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Riccomi G, Simonit R, Maudet S, Scott E, Lucas M, Giuffra V, Roberts P. Diets, stress, and disease in the Etruscan society: Isotope analysis and infantile skeletal palaeopathology from Pontecagnano (Campania, southern Italy, 730-580 BCE). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302334. [PMID: 38748638 PMCID: PMC11095689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to morbidity and mortality is increased in early life, yet proactive measures, such as breastfeeding and weaning practices, can be taken through specific investments from parents and wider society. The extent to which such biosocialcultural investment was achieved within 1st millennium BCE Etruscan society, of whom little written sources are available, is unkown. This research investigates life histories in non-adults and adults from Pontecagnano (southern Italy, 730-580 BCE) in order to track cross-sectional and longitudinal breastfeeding and weaning patterns and to characterize the diet more broadly. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of incrementally-sampled deciduous and permanent dentine (n = 15), bulk bone collagen (n = 38), and tooth enamel bioapatite (n = 21) reveal the diet was largely based on C3 staple crops with marginal contributions of animal protein. Millet was found to play a role for maternal diet and trajectories of breastfeeding and feeding for some infants and children at the site. The combination of multiple isotope systems and tissues demonstrates exclusive breastfeeding was pursued until 0.6 years, followed by progressive introduction of proteanocius supplementary foods during weaning that lasted between approximately 0.7 and 2.6 years. The combination of biochemical data with macroscopic skeletal lesions of infantile metabolic diseases and physiological stress markers showed high δ15Ndentine in the months prior to death consistent with the isotopic pattern of opposing covariance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Riccomi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Paleopathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rachele Simonit
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Paleopathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Erin Scott
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mary Lucas
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, isoTROPIC Research Group, Jena, Germany
| | - Valentina Giuffra
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Division of Paleopathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, isoTROPIC Research Group, Jena, Germany
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2
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Parkinson EW, Stoddart S, Sparacello V, Bertoldi F, Fonzo O, Malone C, Marini E, Martinet F, Moggi-Cecchi J, Pacciani E, Raiteri L, Stock JT. Multiproxy bioarchaeological data reveals interplay between growth, diet and population dynamics across the transition to farming in the central Mediterranean. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21965. [PMID: 38081902 PMCID: PMC10713518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to farming brought on a series of important changes in human society, lifestyle, diet and health. The human bioarchaeology of the agricultural transition has received much attention, however, relatively few studies have directly tested the interrelationship between individual lifestyle factors and their implications for understanding life history changes among the first farmers. We investigate the interplay between skeletal growth, diet, physical activity and population size across 30,000 years in the central Mediterranean through a 'big data' cross-analysis of osteological data related to stature (n = 361), body mass (n = 334) and long bone biomechanics (n = 481), carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes (n = 1986 human, n = 475 animal) and radiocarbon dates (n = 5263). We present the observed trends on a continuous timescale in order to avoid grouping our data into assigned 'time periods', thus achieving greater resolution and chronological control over our analysis. The results identify important changes in human life history strategies associated with the first farmers, but also highlight the long-term nature of these trends in the millennia either side of the agricultural transition. The integration of these different data is an important step towards disentangling the complex relationship between demography, diet and health, and reconstruct life history changes within a southern European context. We believe the methodological approach adopted here has broader global implications for bioarchaeological studies of human adaptation more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Parkinson
- Archaeology & Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
| | - S Stoddart
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Sparacello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F Bertoldi
- Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università Ca Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy
| | - O Fonzo
- Museo Archeologico "Genna Maria" di Villanovaforru, Villanovaforru, Italy
| | - C Malone
- Archaeology & Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - E Marini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della vita e dell'ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - F Martinet
- Soprintendenza per i beni e le Attività Culturali della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - J Moggi-Cecchi
- Dipartimento Di Biologia, Università degli Studi Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - E Pacciani
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Firenze, Pistoia e Prato, Florence, Italy
| | - L Raiteri
- Soprintendenza per i beni e le Attività Culturali della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - J T Stock
- Department of Anthropology, Western University, London, Canada
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3
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Sparacello VS, Goude G, Varalli A, Dori I, Gravel-Miguel C, Riel-Salvatore J, Palstra SWL, Moggi-Cecchi J, Negrino F, Starnini E. Human remains from Arma di Nasino (Liguria) provide novel insights into the paleoecology of early Holocene foragers in northwestern Italy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16415. [PMID: 37775595 PMCID: PMC10541424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the discovery and analysis of new Mesolithic human remains-dated to ca. 10,200-9000 cal. BP-from Arma di Nasino in Liguria, northwestern Italy, an area rich in Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic attestations, but for which little information on Early Holocene occupation was available. The multi-proxy isotopic profile of the two individuals reveals that-despite the proximity of the site to the Mediterranean seashore and the use of shellfish as decorative elements in burials-the ecology of these foragers was based on the exploitation of high-altitude resources, presumably in the nearby western Alps. This constitutes the first direct evidence in northwestern Italy of a significant ecological shift towards higher altitudes following deglaciation, especially when compared to isotopic data of the Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers from the nearby site of Arene Candide Cave, who exploited terrestrial resources nearer to the coast and at lower altitudes. While the biochemistry of Nasino's skeletal assemblage revealed new details on Early Holocene lifeways in the area, the osteobiography of one individual offers glimpses into the life experience of a specific female forager, depicting a scenario of early skeletal trauma, developmental disturbances, long-term impairments, and resilience amongst the last European hunter-gatherers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitale S Sparacello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Sezione di Neuroscienze e Antropologia, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Gwenaëlle Goude
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Minist Culture, LAMPEA, UMR 7269, 5 rue du Château de l'Horloge, 13097, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Alessandra Varalli
- CASEs Research Group, Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Dori
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudine Gravel-Miguel
- Département d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Center for Applied Fire and Ecosystem Science, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Sanne W L Palstra
- Centre for Isotope Research, ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Negrino
- DAFIST - Dipartimento di Antichità, Filosofia, Storia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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4
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Tafuri MA, Soncin S, Panella S, Thompson JE, Tiberi I, Fabbri PF, Sivilli S, Radina F, Minozzi S, Muntoni IM, Fiorentino G, Robb J. Regional long-term analysis of dietary isotopes in Neolithic southeastern Italy: new patterns and research directions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7914. [PMID: 37193720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Isotopic analyses of prehistoric diet have only recently reached the threshold of going beyond site-focused reports to provide regional syntheses showing larger trends. In this work we present the first regional analysis for Neolithic southeastern Italy as a whole, including both substantial original data and a review of the available published data. The results show that dietary isotopes can shed new light on a number of traditional and important questions about Neolithic foodways. First, we observe regional variations in the distribution of stable isotope values across the area, suggesting variability in the Neolithic diet. Secondly, we show that, although the plant food calorific intake was primary for these communities, animal products were also important, representing on average 40% of the total calories. Third, we note that marine fish was only minorly consumed, but that this could be an underestimation, and we observe some variability in the regions considered, suggesting differences in local human-environment interactions. People in different regions of southeastern Italy may have consumed different versions of a common Neolithic diet. Regional synthesis also allows us to take stock of gaps and new directions in the field, suggesting an agenda for Neolithic isotopic research for the 2020s.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tafuri
- Department of Environmental Biology and Mediterranean bioArchaeological Research Advances (MAReA) Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Soncin
- Department of Environmental Biology and Mediterranean bioArchaeological Research Advances (MAReA) Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Panella
- Department of Environmental Biology and Mediterranean bioArchaeological Research Advances (MAReA) Centre, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - J E Thompson
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Tiberi
- Polo Biblio-Museale Regionale di Lecce, Lecce, Italy
| | - P F Fabbri
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - S Sivilli
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - F Radina
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la Città Metropolitana di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - S Minozzi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - I M Muntoni
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le Province di Barletta-Andria-Trani e Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - G Fiorentino
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - J Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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5
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Cheung C, Fernández‐Crespo T, Mion L, Di Giusto M, Goude G, Macdonald RA, Richards MP, Herrscher E. Micro-punches versus micro-slices for serial sampling of human dentine: Striking a balance between improved temporal resolution and measuring additional isotope systems. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9380. [PMID: 35986908 PMCID: PMC9787592 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The last decade has seen a dramatic increase in the application of serial sampling of human dentine in archaeology. Rapid development in the field has provided many improvements in the methodology, in terms of both time resolution as well as the ability to integrate more isotope systems in the analysis. This study provides a comparison of two common sampling approaches, allowing researchers to select the most suitable approach for addressing specific research questions. METHODS Two common approaches for sequential sampling of human dentine (micro-punches and micro-slices) are compared in terms of viability and efficacy. Using archaeological deciduous second molars and permanent first molars, this study demonstrates how the two approaches capture aspects of the weaning process in different ways. In addition, different aspects related to the extraction protocols, such as the thickness of the central slide and the solubilisation step, are also evaluated. RESULTS While both approaches show similar intra-tooth isotopic patterns, the micro-punches approach is preferable for research that requires a very fine temporal resolution, while the micro-slices approach is best for research where δ34 S values are needed, or when the samples are poorly preserved. In addition, the solubilisation step has a large effect on collagen yield, and, to a lesser extent, on isotopic compositions. Therefore, it is important to ensure that only samples that have undergone the same pre-treatment protocol are directly compared. CONCLUSIONS We present the pros and cons of the two micro-sampling approaches and offer possible mitigation strategies to address some of the most important issues related to each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cheung
- Eco‐anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université de ParisParisFrance
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Minist Culture, LAMPEAAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
- Research Unit: Analytical, Environmental & Geo‐Chemistry, Department of ChemistryVrije Universiteit Brussel, AMGC‐WE‐VUBBrusselsBelgium
- Maritime Cultures Research Institute, Department of Arts Science & ArchaeologyVrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
| | - Teresa Fernández‐Crespo
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Minist Culture, LAMPEAAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
- Departamento de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Antropología Social y Ciencias y Técnicas HistoriográficasUniversidad de ValladolidValladolidSpain
- School of ArchaeologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Leïa Mion
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Minist Culture, LAMPEAAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Marina Di Giusto
- Museum of Archaeology and EthnologyUniversity of São PauloBrazil
| | - Gwenaëlle Goude
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Minist Culture, LAMPEAAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | | | | | - Estelle Herrscher
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, Minist Culture, LAMPEAAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
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6
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Varalli A, Moggi-Cecchi J, Goude G. A multi-proxy bioarchaeological approach reveals new trends in Bronze Age diet in Italy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12203. [PMID: 35842420 PMCID: PMC9288517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates changes in dietary practices and subsistence strategies in Bronze Age Italy integrating isotopic analyses with archaeobotanical and archaeozoological data. By investigating food habits, we contribute to reconstructing human lifestyles and highlighting possible links with the economic/social organization when the rise of stratified societies and new economic activities affected subsistence practices. Stable isotopes analyses in humans and animals were performed on 6 Italian sites dating from 2300 to 900 cal. BC, followed by a complete review of additional 19 sites, which forms the basis of a diachronic and geographic comparison for Bronze Age Italy. The geographic analysis shows a more varied diet in northern and central Italy, compared to the south. The diachronic analysis highlights the homogeneity of food habits during the Early Bronze Age, contrary to the later phases when an increase in dietary variability and a higher animal protein consumption are revealed. The Middle Bronze Age appears as a pivotal moment in protohistoric societies, a phase of transition. The consumption of different foodstuffs highlights the importance of cultural exchanges, resulting in a sort of “food globalization”, although environmental and climatic fluctuations could also have affected dietary patterns, favoring some crops over others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Varalli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist Culture, LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France. .,Department of Biology, Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. .,CaSEs Research Group, Department of Humanities, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jacopo Moggi-Cecchi
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Goude
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist Culture, LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France
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7
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Pfrengle S, Neukamm J, Guellil M, Keller M, Molak M, Avanzi C, Kushniarevich A, Montes N, Neumann GU, Reiter E, Tukhbatova RI, Berezina NY, Buzhilova AP, Korobov DS, Suppersberger Hamre S, Matos VMJ, Ferreira MT, González-Garrido L, Wasterlain SN, Lopes C, Santos AL, Antunes-Ferreira N, Duarte V, Silva AM, Melo L, Sarkic N, Saag L, Tambets K, Busso P, Cole ST, Avlasovich A, Roberts CA, Sheridan A, Cessford C, Robb J, Krause J, Scheib CL, Inskip SA, Schuenemann VJ. Mycobacterium leprae diversity and population dynamics in medieval Europe from novel ancient genomes. BMC Biol 2021; 19:220. [PMID: 34610848 PMCID: PMC8493730 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hansen's disease (leprosy), widespread in medieval Europe, is today mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with around 200,000 new cases reported annually. Despite its long history and appearance in historical records, its origins and past dissemination patterns are still widely unknown. Applying ancient DNA approaches to its major causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, can significantly improve our understanding of the disease's complex history. Previous studies have identified a high genetic continuity of the pathogen over the last 1500 years and the existence of at least four M. leprae lineages in some parts of Europe since the Early Medieval period. RESULTS Here, we reconstructed 19 ancient M. leprae genomes to further investigate M. leprae's genetic variation in Europe, with a dedicated focus on bacterial genomes from previously unstudied regions (Belarus, Iberia, Russia, Scotland), from multiple sites in a single region (Cambridgeshire, England), and from two Iberian leprosaria. Overall, our data confirm the existence of similar phylogeographic patterns across Europe, including high diversity in leprosaria. Further, we identified a new genotype in Belarus. By doubling the number of complete ancient M. leprae genomes, our results improve our knowledge of the past phylogeography of M. leprae and reveal a particularly high M. leprae diversity in European medieval leprosaria. CONCLUSIONS Our findings allow us to detect similar patterns of strain diversity across Europe with branch 3 as the most common branch and the leprosaria as centers for high diversity. The higher resolution of our phylogeny tree also refined our understanding of the interspecies transfer between red squirrels and humans pointing to a late antique/early medieval transmission. Furthermore, with our new estimates on the past population diversity of M. leprae, we gained first insights into the disease's global history in relation to major historic events such as the Roman expansion or the beginning of the regular transatlantic long distance trade. In summary, our findings highlight how studying ancient M. leprae genomes worldwide improves our understanding of leprosy's global history and can contribute to current models of M. leprae's worldwide dissemination, including interspecies transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Pfrengle
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Judith Neukamm
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen, Sand 14, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meriam Guellil
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marcel Keller
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martyna Molak
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, S. Banacha 2c, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
- Swiss and Tropical Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Núria Montes
- Unitat d'Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ella Reiter
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rezeda I Tukhbatova
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420008
| | - Nataliya Y Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, 125009, Mokhovaya str. 11, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra P Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Moscow State University, 125009, Mokhovaya str. 11, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry S Korobov
- The Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117292, Dm. Uljanova str. 19, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Stian Suppersberger Hamre
- Department of Archaeology, History, Cultural studies and religion, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Vitor M J Matos
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria T Ferreira
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Laura González-Garrido
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Área de Antropología Física, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Gestión Ambiental, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Sofia N Wasterlain
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Lopes
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Biology; School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Luisa Santos
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nathalie Antunes-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Ciências Forenses e Psicológicas Egas Moniz (LCFPEM), Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology and Human Osteology (LABOH), CRIA/FCSH, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vitória Duarte
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Silva
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- UNIARQ - University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Linda Melo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Natasa Sarkic
- OSTEO Research, Camino de la Iglesia 1, Barrio de mata, Santiuste De Pedraza, 40171, Segovia, Spain
| | - Lehti Saag
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Philippe Busso
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Pasteur, 25-28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alexei Avlasovich
- Department of Archeology, History of Belarus and Special Historical Disciplines, Mogilev State A. Kuleshov University, Str Kosmonavtov 1, Mogilev, 212022, Republic of Belarus
| | - Charlotte A Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3 LE, UK
| | - Alison Sheridan
- Department of Scottish History and Archaeology, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK
| | - Craig Cessford
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - John Robb
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK
| | - Johannes Krause
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironments, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
- St John's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1TP, UK.
| | - Sarah A Inskip
- School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Verena J Schuenemann
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironments, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
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8
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Varalli A, Desideri J, David-Elbiali M, Goude G, Honegger M, Besse M. Bronze Age innovations and impact on human diet: A multi-isotopic and multi-proxy study of western Switzerland. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245726. [PMID: 33503025 PMCID: PMC7840060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The archaeological Bronze Age record in Europe reveals unprecedented changes in subsistence strategies due to innovative farming techniques and new crop cultivation. Increasing cultural exchanges affected the economic system. The inhabitants of Switzerland played a pivotal role in this European context through relationships with the Mediterranean, the High and Middle Danube regions and the Alps thanks to the area’s central position. This research aims to reconstruct, for the first time in Switzerland, human socio-economic systems through the study of human diet, herding and farming practices and their changes throughout the Bronze Age (2200–800 BCE) by means of biochemical markers. The study includes 41 human, 22 terrestrial and aquatic animal specimens and 30 charred seeds and chaff samples from sites in western Switzerland. Stable isotope analyses were performed on cereal and legume seeds (δ13C, δ15N), animal bone collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15N, δ34S), human bone and tooth dentine collagen (δ13Ccoll, δ15N,) and human tooth enamel (δ13Cenamel). The isotopic data suggest a) an intensification of soil fertilization and no hydric stress throughout the Bronze Age, b) a human diet mainly composed of terrestrial resources despite the proximity of Lake Geneva and the Rhone river, c) a diet based on C3 plants during the Early and Middle Bronze Age as opposed to the significant consumption of 13C-enriched resources (probably millet) by individuals from the Final Bronze Age, d) no important changes in dietary patterns throughout an individual’s lifespan but a more varied diet in childhood compared to adulthood, e) no differences in diet according to biological criteria (age, sex) or funerary behavior (burial architecture, grave goods).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Varalli
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Jocelyne Desideri
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mireille David-Elbiali
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gwenaëlle Goude
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist of Culture, LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Matthieu Honegger
- Institut d’Archéologie, University of Neuchâtel, Hauterive, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besse
- Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, Department F.-A. Forel, Section of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Goude G, Salazar-García DC, Power RC, Rivollat M, Gourichon L, Deguilloux MF, Pemonge MH, Bouby L, Binder D. New insights on Neolithic food and mobility patterns in Mediterranean coastal populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:218-235. [PMID: 32557548 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this research are to explore the diet, mobility, social organization, and environmental exploitation patterns of early Mediterranean farmers, particularly the role of marine and plant resources in these foodways. In addition, this work strives to document possible gendered patterns of behavior linked to the neolithization of this ecologically rich area. To achieve this, a set of multiproxy analyses (isotopic analyses, dental calculus, microremains analysis, ancient DNA) were performed on an exceptional deposit (n = 61) of human remains from the Les Bréguières site (France), dating to the transition of the sixth to the fifth millennium BCE. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples used in this study were excavated from the Les Bréguières site (Mougins, Alpes-Maritimes, France), located along the southeastern Mediterranean coastline of France. Stable isotope analyses (C, N) on bone collagen (17 coxal bones, 35 craniofacial elements) were performed as a means to infer protein intake during tissue development. Sulfur isotope ratios were used as indicators of geographical and environmental points of origin. The study of ancient dental calculus helped document the consumption of plants. Strontium isotope analysis on tooth enamel (n = 56) was conducted to infer human provenance and territorial mobility. Finally, ancient DNA analysis was performed to study maternal versus paternal diversity within this Neolithic group (n = 30). RESULTS Stable isotope ratios for human bones range from -20.3 to -18.1‰ for C, from 8.9 to 11.1‰ for N and from 6.4 to 15‰ for S. Domestic animal data range from -22.0 to -20.2‰ for C, from 4.1 to 6.9‰ for N, and from 10.2 to 12.5‰ for S. Human enamel 87 Sr/86 Sr range from 0.7081 to 0.7102, slightly wider than the animal range (between 0.7087 and 0.7096). Starch and phytolith microremains were recovered as well as other types of remains (e.g., hairs, diatoms, fungal spores). Starch grains include Triticeae type and phytolith includes dicotyledons and monocot types as panicoid grasses. Mitochondrial DNA characterized eight different maternal lineages: H1, H3, HV (5.26%), J (10.53%), J1, K, T (5.2%), and U5 (10.53%) but no sample yielded reproducible Y chromosome SNPs, preventing paternal lineage characterization. DISCUSSION Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios indicate a consumption of protein by humans mainly focused on terrestrial animals and possible exploitation of marine resources for one male and one undetermined adult. Sulfur stable isotope ratios allowed distinguishing groups with different geographical origins, including two females possibly more exposed to the sea spray effect. While strontium isotope data do not indicate different origins for the individuals, mitochondrial lineage diversity from petrous bone DNA suggests the burial includes genetically differentiated groups or a group practicing patrilocality. Moreover, the diversity of plant microremains recorded in dental calculus provide the first evidence that the groups of Les Bréguières consumed a wide breadth of plant foods (as cereals and wild taxa) that required access to diverse environments. This transdisciplinary research paves the way for new perspectives and highlights the relevance for novel research of contexts (whether recently discovered or in museum collections) excavated near shorelines, due to the richness of the biodiversity and the wide range of edible resources available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaëlle Goude
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Minist. Culture, LAMPEA, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Domingo C Salazar-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.,Aix Marseille Univ, IMERA, Marseille, France.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Robert C Power
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maïté Rivollat
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany.,Bordeaux University, Pessac, France
| | | | | | | | - Laurent Bouby
- ISEM-Université Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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10
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Ren HY, Zhao YS, Yoo YJ, Zhang XW, Fang H, Wang F, Perinpanayagam H, Kum KY, Gu Y. Mandibular molar C-shaped root canals in 5th millennium BC China. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 117:104773. [PMID: 32512259 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence and variations in C-shaped canals in ancient Chinese teeth and compare the differences of these features between ancient and age-matched modern populations. DESIGN Approximately 5000-year-old craniofacial bone remains were collected from the fossils of 38 individuals (total: 68 mandibular second molars) excavated from the Jiaojia site. The control group comprised of an equal number of randomly selected modern samples. We used cone-beam computed tomography to scan the mandible along the apex-crown axis and analyzed the canal morphology, based on Fan's categorization criterion, at 2 mm, 5 mm, and 8 mm to the apical level. Grooves on the lingual and buccal sides were also recorded. RESULTS The proportion of C-shaped roots among ancient samples on the left and right sides were 48.57 % (17/35 teeth) and 54.55 % (18/33 teeth), respectively, and 51.47 % (35/68 teeth) in the total sample. Conversely, in the control group, 44.12 % (15/34) and 38.24 % (13/34) occurred on the left and right sides, respectively, and 41.18 % (28/68) in the total sample. Among the C-shaped canals from the Jiaojia site samples, the classification type changed between two adjacent levels in 84.31 % of samples. Approximately 35 (51.5 %) teeth had a fused root, 20 (29.41 %) had one shallow buccal and one deep lingual groove. The occurrence of C-shape variation was not significantly correlated with time (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study identified a high rate of C-shaped root canals among individuals of Jiaojia who lived approximately 5000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ying Ren
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Institute of Cultural and Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Yeon-Jee Yoo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiao Wen Zhang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hui Fang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fen Wang
- School of History and Culture, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Hiran Perinpanayagam
- Division of Restorative Dentistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Kee-Yeon Kum
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, National Dental Care Center for Persons with Special Needs, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University & Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Province, PR China.
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