues were determined by quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Bacterial biofilms were detected in 20 of 31 samples from CRS patients but not in a single sample from control patients. The relative levels of TLR2, TLR4, and NF-kappaB expression in sinus tissues from CRS patients were significantly higher than that of controls, and the relative levels of TLR2 and NF-kappaB, but not TLR4, in biofilm-positive sinus tissues were significantly higher than that in biofilm-negative tissues of those CRS patients. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that bacterial biofilms were associated with higher levels of TLR2 and NF-kappaB in the majority of sinus tissues from patients with CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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25
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Bogefors J, Kvarnhammar AM, Latif L, Petterson T, Uddman R, Cardell LO. Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptors in the upper respiratory tract. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:e262-7. [PMID: 22185736 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptors (RLRs) are a novel family of pattern recognition receptors that include retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-1), melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA-5), and laboratory of genomics and physiology 2 (LGP-2). The knowledge of RLRs and their function in the human airway is limited. This study explores the role of RLRs in the upper respiratory tract. METHODS Tonsils, adenoids, nasal polyps, and biopsy specimens from the nasal mucosa were examined for the occurrence of the RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line FaDu was cultured with the RIG-1/MDA-5 ligand poly(I:C)/LyoVec (Invivogen, San Diego, CA) and analyzed for cytokine release using ELISA. RESULTS RIG-1, MDA-5, and LGP-2 mRNA were found in all tissues tested. The airway epithelium appeared to be their most prominent location. The RIG-1 and MDA-5 mRNA levels were higher in nasal polyps than in normal nasal mucosa, a state that seemed to be reversed by local steroid treatment. Culture of FaDu with poly(I:C)/LyoVec resulted in IL-6 and IL-8 release. No alteration in RLR expression in tonsils was seen on infection. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence and functional activity of RLRs in the human upper airways. It also suggests a role for RLRs in nasal polyposis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Bogefors
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Allergy Research, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Yamada T, Jiang X, Kubo S, Sakashita M, Narita N, Yamamoto H, Sunaga H, Fujieda S. B type CpG-DNA suppresses poly(I:C)-induced BLyS expression and production in human tonsillar fibroblasts. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:365-71. [PMID: 22015147 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) has potent costimulatory effects on B cells, the details of BLyS-expression in tonsillar fibroblasts remain unexplored. We examined the effect of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands on BLyS-expression in human tonsillar fibroblasts as well as the crosstalk that occurs among different TLR ligands. The expression of BLyS mRNA by tonsillar fibroblasts was strongly induced in the presence of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) that is a ligand, of TLR3. We also revealed that DNA containing CpG motifs (CpG-DNA), coding for a TLR9 ligand, markedly suppressed the poly(I:C)-induced mRNA expression and protein production of BLyS. B type CpG-DNA decreased the poly(I:C)-induced phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) and its degradation. Pre-incubation with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling inhibitors reduced the poly(I:C)-induced BLyS-expression. These results indicate that human tonsillar fibroblasts strongly induce BLyS-expression and production that can be inhibited by CpG-DNA and regulated through NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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27
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Aydın S, Aslan I, Yıldız I, Ağaçhan B, Toptaş B, Toprak S, Değer K, Oktay MF, Unüvar E. Vitamin D levels in children with recurrent tonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 75:364-7. [PMID: 21215466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although recurrent tonsillitis can be the consequence of defects in immune system, the exact etiology of recurrent tonsillitis is not clear. In this study, our aim was to determine the serum vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor polymorphism among children undergone tonsillectomy due to the recurrent tonsillitis. METHODS A 106 children undergone tonsillectomy due to recurrent tonsillitis and a 127 healthy children aging between 2 and 12 years were enrolled in this study, to determine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (Apa1, Taq 1, fok1). Serum vitamin D level was measured with ELISA (nmol/L) and receptor gene polymorphism was determined by PCR. Vitamin D serum level below 80nmol/L was accepted as insufficient. RESULTS The average serum vitamin D level was 176±79nmol/L in recurrent tonsillitis group and 193±56nmol/L in control group. There was no significant difference between the groups (p=0.13). In recurrent tonsillitis group, 18% (n=15) of children had their serum vitamin D levels below 80nmol/L. The vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (APA1, TAQ 1, FOK 1) in each group was compared (AA, Aa, aa, TT, Tt, tt, FF, Ff, ff). There was no significant difference between the two groups. The vitamin D serum levels and receptor sub-genotypes are also compared, and there was no significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION There is no difference between the serum vitamin D level and receptor gene polymorphism among children with recurrent tonsillitis and healthy children. But vitamin D insufficiency is more prevalent in children with recurrent tonsillitis group (18%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Aydın
- Department of Otolaryngology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Ogasawara N, Kojima T, Go M, Takano KI, Kamekura R, Ohkuni T, Koizumi JI, Masaki T, Fuchimoto J, Obata K, Kurose M, Shintani T, Sawada N, Himi T. Epithelial barrier and antigen uptake in lymphoepithelium of human adenoids. Acta Otolaryngol 2011; 131:116-23. [PMID: 21062118 DOI: 10.3109/00016489.2010.520022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Invasion of antigens through the mucosal surface can be prevented by the common mucosal immune system, including Peyer's patches (PPs) and nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissue (NALT). The adenoids (nasopharyngeal tonsils) comprise one of the NALTs and constitute the major part of Waldeyer's lymphoid ring in humans. However, the role of the lymphoepithelium, including M cells and dendritic cells (DCs), in the adenoids is unknown compared with the epithelium of PPs. NALTs also have unique functions such as the barrier of epithelial cells and uptake of antigens by M cells and DCs, and may play a crucial role in airway mucosal immune responses. The lymphoepithelium of adenoids has well-developed tight junctions that play an important role in the barrier function, the same as nasal epithelium but not palatine tonsillar epithelium. Tight junction molecules are expressed in both M cells and DCs as well as epithelial cells, and various antigens may be sampled, transported, and released to lymphocytes through the cells while they maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of how M cells and DCs control the epithelial barrier in the adenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Ogasawara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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