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Huss NP, Majeed ST, Wills BM, Tarakanova VL, Brockman KL, Jondle CN. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae challenge during gammaherpesvirus infection enhances viral reactivation and latency. Virology 2024; 597:110153. [PMID: 38941745 PMCID: PMC11257779 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous, lifelong pathogens associated with multiple cancers that infect over 95% of the adult population. Increases in viral reactivation, due to stress and other unknown factors impacting the immune response, frequently precedes lymphomagenesis. One potential stressor that could promote viral reactivation and increase viral latency would be the myriad of infections from bacterial and viral pathogens that we experience throughout our lives. Using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a mouse model of gammaherpesvirus infection, we examined the impact of bacterial challenge on gammaherpesvirus infection. We challenged MHV68 infected mice during the establishment of latency with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) to determine the impact of bacterial infection on viral reactivation and latency. Mice infected with MHV68 and then challenged with NTHi, saw increases in viral reactivation and viral latency. These data support the hypothesis that bacterial challenge can promote gammaherpesvirus reactivation and latency establishment, with possible consequences for viral lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Huss
- Department of Investigative Medicine and Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Sheikh Tahir Majeed
- Department of Investigative Medicine and Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Brandon M Wills
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth L Brockman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Christopher N Jondle
- Department of Investigative Medicine and Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
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Horiuchi K, Higashiyama M, Kurihara C, Matsumura K, Tanemoto R, Ito S, Mizoguchi A, Nishii S, Wada A, Inaba K, Sugihara N, Hanawa Y, Shibuya N, Okada Y, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Tomita K, Hokari R. Intestinal inflammations increase efflux of innate lymphoid cells from the intestinal mucosa to the mesenteric lymph nodes through lymph-collecting ducts. Microcirculation 2021; 28:e12694. [PMID: 33742518 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are abundant in the intestinal mucosa, forming boundaries externally. Herein, ILCs were directly obtained from intestinal lymph using a lymph fistula rat model and analyzed under physiological and pathological conditions. METHODS Thoracic duct (TD) lymphocytes were collected by cannulation with/without preceded mesenteric lymphadenectomy, which were comparable to lymphocytes flowing through mesenteric lymphatic vessels (MLVs) or TD, respectively. The collected ILCs were classified according to gene transcription factors and analyzed by flow cytometry. The effect of IL-25 or indomethacin was studied. RESULTS The proportion of total ILCs in the MLVs (MLV-ILCs) was significantly higher than that in TD (TD-ILCs, 0.01% vs. 0.003%, respectively). Physiologically, there were several significant differences in the MLV-ILCs compared with TD-ILCs, including the proportion of ILC2 (42.3% vs. 70.9%) and ILC3 (33.3% vs. 13.8%), and the proportion of α4-integrin-positive cells (36.8% vs. 0.3%). IL-25 significantly increased the proportion of MLV-ILC2 after 3 days. Indomethacin-induced intestinal injury increased the proportion of MLV-ILC3 in the early phase within 12 h. CONCLUSION Intestinal ILCs were found to migrate through MLVs. The altered mobilization of MLV-ILCs after stimuli suggests that ILCs play an important role in regulating the immune responses at the secondary lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Horiuchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsumura
- Laboratory of Cell Analysis, Central Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rina Tanemoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Suguru Ito
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Mizoguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shin Nishii
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kenichi Inaba
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nao Sugihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hanawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibuya
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chikako Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Effects of allergic rhinitis on the progression and recovery of acute otitis media in a mouse model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 140:110497. [PMID: 33218690 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of allergic rhinitis (AR) on the development, progression, and recovery of acute otitis media (OM) in an animal model and investigate the secondary effects of bacterial infection. METHODS BALB/c mice were divided into four groups: AR + OM, AR, OM, and control groups. AR + OM and AR groups were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum and then challenged intranasally with OVA. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administered to the OM and control groups the same number of times. After AR induction, OM was induced by surgical inoculation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) into the middle ear (ME) cavity of the mice in the AR + OM and OM groups. PBS was injected into the bulla in the AR and control groups. Each group was subdivided into sets of six mice, one for each of the four time points (0, 2, 7, and 10 days post-bacterial inoculation), at which point the mice were euthanized and ME and nasal cavity mucosa were obtained and evaluated. The occurrence of OM and the ME mucosa thickness were evaluated and compared among the four groups. Tissue expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in infected ME mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. We also investigated IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 in the nasal mucosa. RESULTS Most of the ears showed OM on post-inoculation day 2 in both AR + OM and OM groups. In the AR + OM group, 58.3% of ears still had OM on post-inoculation day 10, while only 16.7% of the OM group had OM. The ME mucosa of all groups increased, and the AR + OM group exhibited the thickest mucosa. The OM group showed peak thickness on post-inoculation day 2 and then decreased, whereas the ME mucosa thickness of the AR + OM group continued to increase to day 7. In the OM group, the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the ME also increased significantly, peaking on post-inoculation day 2, and then gradually decreased. In the AR + OM group, the expression of these proteins increased until day 7 and then decreased. The IgE and Th2 response (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokines were expressed at higher levels in the AR + OM and AR groups than in the OM and control groups. CONCLUSION The inflammatory reaction to NTHi was more intense and lasted longer in the allergic group, which indicates that AR affects the progression and subsequent recovery of acute bacterial OM.
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Park JH, Kim HB, Ko SH, Kim BH, Lim YS, Park SW, Song JJ, Cho CG. Effects of Amniotic Membrane Extract on the Hyperplastic Response of the Middle Ear Mucosa in a Bacterially-Induced Otitis Media Rat Model: A Preliminary Study. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 13:381-388. [PMID: 32279472 PMCID: PMC7669318 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2019.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Human amniotic membrane extract (AME) is known to contain numerous bioactive factors and anti-inflammatory substances. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of AME on the middle ear (ME) mucosa are unclear. This study assessed the effects of AME on the growth of the ME mucosa in response to bacterially-induced otitis media (OM). Methods OM was induced by inoculating nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) into the ME cavity of rats. ME mucosal explants were cultured in AME concentrations of 0, 5, 10, or 50 μg/mL. The area of explant outgrowth was measured in culture and analyzed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after explantation. The expression of Ki-67, mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the explants was also evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). Results The NTHi-induced ME mucosa growth increased gradually over the 7-day culture period in all explants at different AME concentrations. There was a trend for mucosal growth inhibition at higher concentrations of AME, although the growth was not significantly different among the groups until day 5. The ME mucosal explants treated with the 50 μg/mL concentration of AME showed significantly suppressed growth on postexplantation day 7 compared with other explants on the same day. PCR and ICC staining revealed that the expression of Ki-67, MUC5AC, TNF-α, and IL-10 further decreased in the explants with higher concentrations of AME than in those with lower concentrations of AME. Conclusion Our results showed that higher concentrations of AME reduced the mucosal proliferative response in bacterial OM in rats. These findings provide evidence that AME has an influence on the inflammatory and proliferative responses to NTHi infection in ME mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Sensory Organ Research Institute, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Ko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Bo Hae Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Sensory Organ Research Institute, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Yun-Sung Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Sensory Organ Research Institute, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Seok-Won Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Sensory Organ Research Institute, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Gun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Sensory Organ Research Institute, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
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Thornton RB, Hakansson A, Hood DW, Nokso-Koivisto J, Preciado D, Riesbeck K, Richmond PC, Su YC, Swords WE, Brockman KL. Panel 7 - Pathogenesis of otitis media - a review of the literature between 2015 and 2019. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109838. [PMID: 31879085 PMCID: PMC7062565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive review of the literature from July 2015 to June 2019 on the pathogenesis of otitis media. Bacteria, viruses and the role of the microbiome as well as the host response are discussed. Directions for future research are also suggested. DATA SOURCES PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS PubMed was searched for any papers pertaining to OM pathogenesis between July 2015 and June 2019. If in English, abstracts were assessed individually for their relevance and included in the report. Members of the panel drafted the report based on these searches and on new data presented at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media. CONCLUSIONS The main themes that arose in OM pathogenesis were around the need for symptomatic viral infections to develop disease. Different populations potentially having different mechanisms of pathogenesis. Novel bacterial otopathogens are emerging and need to be monitored. Animal models need to continue to be developed and used to understand disease pathogenesis. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings in the pathogenesis panel have several implications for both research and clinical practice. The most urgent areas appear to be to continue monitoring the emergence of novel otopathogens, and the need to develop prevention and preventative therapies that do not rely on antibiotics and protect against the development of the initial OM episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Hakansson
- Experimental Infection Medicine, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - D W Hood
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - J Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Preciado
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P C Richmond
- School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Y C Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - W E Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - K L Brockman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Yu GH, Kim HB, Ko SH, Kim YW, Lim YS, Park SW, Cho CG, Park JH. Expression of surfactant Protein-A in the Haemophilus influenzae-induced otitis media in a rat model. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 112:61-66. [PMID: 30055742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2018.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and the role of surfactant protein A (SP-A) in the middle ear (ME) mucosa in response to bacterial infection in a rat model. Otitis media (OM) was induced by surgical inoculation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenza (NTHi) into the ME cavity of Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into an NTHi-induced OM group and a phosphate-buffered saline-injected control group. The NTHi-induced OM and control groups were subdivided into sets of 6 rats, one for each of the 6 time points (0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days post-inoculation), at which point the rats were euthanized after inoculation. The concentrations of SP-A in the ME effusion were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tissue expression of SP-A, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in infected ME mucosa was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. For mRNA expression quantification, RNA was extracted from the ME mucosa and SP-A expression was monitored and compared between the control and OM groups using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the ME mucosa was also evaluated. SP-A expression was evaluated in the effusion of pediatric OM patients (70 ears) who received ventilation-tube insertion by ELISA. SP-A was detected in normal rat ME mucosa before bacterial inoculation. SP-A expression was up-regulated in the NTHi-induced OM group (p = 0.046). Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased SP-A expression on post-inoculation day 1, 2, and 4 in the OM group. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the ME also increased significantly on post-inoculation day 1, 2, and 4 in the OM group. It correlated with changes in SP-A expression. Expression of SP-A was also identified in the ME effusion of humans. SP-A exists in the ME of the rat and was up-regulated in the ME of NTHi-induced OM. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was increased in the ME of the bacteria-induced OM in the rat model. The results suggest that SP-A may play a significant role in the early phase of OM induction and subsequent recovery from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Hee Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hee-Bok Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Ko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Youn Woo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sung Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Seok-Won Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Chang Gun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea.
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Kim HB, Lim SH, Cho CG, Choi HS. Influence of Vitamin D Deficiency on Progression of Experimental Otitis Media in Rats. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2018; 33:296-304. [PMID: 29947185 PMCID: PMC6021308 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2018.33.2.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D plays an important role in the immune response against infection. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of vitamin D deficiency on the progression of otitis media (OM) using an experimental rat model. METHODS Four-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=72) were divided into two groups based on their diet: a control diet group (n=36) and a vitamin D-deficient diet group (n=36). After 8 weeks of diet, experimental OM was induced by inoculation of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae in the middle ear cavity. The rats were evaluated with otomicroscopy to determine the inflammation in the middle ear mucosa on days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 post-inoculation. Bullae from sacrificed rats were collected and analyzed histologically. RESULTS The middle ear mucosa from rats with vitamin D deficiency showed a significantly higher thickness than that of controls during the course of OM. The maximum mucosal thickness was 56.0±9.1 μm in the vitamin D deficiency group, and 43.9±9.8 μm in the control group, although there was no significant difference in the tympanic membrane score between the two groups evaluated with otomicroscopy. An immunohistochemical study showed increased expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α in rats manifesting vitamin D deficiency and decreased expression of IL-10 compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our results showed that vitamin D deficiency may exacerbate the pathophysiological changes of OM via altered cytokine production. Therefore, maintaining vitamin D status in the optimal range may be beneficial for proper management of OM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Bok Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, BK21plus, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hyun Lim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang Gun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
| | - Han Seok Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.
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Animal models of acute otitis media - A review with practical implications for laboratory research. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis 2018; 135:183-190. [PMID: 29656888 DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Considerable animal research has focused on developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of acute otitis media (AOM). Several experimental models of AOM have thus been developed. A PubMed search of the English literature was conducted from 1975 to July 2016 using the search terms "animal model" and "otitis media" from which 91 published studies were included for analysis, yielding 123 animal models. The rat, mouse and chinchilla are the preferred animals for experimental AOM models with their individual advantages and disadvantages. The most common pathogens used to create AOM are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Streptococcus pneumoniae (types 3, 23 and 6A) and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are best options for inoculation into rat and mouse models. Adding viral pathogens such as RSV and Influenza A virus, along with creating ET dysfunction, are useful adjuncts in animal models of AOM. Antibiotic prophylaxis may interfere with the inflammatory response without a significant reduction in animal mortality.
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Chamoun MN, Blumenthal A, Sullivan MJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Bacterial pathogenesis and interleukin-17: interconnecting mechanisms of immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence that influence severity of infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:465-486. [PMID: 29345518 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1426556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the control of many different disorders, including autoimmune, oncogenic, and diverse infectious diseases. In the context of infectious diseases, IL-17 protects the host against various classes of microorganisms but, intriguingly, can also exacerbate the severity of some infections. The regulation of IL-17 expression stems, in part, from the activity of Interleukin-23 (IL-23), which drives the maturation of different classes of IL-17-producing cells that can alter the course of infection. In this review, we analyze IL-17/IL-23 signalling in bacterial infection, and examine the interconnecting mechanisms that link immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence in the context of bacterial pathogenesis. We consider the roles of IL-17 in both acute and chronic bacterial infections, with a focus on mouse models of human bacterial disease that involve infection of mucosal surfaces in the lungs, urogenital, and gastrointestinal tracts. Polymorphisms in IL-17-encoding genes in humans, which have been associated with heightened host susceptibility to some bacterial pathogens, are discussed. Finally, we examine the implications of IL-17 biology in infectious diseases for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeted at preventing bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Chamoun
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- b The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- c School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
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