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Gill NB, Dowker-Key PD, Hedrick M, Bettaieb A. Unveiling the Role of Oxidative Stress in Cochlear Hair Cell Death: Prospective Phytochemical Therapeutics against Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4272. [PMID: 38673858 PMCID: PMC11050722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss represents a multifaceted and pervasive challenge that deeply impacts various aspects of an individual's life, spanning psychological, emotional, social, and economic realms. Understanding the molecular underpinnings that orchestrate hearing loss remains paramount in the quest for effective therapeutic strategies. This review aims to expound upon the physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of hearing loss, with a specific focus on its correlation with diabetes. Within this context, phytochemicals have surfaced as prospective contenders in the pursuit of potential adjuvant therapies. These compounds exhibit noteworthy antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which hold the potential to counteract the detrimental effects induced by oxidative stress and inflammation-prominent contributors to hearing impairment. Furthermore, this review offers an up-to-date exploration of the diverse molecular pathways modulated by these compounds. However, the dynamic landscape of their efficacy warrants recognition as an ongoing investigative topic, inherently contingent upon specific experimental models. Ultimately, to ascertain the genuine potential of phytochemicals as agents in hearing loss treatment, a comprehensive grasp of the molecular mechanisms at play, coupled with rigorous clinical investigations, stands as an imperative quest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Gill
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Presley D. Dowker-Key
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
| | - Mark Hedrick
- Department of Audiology & Speech Pathology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville, TN 37996-0240, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996-0840, USA
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Katanić Stanković JS, Selaković D, Rosić G. Oxidative Damage as a Fundament of Systemic Toxicities Induced by Cisplatin-The Crucial Limitation or Potential Therapeutic Target? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14574. [PMID: 37834021 PMCID: PMC10572959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, an inorganic complex of platinum, is a chemotherapeutic drug that has been used for 45 years. Despite the progress of pharmaceutical sciences and medicine and the successful application of other platinum complexes for the same purpose, cisplatin is still the therapy of choice in many cancers. Treatment for testicular, ovarian, head and neck, urothelial, cervical, esophageal, breast, and pulmonary malignancies is still unthinkable without the use of this drug. However, cisplatin is also known for many side effects, of which the most pronounced are nephrotoxicity leading to acute renal failure, neurotoxicity, and ototoxicity. Mechanistic studies have proven that one of the conditions that plays a major role in the development of cisplatin-induced toxicities is oxidative stress. Knowing the fact that numerous antioxidants can be used to reduce oxidative stress, thereby reducing tissue lesions, organ failure, and apoptosis at the cellular level, many studies have defined antioxidants as a priority for investigation as a cotreatment. To investigate the mechanism of antioxidant action in vivo, many animal models have been employed. In the last few years, studies have mostly used rodents and zebrafish models. In this article, some of the most recent investigations that used animal models are listed, and the advantages and disadvantages of such experimental studies are pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena S. Katanić Stanković
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragica Selaković
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Gvozden Rosić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
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Ghodousi M, Karbasforooshan H, Arabi L, Elyasi S. Silymarin as a preventive or therapeutic measure for chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 79:15-38. [PMID: 36450892 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-022-03434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thus far, silymarin has been examined in several studies for prevention or treatment of various chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions. In this review, we try to collect all available human, animal, and pre-clinical data in this field. METHODS The search was done in Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and systematic reviews in the Cochrane database, using the following keywords: "Cancer," "Chemotherapy," "Radiotherapy," "Mucositis," "Nephrotoxicity," "Dermatitis," "Ototoxicity," "Cardiotoxicity," "Nephrotoxicity," "Hepatotoxicity," "Reproductive system," "Silybum marianum," "Milk thistle," and "Silymarin" and "Silybin." We included all relevant in vitro, in vivo, and human studies up to the date of publication. RESULTS Based on 64 included studies in this review, silymarin is considered a safe and well-tolerated compound, with no known clinical drug interaction. Notably, multiple adverse reactions of chemotherapeutic agents are effectively managed by its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-immunomodulatory properties. Clinical trials suggest that oral silymarin may be a promising adjuvant with cancer treatments, particularly against hepatotoxicity (n = 10), nephrotoxicity (n = 3), diarrhea (n = 1), and mucositis (n = 3), whereas its topical formulation can be particularly effective against radiodermatitis (n = 2) and hand-foot syndrome (HFS) (n = 1). CONCLUSION Further studies are required to determine the optimal dose, duration, and the best formulation of silymarin to prevent and/or manage chemotherapy and radiotherapy-induced complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ghodousi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hedyieh Karbasforooshan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Arabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Elyasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Halani PD, Gupta RJ, Shah AM, Alurkar SS. Prospective Observational Study of Evaluating Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity in Patients. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1755546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction Platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin and carboplatin are two of the most widely used drugs in cancer today. They display wide range of adverse reactions; among them, ototoxicity is an important cumulative toxicity that more commonly observed with cisplatin. At a later stage, it can affect speech of individual and lead to communication problem with decreased cognitive function and depression in cancer survivors. Periodic monitoring of hearing loss with pure-tone audiometry (PTA) provides early evidence of ototoxicity which may decrease debilitating effect of the same in a patient.
Objective The primary objective of this study was to assess cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. We also investigated its severity, reversibility, and other modifying risk factors.
Materials and Methods We conducted a prospective observational descriptive type of epidemiological study. The study was conducted over 80 randomly selected cancer patients (for estimation of sample size, the following formula was used n = [Zα
2
PQ] / d
2), who were starting with their first cycle of cisplatin from August 2018 to July 2020. This study was conducted at tertiary cancer care center in western Gujarat which caters patients from all over India. We performed PTA in all randomized patients at baseline and periodically. We classified hearing loss according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.
Results A total of 30% (n = 24) patients developed cisplatin-induced ototoxicity according to WHO criteria at end of 3 months after starting the first cycle of cisplatin. It was sensory neuronal, affecting both the ears equally, and was seen predominantly at high frequency. We observed hearing loss at 3 months to be significantly more common in the 301 to 400 mg/m2 cumulative dose group (47%), as compared with the other two groups (0–200 mg/m2 and 201–300 mg/m2; p < 0.05). It showed dose dependency with cisplatin. In the multivariate step-wise regression model, baseline hearing loss (odds ratio [OR] = 17.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.57–118.91, p < 0.05) and cumulative cisplatin dose of more than 300 mg/m2 were significantly associated with hearing loss at 3 months (OR = 6.62, 95% CI: 2.33–18.74, p < 0.05).
Conclusion Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity manifests as a bilateral high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Cumulative dose of cisplatin is an important predictor of development of ototoxicity. Baseline and periodic audiometric monitoring could detect ototoxicity early which leads to possible limitation on the severity of ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja D. Halani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Apollo CBCC Cancer Care, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajdeep J. Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Apollo CBCC Cancer Care, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Akash M. Shah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Apollo CBCC Cancer Care, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Shirish S. Alurkar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Apollo CBCC Cancer Care, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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Chunlin K, Feng D, Peirong W. Research on the Enhancement Mechanism of Dihydromyricetin on the Inhibitory Role of Cisplatin Towards Breast Cancer Cell Activity. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of our study was to evaluate Enhancement Mechanism of Dihydromyricetin (DMY) on the Inhibitory Role of Cisplatin Towards Breast Cancer Cell Activity. Materials and Methods: The MCF-7 were divided into NC, DMY, Cis and DMY+Cis groups. Using relative
methods (MTT, TUNEL, Transwell, flow cytometry and wound healing) to evaluate MCF-7 cell biological activities including cell viability, apoptosis, invasion cell number and wound healing rate. The relative proteins expressions including FOXO-1, Noxa, Bim, Cyto C, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Apaf-1
were evaluated by WB assay. Results: MCF-7 cell viability, invasion cell number and wound healing rates were significantly depressed and apoptosis rate were significantly increased in DMY, Cis and DMY+Cis groups (P < 0.01, respectively). Compared with Cis group, cell viability,
invasion cell number and wound healing rates were significantly depressed and apoptosis rate were significantly increased in DMY+Cis group (P < 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: Dihydromyricetin can effectively enhance the inhibitory effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chunlin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Dong Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
| | - Wang Peirong
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350005, China
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Marmouzi I, Bouyahya A, Ezzat SM, El Jemli M, Kharbach M. The food plant Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.: Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology and clinical evidence. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113303. [PMID: 32877720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. or Milk thistle is a medicinal plant native to Northern Africa, Southern Europe, Southern Russia and Anatolia. It also grows in South Australia, North and South America. In traditional knowledge, people have used S. marianum for liver disorders such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and gallbladder diseases. The main active compound of the plant seeds is silymarin, which is the most commonly used herbal supplement in the United States for liver problems. Nowadays, S. marianum products are available as capsules, powders, and extracts. AIM OF STUDY The aim of our study is to draw a more comprehensive overview of the traditional heritage, pharmacological benefits and chemical fingerprint of S. marianum extracts and metabolites; as well as their metabolism and bioavailability. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature search has been conducted using relavant keywords and papers with rationale methodology and robust data were selected and discussed. Studies involving S. marianum or its main active ingredients with regards to hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardiovascular protection, anticancer and antimicrobial activities as well as the clinical trials performed on the plant, were discussed here. RESULTS S. marianum was subjected to thousands of ethnopharmacological, experimental and clinical investigations. Although, the plant is available for use as a dietary supplement, the FDA did not yet approve its use for cancer therapy. Nowadays, clinical investigations are in progress where a global evidence of its real efficiency is needed. CONCLUSION S. marianum is a worldwide used herb with unlimited number of investigations focusing on its benefits and properties, however, little is known about its clinical efficiency. Moreover, few studies have discussed its metabolism, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, so that all future studies on S. marianum should focus on such areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Marmouzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathology Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Genomic Center of Human Pathology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Shahira M Ezzat
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Science and Arts (MSA), Giza, 12451, Egypt.
| | - Meryem El Jemli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, CePhaR, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium
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Fanoudi S, Alavi MS, Karimi G, Hosseinzadeh H. Milk thistle ( Silybum Marianum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 43:240-254. [PMID: 30033764 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1485687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe treatment for toxicities. Silybum marianum (milk thistle), belongs to the Asteraceae family, possesses different effects such as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Several studies have demonstrated that this plant has protective properties against toxic agents. Herein, the protective effects of S. marianum and its main component, silymarin, which is the mixture of flavonolignans including silibinin, silydianin and silychristin acts against different biological (mycotoxins, snake venoms, and bacterial toxins) and chemical (metals, fluoride, pesticides, cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic agents) poisons have been summarized. This review reveals that main protective effects of milk thistle and its components are attributed to radical scavenging, anti-oxidative, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulating the inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, Iran
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Antioxidant Effects of Satureja hortensis L. Attenuate the Anxiogenic Effect of Cisplatin in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8307196. [PMID: 31467638 PMCID: PMC6701305 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8307196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous adverse effects of cisplatin-based therapy are usually accompanied by enhanced oxidative damage and cell apoptosis in various tissues. Even neurotoxic manifestations of cisplatin administration, such as the anxiogenic effect, appear along with the increased oxidative stress and apoptotic indicators in certain brain regions. Thirty-five Wistar albino male rats were divided into seven groups: control, cisplatin (received a single dose of cisplatin: 7.5 mg/kg), three groups with oral administration of Satureja hortensis L. methanolic extract (SH) (low: 50 mg/kg, middle: 100 mg/kg, and high dose: 200 mg/kg) along with cisplatin application, a group with the extract in high dose alone, and a silymarin group (cisplatin and silymarin: 100 mg/kg), in order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of SH on cisplatin-induced increase in the anxiety level. After completing 10-day pretreatments, behavioral testing was performed in the open field and the elevated plus maze, followed by an investigation of oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters in hippocampal tissue samples. Cisplatin administration resulted in anxiogenic-like behavior, increased lipid peroxidation, and proapoptotic markers accompanied by the decline in antioxidant and antiapoptotic defense. The administration of extract alone did not significantly alter any of the estimated parameters. When applied along with cisplatin, SH in a dose of 100 mg/kg induced the significant anxiolytic effect with concomitant recovery of antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity indicators, while both lower and higher doses of the extract failed to improve the adverse effects of cisplatin administration. The beneficial effects of the middle dose of SH were equivalent to the same dose of silymarin, as a “golden standard.” Our results indicate that the antioxidant supplementation with SH in an optimal dose significantly improved the oxidative status and it had antiapoptotic effect in the rat hippocampus disturbed by cisplatin administration, which was accompanied with attenuation of cisplatin-induced anxiogenic effect.
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Castañeda R, Natarajan S, Jeong SY, Hong BN, Kang TH. Traditional oriental medicine for sensorineural hearing loss: Can ethnopharmacology contribute to potential drug discovery? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 231:409-428. [PMID: 30439402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In Traditional Oriental Medicine (TOM), the development of hearing pathologies is related to an inadequate nourishment of the ears by the kidney and other organs involved in regulation of bodily fluids and nutrients. Several herbal species have historically been prescribed for promoting the production of bodily fluids or as antiaging agents to treat deficiencies in hearing. AIM OF REVIEW The prevalence of hearing loss has been increasing in the last decade and is projected to grow considerably in the coming years. Recently, several herbal-derived products prescribed in TOM have demonstrated a therapeutic potential for acquired sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. Therefore, the aims of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the current known efficacy of the herbs used in TOM for preventing different forms of acquired sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus, and associate the traditional principle with the demonstrated pharmacological mechanisms to establish a solid foundation for directing future research. METHODS The present review collected the literature related to herbs used in TOM or related compounds on hearing from Chinese, Korean, and Japanese herbal classics; library catalogs; and scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar; and Science Direct). RESULTS This review shows that approximately 25 herbal species and 40 active compounds prescribed in TOM for hearing loss and tinnitus have shown in vitro or in vivo beneficial effects for acquired sensorineural hearing loss produced by noise, aging, ototoxic drugs or diabetes. The inner ear is highly vulnerable to ischemia and oxidative damage, where several TOM agents have revealed a direct effect on the auditory system by normalizing the blood supply to the cochlea and increasing the antioxidant defense in sensory hair cells. These strategies have shown a positive impact on maintaining the inner ear potential, sustaining the production of endolymph, reducing the accumulation of toxic and inflammatory substances, preventing sensory cell death and preserving sensory transmission. There are still several herbal species with demonstrated therapeutic efficacy whose mechanisms have not been deeply studied and others that have been traditionally used in hearing loss but have not been tested experimentally. In clinical studies, Ginkgo biloba, Panax ginseng, and Astragalus propinquus have demonstrated to improve hearing thresholds in patients with sensorineural hearing loss and alleviated the symptoms of tinnitus. However, some of these clinical studies have been limited by small sample sizes, lack of an adequate control group or contradictory results. CONCLUSIONS Current therapeutic strategies have proven that the goal of the traditional oriental medicine principle of increasing bodily fluids is a relevant approach for reducing the development of hearing loss by improving microcirculation in the blood-labyrinth barrier and increasing cochlear blood flow. The potential benefits of TOM agents expand to a multi-target approach on different auditory structures of the inner ear related to increased cochlear blood flow, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective activities. However, more research is required, given the evidence is very limited in terms of the mechanism of action at the preclinical in vivo level and the scarce number of clinical studies published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Castañeda
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sathishkumar Natarajan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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Tavanai E, Mohammadkhani G, Farahani S, Jalaie S. Protective Effects of Silymarin Against Age-Related Hearing Loss in an Aging Rat Model. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 71:1248-1257. [PMID: 31750160 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is one of the most common chronic degenerative disorders. Several studies have indicated that supplementation with some antioxidants can slow down the progression of ARHL. Despite several lines of evidence about the potent antioxidant and anti-aging effects of silymarin, its protective effect against ARHL has not evaluated yet. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of silymarin in prevention of ARHL in a d-Galactose-induced aging rat model for the first time. 45 male wistar rats aged 3-month old were divided into 5 groups: group 1, 2 and 3 received 500 mg/kg/day d-Gal plus 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg/day silymarin respectively for 8 weeks, placebo group received 500 mg/kg/day d-Gal plus propylene glycol as placebo, and control group received normal saline during this period of time. Auditory brainstem responses were measured at several frequencies (4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 kHz) before and after the intervention. Placebo group and group 3 showed significant ABR threshold increase across frequencies of 4, 6, 16 kHz compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). However, rats treated with silymarin 100 and 200 mg/kg/day plus d-Gal did not show any significant ABR threshold shifts. Similarly, ABR amplitude of P2 at 4, 8 kHz and P1, P4 at 4 kHz in the placebo group and group 3 were decreased significantly compared with other groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences are found in ABR absolute and inter-peak latencies between groups (P > 0.05). The findings indicates that silymarin with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg/day has protective effect against ARHL and it can be supplemented into the diet of older people to slow down the progression of age-related hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Tavanai
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pich-e-Shemiran, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghassem Mohammadkhani
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pich-e-Shemiran, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Farahani
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pich-e-Shemiran, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Jalaie
- Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pich-e-Shemiran, Enghelab Ave, Tehran, Iran
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Martins MJB, Batista AMA, Brito YNF, Soares PMG, Martins CDS, Ribeiro RDA, Brito GADC, de Freitas MR. Effect of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning on Systemic Toxicity and Ototoxicity Induced by Cisplatin in Rats: Role of TNF-α and Nitric Oxide. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2018; 79:336-346. [PMID: 29339643 DOI: 10.1159/000485514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent. The use of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) was proposed after the observation that ischemic preconditioning of a cardiac vascular area could protect another completely distinctly. METHODS This is an experimental study. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized, and they underwent a hearing evaluation via measurement of the brainstem auditory evoked potential (BSAEP). Then, cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally (IP) at a dose of 8 mg/kg/day for 4 consecutive days to group 1, whereas saline solution was administered IP to group 2. In groups 3 and 4, ischemia of the right hind paw was performed for 10 min, followed by reperfusion for 30 min, after which cisplatin or saline was administered IP to group 3 or group 4, respectively. Afterwards, all animals were evaluated via the BSAEP. The right cochlea was dissected for immunohistochemistry. RESULTS RIPC lowered the increase in BSAEP of the animals treated with cisplatin (p = 0.0146). Weight loss decreased in the animals subjected to RIPC (p < 0.005). In group 3, RIPC reversed immunostaining for tumor necrosis factor-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the stria vascularis injured by cisplatin (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION RIPC protects against systemic toxicity and ototoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats.
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Sharma D, Sabela MI, Kanchi S, Bisetty K, Skelton AA, Honarparvar B. Green synthesis, characterization and electrochemical sensing of silymarin by ZnO nanoparticles: Experimental and DFT studies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Arafa Keshk W, Zahran SM, Katary MA, Abd-Elaziz Ali D. Modulatory effect of silymarin on nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 regulated redox status, nuclear factor-κB mediated inflammation and apoptosis in experimental gastric ulcer. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:266-272. [PMID: 28648817 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) consumption has been commonly associated with gastric mucosal lesions including gastric ulcer. Silymarin (SM) is a flavonoid mixture with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities which explain its protective role against hepatic and renal injuries. However, its impact on gastric ulcer has not yet been elucidated. Thus we went further to investigate the potential protective effects of SM against indomethacin-induced gastric injury in rats. Pretreatment with SM (50 mg/kg orally) attenuated the severity of gastric mucosal damage as evidenced by decreasing ulcer index (UI) and ulcer score, improvement of disturbed histopathologicl features to be insignificant with those induced by the reference anti-ulcer drug. Pretreatment with SM also suppressed gastric inflammation by decreasing myeloperoxidase activity, tumer necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) and interleukin 6 (IL6) levels along with nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) expression. Meanwhile, SM prevent gastric oxidative stress via inhibition of lipid peroxides formation, enhancement of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activities and up-regulation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the redox-sensitive master regulator of oxidative stress signaling. In conclusion, the results herein revealed that SM has a gastro-protective effect which is mediated via suppression of gastric inflammation, oxidative stress, increased the anti-oxidant and the cyto-protective defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Arafa Keshk
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.
| | - Samer Mahmoud Zahran
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alaa Katary
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhur University, Egypt
| | - Darin Abd-Elaziz Ali
- Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Esfahani Monfared Z, Khosravi A, Safavi Naini A, Radmand G, Khodadad K. Analysis of Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity Risk Factors in Iranian Patients with Solid Tumors: a Cohort, Prospective and Single Institute Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:753-758. [PMID: 28441710 PMCID: PMC5464495 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.3.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cisplatin has been associated with irreversible hearing damage. Up to now, there is no therapeutic intervention showing benefit in preventing Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The aim of this study was to determine risk factors contributing to hearing impairment after cisplatin administration in Iranian patients. Methods: Hearing thresholds of 124 patients before and after cisplatin administration were assessed with reference to pure-tone audiometry averages at several frequencies from 2006 to 2010. Mean values were calculated at each tested frequency in each ear at baseline and subsequent follow-up audiometry. Hearing impairment was assessed with the Münster score. Results: The mean age at diagnosis and the median cumulative Cisplatin dose were 47.3 years and 453.8 milligrams, respectively. Bilateral hearing loss, mostly of grade 1, and tinnitus were detected in 26% and 3.2% of patients. Logistic regression analysis showed that a high cumulative dose of cisplatin was the most important risk factor for developing hearing damage (P=0.034). The most significant changes in the status of the auditory system and the most severe threshold shift from base line (35 dB) were observed at a frequency of 8 kHz. Also, patients who received higher individual doses of Cisplatin showed significantly more tinnitus (P=0.002). Conclusions: The results are testament to benefits of routine audiometric monitoring program during cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Further research should be performed to understand other risk factors, such as genetic predictors of Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Esfahani Monfared
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Filipendula ulmaria extracts attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress in rats: In vivo investigation and LC-MS analysis. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 99:86-102. [PMID: 27871982 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Filipendula ulmaria, known as meadowsweet, is a perennial herb found in wild and cultivated habitats in Europe and Asia. Usage of F. ulmaria in traditional medicine is based on diuretic, astringent, antirheumatic, and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant. Exposure to cisplatin at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg caused significant increase in serum parameters of liver and kidneys function and tissue oxidative stress markers along with some histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of experimental rats, as well as high level of genotoxicity. Administration of F. ulmaria extracts in three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) for 10 days resulted in a reduction of oxidative stress in tissues and decrease of serum parameters. Moreover, tested extracts attenuated the genotoxicity of cisplatin in reverse dose-dependent manner. F. ulmaria extracts had no in vitro cytotoxic activity at all applied concentrations (IC50 > 50 μg/mL). Tested extracts, rich in polyphenolic compounds, attenuate cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidative stress, reduce tissue damage, and enhance the antioxidative status of experimental animals during cisplatin application. Therefore, F. ulmaria extracts may be used as supportive agent for the prevention and amelioration of cisplatin side effects.
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Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2015; 4:204-47. [PMID: 26785346 PMCID: PMC4665566 DOI: 10.3390/antiox4010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In many cases, the antioxidant properties of SM are considered to be responsible for its protective actions. Possible antioxidant mechanisms of SM are evaluated in this review. (1) Direct scavenging free radicals and chelating free Fe and Cu are mainly effective in the gut. (2) Preventing free radical formation by inhibiting specific ROS-producing enzymes, or improving an integrity of mitochondria in stress conditions, are of great importance. (3) Maintaining an optimal redox balance in the cell by activating a range of antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants, mainly via Nrf2 activation is probably the main driving force of antioxidant (AO) action of SM. (4) Decreasing inflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-κB pathways is an emerging mechanism of SM protective effects in liver toxicity and various liver diseases. (5) Activating vitagenes, responsible for synthesis of protective molecules, including heat shock proteins (HSPs), thioredoxin and sirtuins and providing additional protection in stress conditions deserves more attention. (6) Affecting the microenvironment of the gut, including SM-bacteria interactions, awaits future investigations. (7) In animal nutrition and disease prevention strategy, SM alone, or in combination with other hepatho-active compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin B12, etc.), might have similar hepatoprotective effects as described in human nutrition.
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Neurotrophic and antioxidant effects of silymarin comparable to 4-methylcatechol in protection against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 67:317-25. [PMID: 25712657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite that gentamicin is a very effective aminoglycoside, its potential ototoxicity which is of irreversible nature makes a challenge and limitation for its use. This study was designed to investigate possible neurotrophic and antioxidant effects of silymarin comparable to 4-methylcatechol in protection against gentamicin-induced ototoxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty pigmented guinea pigs were divided into four equal groups, where group I served as normal control group. The other groups received gentamicin (120 mg/kg/day, ip) for 19 days where group II given vehicle of 1% CMC, group III and group IV were pre-treated 2h before gentamicin by 4-methylcatechol (10 μg/kg, ip) and silymarin (100mg/kg, oral gavage), respectively. The main findings indicated that silymarin exhibited restoration of nerve growth factor (NGF) levels and increased tropomyosin-related kinase receptors-A (Trk-A) m-RNA expression in cochlear tissue and preservation of hair cells of organ of Corti by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with significant decrease in auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold compared to 4-methylcatechol. Only silymarin caused significant amelioration in oxidative stress state by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increasing catalase activity. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin exerts superiority over 4-methylcatechol when recommended as protective agent against gentamicin ototoxicity based on its efficient neurotrophic and antioxidant activities.
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Cho S, Moon H, Loh TJ, Oh HK, Williams DR, Liao DJ, Zhou J, Green MR, Zheng X, Shen H. PSF contacts exon 7 of SMN2 pre-mRNA to promote exon 7 inclusion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:517-25. [PMID: 24632473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease and a leading cause of infant mortality. Deletions or mutations of SMN1 cause SMA, a gene that encodes a SMN protein. SMN is important for the assembly of Sm proteins onto UsnRNA to UsnRNP. SMN has also been suggested to direct axonal transport of β-actin mRNA in neurons. Humans contain a second SMN gene called SMN2 thus SMA patients produce some SMN but not with sufficient levels. The majority of SMN2 mRNA does not include exon 7. Here we show that increased expression of PSF promotes inclusion of exon 7 in the SMN2 whereas reduced expression of PSF promotes exon 7 skipping. In addition, we present evidence showing that PSF interacts with the GAAGGA enhancer in exon 7. We also demonstrate that a mutation in this enhancer abolishes the effects of PSF on exon 7 splicing. Furthermore we show that the RNA target sequences of PSF and tra2β in exon 7 are partially overlapped. These results lead us to conclude that PSF interacts with an enhancer in exon 7 to promote exon 7 splicing of SMN2 pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Heegyum Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Oh
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren Reese Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | | | - Michael R Green
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Programs in Gene Function and Expression and Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xuexiu Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Haihong Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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