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Monroy GL, Won J, Shi J, Hill MC, Porter RG, Novak MA, Hong W, Khampang P, Kerschner JE, Spillman DR, Boppart SA. Automated classification of otitis media with OCT: augmenting pediatric image datasets with gold-standard animal model data. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3601-3614. [PMID: 35781950 PMCID: PMC9208614 DOI: 10.1364/boe.453536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is an extremely common disease that affects children worldwide. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for OM, which can detect the presence and quantify the properties of middle ear fluid and biofilms. Here, the use of OCT data from the chinchilla, the gold-standard OM model for the human disease, is used to supplement a human image database to produce diagnostically relevant conclusions in a machine learning model. Statistical analysis shows the datatypes are compatible, with a blended-species model reaching ∼95% accuracy and F1 score, maintaining performance while additional human data is collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jindou Shi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 306 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
| | - Malcolm C. Hill
- Carle Foundation
Hospital, 611 W Park St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- Carle Foundation
Hospital, 611 W Park St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael A. Novak
- Carle Foundation
Hospital, 611 W Park St., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and
Communication Sciences, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and
Communication Sciences, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joseph E. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and
Communication Sciences, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology and Pediatric
Otolaryngology, Medical College of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced
Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL
61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, 306 N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801,
USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
506 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Won J, Hong W, Khampang P, Spillman DR, Marshall S, Yan K, Porter RG, Novak MA, Kerschner JE, Boppart SA. Longitudinal optical coherence tomography to visualize the in vivo response of middle ear biofilms to antibiotic therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5176. [PMID: 33664323 PMCID: PMC7933323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the impact of antibiotic treatment on otitis media (OM), the leading cause of primary care office visits during childhood, is critical to develop appropriate treatment strategies. Tracking dynamic middle ear conditions during antibiotic treatment is not readily applicable in patients, due to the limited diagnostic techniques available to detect the smaller amount and variation of middle ear effusion (MEE) and middle ear bacterial biofilm, responsible for chronic and recurrent OM. To overcome these challenges, a handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) system has been developed to monitor in vivo response of biofilms and MEEs in the OM-induced chinchilla model, the standard model for human OM. As a result, the formation of MEE as well as biofilm adherent to the tympanic membrane (TM) was longitudinally assessed as OM developed. Various types of MEEs and biofilms in the chinchilla model were identified, which showed comparable features as those in humans. Furthermore, the effect of antibiotics on the biofilm as well as the amount and type of MEEs was investigated with low-dose and high-dose treatment (ceftriaxone). The capability of OCT to non-invasively track and examine middle ear conditions is highly beneficial for therapeutic OM studies and will lead to improved management of OM in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Won
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
| | - Samuels Marshall
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Ke Yan
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Section of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Ryan G. Porter
- grid.413441.70000 0004 0476 3224Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL USA
| | - Michael A. Novak
- grid.413441.70000 0004 0476 3224Department of Otolaryngology, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL USA
| | - Joseph E. Kerschner
- grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA ,grid.30760.320000 0001 2111 8460Division of Otolaryngology and Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL USA
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Li J, Ye Z. The Potential Role and Regulatory Mechanisms of MUC5AC in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194437. [PMID: 32992527 PMCID: PMC7582261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality globally. Studies show that airway mucus hypersecretion strongly compromises lung function, leading to frequent hospitalization and mortality, highlighting an urgent need for effective COPD treatments. MUC5AC is known to contribute to severe muco-obstructive lung diseases, worsening COPD pathogenesis. Various pathways are implicated in the aberrant MUC5AC production and secretion MUC5AC. These include signaling pathways associated with mucus-secreting cell differentiation [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)and IL-13-STAT6- SAM pointed domain containing E26 transformation-specific transcription factor (SPDEF), as well as epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)], and signaling pathways related to mucus transport and excretion-ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Various inhibitors of mucus hypersecretion are in clinical use but have had limited benefits against COPD. Thus, novel therapies targeting airway mucus hypersecretion should be developed for effective management of muco-obstructive lung disease. Here, we systematically review the mechanisms and pathogenesis of airway mucus hypersecretion, with emphasis on multi-target and multi-link intervention strategies for the elucidation of novel inhibitors of airway mucus hypersecretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
| | - Zuguang Ye
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China;
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-8425-2805
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Type IV Pilus Expression Is Upregulated in Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Biofilms Formed at the Temperature of the Human Nasopharynx. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2619-30. [PMID: 27044626 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01022-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI), a commensal of the human nasopharynx (hNP), is a common cause of biofilm-associated diseases of the respiratory tract. However, NTHI biofilm biology at the average hNP temperature, i.e., 34°C, has not been well studied. Here we grew NTHI biofilms at 34°C and 37°C, to evaluate relative biofilm growth, expression, and function of the type IV pilus (Tfp), a critical adhesin important for NTHI biofilm formation. The kinetics and regulation of Tfp expression in NTHI biofilms are unclear, especially at 34°C. Tfp expression, as estimated by pilA promoter activity, was distributed throughout the biofilms, with a unique pattern that was dependent on temperature, time in culture, and position within the maturing biofilm. Tfp expression was required for the formation of the characteristic tower structures of NTHI biofilms and was significantly upregulated in NTHI biofilms formed at 34°C versus 37°C. This increase correlated with significantly greater twitching motility at 34°C than at 37°C. Treatment with antisera targeting the major subunit of Tfp (PilA) significantly inhibited NTHI biofilm formation at both temperatures, confirming the importance of this critical adhesin in biofilm formation. Additionally, treatment of preestablished biofilms with antisera against PilA significantly decreased biofilm biomass and mean thickness at both temperatures. These results demonstrated a pivotal role for Tfp in NTHI biofilm formation and stability at the temperature of the hNP, and they underscore the utility of PilA as a vaccine candidate for treatment and/or prevention of NTHI biofilm-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE NTHI is an important cause of chronic respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, chronic rhinosinusitis, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. The chronic and recurrent nature of these diseases is attributed to the presence of bacterial biofilms, which are highly resistant to antimicrobials. We characterized NTHI biofilm growth and expression of PilA, the major subunit of the Tfp, at the temperature of the hNP, which is the commensal habitat of NTHI. Our results expand the current understanding of the role of Tfp during biofilm formation and maturation at the temperature of both the hNP and the middle ear, and they strengthen support for PilA as a vaccine candidate for the prevention and treatment of NTHI biofilm-associated diseases.
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Kerschner JE, Hong W, Khampang P, Johnston N. Differential response of gel-forming mucins to pathogenic middle ear bacteria. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1368-73. [PMID: 24958163 PMCID: PMC4104932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the differential response of the secretory gel forming mucins (GFM) to the most common bacterial pathogens causing otitis media, Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), nontypeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi), and Moraxella catarrhalis (Mcat), in a culture model of human middle ear epithelium (HMEEC). METHODS In vitro cultured HMEEC was exposed to 5 μg/ml of bacterial whole cell lysate (WCL). RNA was extracted to generate cDNA. The expression levels of each of the targeted mucin transcripts, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B and MUC19, were detected by quantitative PCR. RESULTS The submerged HMEEC exposed to NTHi-86028NP WCL demonstrated a significant increase of MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B as compared to the control non-treated cells while MUC19 transcript level remained unchanged. WCL of additional major OM pathogens significantly increase the transcription of these three mucin genes as well. A combination of NTHi and SP further synergistically induced MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression however, not all NTHi strains synergized with SP in the induction. Addition of Mcat WCL to the synergized combination of NTHi and SP did not participate in the synergistic response of mucins. CONCLUSION The specific pathogen combinations were important in determining the degree of synergistic effects to GFM expression. The current data are substantive in guiding future work to extend our understanding of OM pathogens and GFMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Nikki Johnston
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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Shaffer TL, Balder R, Buskirk SW, Hogan RJ, Lafontaine ER. Use of the Chinchilla model to evaluate the vaccinogenic potential of the Moraxella catarrhalis filamentous hemagglutinin-like proteins MhaB1 and MhaB2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67881. [PMID: 23844117 PMCID: PMC3699455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Moraxella catarrhalis causes significant health problems, including 15–20% of otitis media cases in children and ∼10% of respiratory infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The lack of an efficacious vaccine, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates, and high carriage rates reported in children are cause for concern. In addition, the effectiveness of conjugate vaccines at reducing the incidence of otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae suggest that M. catarrhalis infections may become even more prevalent. Hence, M. catarrhalis is an important and emerging cause of infectious disease for which the development of a vaccine is highly desirable. Studying the pathogenesis of M. catarrhalis and the testing of vaccine candidates have both been hindered by the lack of an animal model that mimics human colonization and infection. To address this, we intranasally infected chinchilla with M. catarrhalis to investigate colonization and examine the efficacy of a protein-based vaccine. The data reveal that infected chinchillas produce antibodies against antigens known to be major targets of the immune response in humans, thus establishing immune parallels between chinchillas and humans during M. catarrhalis infection. Our data also demonstrate that a mutant lacking expression of the adherence proteins MhaB1 and MhaB2 is impaired in its ability to colonize the chinchilla nasopharynx, and that immunization with a polypeptide shared by MhaB1 and MhaB2 elicits antibodies interfering with colonization. These findings underscore the importance of adherence proteins in colonization and emphasize the relevance of the chinchilla model to study M. catarrhalis–host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rachel Balder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sean W. Buskirk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cayé-Thomasen P, Hermansson A, Bakaletz L, Hellstrøm S, Kanzaki S, Kerschner J, Lim D, Lin J, Mason K, Spratley J. Panel 3: Recent advances in anatomy, pathology, and cell biology in relation to otitis media pathogenesis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 148:E37-51. [PMID: 23536531 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813476257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The pathogenesis of otitis media (OM) involves a number of factors related to the anatomy, pathology, and cell biology of the middle ear, the mastoid, the Eustachian tube, and the nasopharynx. Although some issues of pathogenesis are fairly well established, others are only marginally indicated by current knowledge, and yet others remain undisclosed. The objective of this article is to provide a state-of-the-art review on recent scientific achievements in the pathogenesis of OM, as related to anatomy, pathology, and cell biology. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS Articles published on the pathogenesis of OM and the anatomy, pathology, and cell biology of the middle ear, the mastoid, the Eustachian tube, and the nasopharynx between January 2007 and June 2011 were identified. Among almost 1900 abstracts, the authors selected 130 articles for full article review and inclusion in this report. RESULTS New knowledge on a number of issues emerged, including cell-specific expression and function of fluid transportation and innate immune system molecules, mucous cell metaplasia, mucin expression, bacterial adherence, and epithelial internalization, as well as the occurrence, composition, dynamics, and potential role of bacterial biofilm. In addition, the potential role of gastroesophageal reflux disease and cigarette smoke exposure has been explored further. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Over the past 4 years, considerable scientific progress has been made on the pathogenesis of OM, as related to issues of anatomy, pathology, and cell biology. Based on these new achievements and a sustained lack of essential knowledge, suggestions for future research are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Cayé-Thomasen
- Department of Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Li JD, Hermansson A, Ryan AF, Bakaletz LO, Brown SD, Cheeseman MT, Juhn SK, Jung TTK, Lim DJ, Lim JH, Lin J, Moon SK, Post JC. Panel 4: Recent advances in otitis media in molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal models. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 148:E52-63. [PMID: 23536532 DOI: 10.1177/0194599813479772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media (OM) is the most common childhood bacterial infection and also the leading cause of conductive hearing loss in children. Currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic agents for treating OM based on full understanding of molecular pathogenesis in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal model studies in OM. OBJECTIVE To provide a state-of-the-art review concerning recent advances in OM in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal model studies and to discuss the future directions of OM studies in these areas. DATA SOURCES AND REVIEW METHODS A structured search of the current literature (since June 2007). The authors searched PubMed for published literature in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal model studies in OM. RESULTS Over the past 4 years, significant progress has been made in the areas of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, and animal model studies in OM. These studies brought new insights into our understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the molecular pathogenesis of OM and helped identify novel therapeutic targets for OM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OM has been significantly advanced, particularly in the areas of inflammation, innate immunity, mucus overproduction, mucosal hyperplasia, middle ear and inner ear interaction, genetics, genome sequencing, and animal model studies. Although these studies are still in their experimental stages, they help identify new potential therapeutic targets. Future preclinical and clinical studies will help to translate these exciting experimental research findings into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Dong Li
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, and Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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Kerschner JE, Hong W, Taylor SR, Kerschner JA, Khampang P, Wrege KC, North PE. A novel model of spontaneous otitis media with effusion (OME) in the Oxgr1 knock-out mouse. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 77. [PMID: 23200873 PMCID: PMC3535456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A novel mouse model with a specific genetic mutation in a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by the Oxgr1 gene results in a predisposition to spontaneous otitis media with effusion. As a primary component of interest in OME, mucin expression was examined in this model to assess expression as compared to wild type animals and suitability as a murine model of OME. METHOD Mutant (Oxgr1(-/-)) and wild-type (Oxgr1(+/+)) mice between ages of 2 and 5 months were examined by otoscopy and auditory brainstem response (ABR). Histology changes in the middle ear were evaluated. Expression of mucin genes in the middle ear epithelium was determined using RT-PCR and quantitative PCR. RESULT Otoscopic exam showed signs of inflammation in 82% of mutant mice. Significant elevated ABR thresholds were detected in mutant mice indicating hearing loss. Histology analysis of the middle ears demonstrated the presence of inflammatory cells, changes in the mucosal epithelium, and middle ear fluid. RT PCR using universal primers for bacterial 18s rRNA suggested the absence of bacteria in the middle ear. The knockout mice demonstrated expression of Muc1, Muc2, Muc3, Muc4, Muc5AC, Muc5B, Muc9, Muc10, Muc13, Muc15, Muc16, Muc18, Muc19 and Muc20. There was a trend of increase in Muc5B and Muc19 expression in the middle ear of the knockout mice compared to that of wild-type. There was no significant change in the level of Muc2, and Muc5AC was expressed at a level below the detection limit of quantification. CONCLUSION Development of a murine model with genetic defect has several attractive features. The rate of OME in these animals is high at 82%. It is clear that this OME is related to histopathologic changes in the middle ear epithelium of these knock-out mice. Induction of mucus effusion is evident though the viation in dysregulation of GFM does exist in this non-challenge study condition. The underlying cause of these differences between individual animal requires further investigation. Given this, the Oxgr1(-/-) model is likely to be an ideal model to examine mucin regulation in MEE and potentially develop novel GPCR-specific targeted interventions to regulate these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Kerschner
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Wenzhou Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Steven R. Taylor
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - John A. Kerschner
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Pawjai Khampang
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Kay C. Wrege
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Paula E North
- Pediatric Pathology, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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