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Ramadhani M, Nurhidayah N, Kurniawati DA, Purmadi M, Rafiq FA, Kusumaningtyas E, Endrawati D, Hidayatik N, Prastiya RA, Mariya SS, Mufasirin, Hastutiek P. Gastrointestinal helminths of captive proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) in Surabaya zoo, Indonesia. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12719. [PMID: 38922921 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the constrain in proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus) conservation is gastrointestinal helminth (GH) infection. Here, we conducted a study to determine the prevalence of GHs in captive proboscis monkeys in Surabaya Zoo, Indonesia. METHODS Twenty fecal samples were collected from three groups (i.e., nursery cage [NC] [n = 1], communal show cage [SC] [n = 8], and free-ranging colonies [FC] [n = 11]). The fecal samples have been examined through McMaster and sugar floatation techniques. RESULTS The total prevalence of GH infection was 85.00% (17/20). We confirmed infection of Trichuris sp., Ascaris sp., Strongyloides sp., and Hymenolepis nana with Trichuris eggs was dominant. Although the prevalence of infection was high, the number of eggs per gram (epg) was low. CONCLUSION GH infection in captive proboscis monkeys in Surabaya Zoo, Indonesia, is highly prevalent. These results were useful for future research, control, and prevention of zoonotic potency purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masyithah Ramadhani
- Veterinary Diseases and Veterinary Public Health Magister Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nanis Nurhidayah
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- The Center for Veterinary Instrument Standardization, The Agricultural Instrument Standardization Agency, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Muttaqin Purmadi
- The Center for Veterinary Instrument Standardization, The Agricultural Instrument Standardization Agency, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Fatih Aunur Rafiq
- The Center for Veterinary Instrument Standardization, The Agricultural Instrument Standardization Agency, Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Eni Kusumaningtyas
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Endrawati
- Research Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nanik Hidayatik
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Basic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ragil Angga Prastiya
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, Airlangga University, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
| | - Sela Septima Mariya
- Center for Biomedical Research, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Mufasirin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Basic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Poedji Hastutiek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Basic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Radespiel U, Scheumann M. Introduction to the Special Issue Celebrating the Life and Work of Elke Zimmermann. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00307-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fernando SU, Udagama P, Fernando SP. Effect of urbanization on zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite prevalence in endemic toque macaque ( Macaca sinica) from different climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:100-109. [PMID: 35024333 PMCID: PMC8724921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding variations in host-parasite relationships with urbanization is vital for both, public health management and conservation of endemic animals with high anthropogenic interactions. Toque macaques (Macaca sinica) are such endemic old-world monkeys in Sri Lanka. Three macaque sub species inhabit the main climatic zones of the island; M . s. sinica , M . s. aurifrons and M . s. opisthomelas inhabit the dry zone, wet zone, and montane regions of the island, respectively. This study aimed to examine parasite prevalence in this host in association with urbanization. A total of 180 fecal samples were collected from the three sub species of toque macaques inhabiting the main climatic zones (dry, wet, and montane) in Sri Lanka; 20 samples each were collected from urban, suburban, and wild populations representing each climatic zone. Twenty gastrointestinal (GI) parasite genera types i.e. five types of protozoan cysts, two types of trematode ova, four types of cestode ova, eight types of nematode ova, and a single type of acanthocephalan ova were identified. The overall prevalence of parasites was 62% (112/180) with the highest prevalence of Strongyloides infection. In all three sub species, toque macaque populations with proximity to human settlements, including urban and suburban populations, manifested a greater GI parasitic prevalence, mean ova/cyst counts and species richness, compared to their wild counterparts. Importantly, records of five parasite types in toques in Sri Lanka are reported for the first time, while Moniliformis type was reported as a first record in free ranging macaques, globally. This study clearly demonstrated that human contact and habitat modification may influence patterns of parasitic infections in macaques. As most of the parasite types identified manifest zoonotic potential, with public health implications, close associations of macaques may cause a threat to human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehani U. Fernando
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - PreethiV. Udagama
- Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Saminda P. Fernando
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nawala, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
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Dibakou SE, Ngoubangoye B, Boundenga L, Ntie S, Moussadji C, Tsoumbou TA, Setchell JM. Preliminary assessment of gastrointestinal parasites of the sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) in a semi-free-ranging colony. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:127-133. [PMID: 35338662 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in the sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) at the CIRMF primatology center is unknown. We, therefore, assessed the presence and richness (number of different parasite taxa) of gastrointestinal parasites in a semi-free-ranging colony of A. solatus. METHODS A total of 46 fecal samples were screened using a modified McMaster technique for fecal egg counts. RESULTS In the 46 samples collected, seven taxa of gastrointestinal parasites, including protozoa and nematodes were identified. The most prevalent parasite was strongyles parasites (98%), followed by Trichuris spp. (72%), Strongyloides spp. (67%) and Entamoeba coli (65%). Balantioides coli (33%), Endolimax nana (25%), and Spirurid eggs (26%) were only found in a minority of the animals. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes new host records of gastrointestinal parasites in semi-free-ranging A. solatus and highlights the need to investigate the health of this species and implement proper precautions in the management of this colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge-Ely Dibakou
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK.,Groupe Evolution et Transmission Inter-espèces de Parasites (GETIP) du Département de Parasitologie, CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Stephan Ntie
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (LABMC), Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Cyr Moussadji
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Thierry-Audrey Tsoumbou
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Joanna M Setchell
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Wetsch O, Strasburg M, McQuigg J, Boone MD. Is overwintering mortality driving enigmatic declines? Evaluating the impacts of trematodes and the amphibian chytrid fungus on an anuran from hatching through overwintering. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262561. [PMID: 35030210 PMCID: PMC8759641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are increasing globally and are an additional challenge to species dealing with native parasites and pathogens. Therefore, understanding the combined effects of infectious agents on hosts is important for species’ conservation and population management. Amphibians are hosts to many parasites and pathogens, including endemic trematode flatworms (e.g., Echinostoma spp.) and the novel pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]). Our study examined how exposure to trematodes during larval development influenced the consequences of Bd pathogen exposure through critical life events. We found that prior exposure to trematode parasites negatively impacted metamorphosis but did not influence the effect of Bd infection on terrestrial growth and survival. Bd infection alone, however, resulted in significant mortality during overwintering—an annual occurrence for most temperate amphibians. The results of our study indicated overwintering mortality from Bd could provide an explanation for enigmatic declines and highlights the importance of examining the long-term consequences of novel parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wetsch
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Miranda Strasburg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jessica McQuigg
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michelle D. Boone
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
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6
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Jitsamai W, Kesdangsakonwut S, Srirat T, Taweethavonsawat P. Case Report: Molecular and Pathological Investigations of Zoonotic Anatrichosoma Spp.-Induced Ulcerative Pododermatitis in a Domestic Cat in Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:759814. [PMID: 34722714 PMCID: PMC8551767 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.759814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatrichosoma spp. is a group of trichuroid nematodes that mainly infect non-human primates and domestic cats. The lifecycle of these nematodes remains unclear. In non-human primates, Anatrichosoma spp. were found in the nasal cavity. However, ulcerative dermatitis has been reported in infected cats. An adult, intact, female domestic short-haired cat was presented with ulcerative pododermatitis of all limbs. Punch biopsy was performed at the edge of the ulcerative wound for histopathological investigation and showed necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells around the nematode-like lesion. Eggs with Capillaria-like characteristics were present. Tissue sections were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR targeting 18S rRNA, using primers designed from Anatrichosoma 18S rRNA. The phylogenetic tree revealed that DNA obtained from the lesion of the domestic cat was grouped with Anatrichosoma spp. from the olive glass mouse (Abothirx olivacea), Capillaria plica and Eucoleus aerophilus, both from the red fox (Vulpes Vulpes). The study is the first report of feline anatrichosomiasis in Thailand, and we present both pathological findings and molecular evidence. The cat was successfully treated with emodepsine/praziquantel. The skin lesion recovered within 3 days after anthelmintic treatment. Because Anatrichosoma spp. have been reported in humans, the zoonotic potential of this parasite should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanarit Jitsamai
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sawang Kesdangsakonwut
- Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanakorn Srirat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Khon Kean University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piyanan Taweethavonsawat
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Biomarkers in Animal Parasitology Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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7
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Sricharern W, Inpankaew T, Kaewmongkol S, Jarudecha T, Inthong N. Molecular identification of Trichuris trichiura and Hymenolepis diminuta in long-tailed macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) in Lopburi, Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:884-888. [PMID: 34083936 PMCID: PMC8167538 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.884-888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Trichuris trichiura and Hymenolepis diminuta are helminthic intestinal parasites that infect humans and other animals, including non-human primates. However, molecular detection of these parasites remains scarce in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), which coexist with human communities in Thailand. Thus, this study aimed to molecularly confirm the occurrence of Trichuris spp. and Hymenolepis spp. infection and determine the species of both parasites that were found in long-tailed macaques. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 fecal samples were randomly collected from long-tailed macaques living in Lopburi, Thailand, and tested based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for Trichuris spp. and Hymenolepis spp. infections. The PCR products were submitted for DNA purification and sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the maximum likelihood method. Results: Of 200 tested samples, three (1.5%) were positive for Trichuris spp. Sequence analysis of all positive samples revealed the presence of T. trichiura, while eight samples (8/200, 4%) positive for Hymenolepis spp. were classified as H. diminuta. No significant associations were found between parasite infection and sex of macaques. Conclusion: This study revealed that long-tailed macaques harbor T. trichiura and H. diminuta. These results suggested that local residents and tourists must pay attention to limiting contact with long-tailed macaques and take hygienic precautions to reduce the risk of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission of these parasites between humans and long-tailed macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanat Sricharern
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology, Science and Technology Postgraduate Education and Research Development Office, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Science, Research Innovation (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology, Science and Technology Postgraduate Education and Research Development Office, Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Science, Research Innovation (AG-BIO/PERDO-CHE), Bangkok Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sarawan Kaewmongkol
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitichai Jarudecha
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natnaree Inthong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Yalcindag E, Stuart P, Hasegawa H, Streit A, Doležalová J, Morrogh-Bernard H, Cheyne SM, Nurcahyo W, Foitová I. Genetic characterization of nodular worm infections in Asian Apes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7226. [PMID: 33790353 PMCID: PMC8012698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of Oesophagostomum spp., commonly known, as 'nodular worms' are emerging as the most widely distributed and prevalent zoonotic nematodes. Oesophagostomum infections are well documented in African non-human primates; however, the taxonomy, distribution and transmission of Oesophagostomum in Asian non-human primates are not adequately studied. To better understand which Oesophagostomum species infect Asian non-human primates and determine their phylogeny we analysed 55 faecal samples from 50 orangutan and 5 gibbon individuals from Borneo and Sumatra. Both microscopy and molecular results revealed that semi-wild animals had higher Oesophagostomum infection prevalence than free ranging animals. Based on sequence genotyping analysis targeting the Internal transcribed spacer 2 of rDNA, we report for the first time the presence of O. aculeatum in Sumatran apes. Population genetic analysis shows that there is significant genetic differentiation between Bornean and Sumatran O. aculeatum populations. Our results clearly reveal that O. aculeatum in free-ranging animals have a higher genetic variation than those in semi-wild animals, demonstrating that O. aculeatum is circulating naturally in wildlife and zoonotic transmission is possible. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the epidemiology and dynamics of Oesophagostomum transmission between humans, non-human primates and other wild species and livestock in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Yalcindag
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Stuart
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Doležalová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackého tř. 1, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helen Morrogh-Bernard
- Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan M Cheyne
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ivona Foitová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Gastrointestinal parasites of endemic and endangered free-ranging purple-faced leaf monkey (Semnopithecus vetulus) in Sri Lanka: effect of host group size and habitat type. Primates 2021; 62:629-635. [PMID: 33768415 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Similar infectious agents may be shared among human and nonhuman primates due to their close proximity. Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the main diseases which can be transmitted between human and nonhuman primates. It is vital to understand the potential transmissions of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP) and monitor their prevalence in free-ranging populations. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and diversity of the GIP of Semnopithecus vetulus in Sri Lanka from December 2017 to April 2019. Fresh fecal samples (N = 78) were collected and analyzed using fecal floatation technique and direct iodine mounts. Of these, 55% contained at least one species of GIP (helminths: N = 18 protozoans: N = 30). Multiple infections were recorded in 12% of the samples testing positive for parasites. The most prevalent helminth was Trichuris trichiura (15%). A significant relationship was found between the prevalence of T. trichiura and troop size. There were also significant differences in the prevalence of T. trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides with habitat type. Compared to the forest dwelling populations sampled, those dwelling in urban and suburban habitats receive higher solar radiation, daytime temperatures and disturbance from humans. These conditions can be expected to influence GIP infection rates. S. vetulus living in continuously degrading habitats face a significant threat from GIP infections. Continuous and improved parasitological surveillance is needed to help monitor the conservation status of wildlife and to secure human health.
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Thilakarathne SS, Rajakaruna RS, Fernando DD, Rajapakse RPVJ, Perera PK. Gastro-intestinal parasites in two subspecies of toque macaque (Macaca sinica) in Sri Lanka and their zoonotic potential. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100558. [PMID: 34024374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal (GI) parasites of primates have a greater potential of becoming zoonotic. This potential may vary in different primates based on multiple factors such as proximity to human settlements and the climate of their habitat. We examined the GI parasites in two subspecies of toque macaque: Macaca sinica sinica (confined to the dry zone) and Macaca sinica aurifrons (confined to the wet zone) of Sri Lanka. Fresh faecal samples were collected and analysed following a modified Sheather's sucrose floatation method. A total of 90.8% (89/98) macaques were infected with one or more parasite species. There was no difference in the overall prevalence of GI parasites between the two subspecies, M. s. aurifrons (95.9%) and M. s. sinica (85.7%; χ2;χ = 3.059, p = 0.080). Sixteen parasite species were recorded including, 15 species in the M. s. sinica and 12 species in the M. s. aurifrons. Among the helminths identified, Anatrichosoma sp., Ancylostoma spp., Capillaria spp., Oesophagostomum /Bunostomum spp. and Physaloptera spp. are known to be zoonotic while Ascaris spp., Enterobius sp., Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. have both zoonotic and anthroponotic potential. Among the protozoans, Balantidium coli and Buxtonella sp. are known to be zoonotic, while Entamoeba spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. have both anthroponotic and zoonotic potential. This study provides the first record of Anatrichosoma sp. and Buxtonella sp. in Sri Lanka and the first record of Cryptosporidium spp. in M. s. aurifrons. The molecular data allowed further identification and differentiation of Entamoeba nuttalli and E. coli that are known to be zoonotic and anthroponotic, respectively. The two subspecies of macaques have close interactions with humans; hence, in-depth epidemiological studies are required to understand the potential public-health risks to humans and conservation implications for macaque populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupika S Rajakaruna
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Deepani D Fernando
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - R P V J Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Piyumali K Perera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
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11
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Mbuthia P, Murungi E, Owino V, Akinyi M, Eastwood G, Nyamota R, Lekolool I, Jeneby M. Potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes co-infecting free ranging non-human primates in Kenyan urban centres. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1023-1033. [PMID: 33400394 PMCID: PMC8136933 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural infections with soil-transmitted nematodes occur in non-human primates (NHPs) and have the potential to cross primate-species boundaries and cause diseases of significant public health concern. Despite the presence of NHPs in most urban centres in Kenya, comprehensive studies on their gastrointestinal parasites are scant. OBJECTIVE Conduct a cross-sectional survey to identify zoonotic nematodes in free-ranging NHPs found within four selected urban and peri-urban centres in Kenya. METHODS A total of 86 NHPs: 41 African green monkeys [AGMs] (Chlorocebus aethiops), 30 olive baboons (Papio anubis), 5 blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) and 10 red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) were sampled once in situ and released back to their habitat. Microscopy was used to identify nematodes egg and larvae stages in the samples. Subsequently, PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis and sequencing were used to identify nodule worms. RESULTS NHPs inhabiting densely populated urban environs in Kenya were found infected with a rich diversity of nematodes including three potentially zoonotic nematodes including Oesophagostomum stephanostomum, Oesophagostomum bifurcum and Trichostrongylus colubriformis and co-infections were common. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic analysis showed that O. stephanostomum from red-tailed and blue monkeys have a close evolutionary relatedness to human isolates suggesting the zoonotic potential of this parasite. Moreover, we also report the first natural co-infection of O. bifurcum and O. stephanostomum in free-ranging AGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peris Mbuthia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Edwin Murungi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
| | - Vincent Owino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Mercy Akinyi
- Animal Sciences Department, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Karen, Kenya
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Richard Nyamota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | | | - Maamun Jeneby
- Zoonoses Unit, Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Karen, Kenya
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White RJ, Razgour O. Emerging zoonotic diseases originating in mammals: a systematic review of effects of anthropogenic land-use change. Mamm Rev 2020; 50:336-352. [PMID: 32836691 PMCID: PMC7300897 DOI: 10.1111/mam.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens and parasites that are transmitted from vertebrates to humans are a major public health risk with high associated global economic costs. The spread of these pathogens and risk of transmission accelerate with recent anthropogenic land-use changes (LUC) such as deforestation, urbanisation, and agricultural intensification, factors that are expected to increase in the future due to human population expansion and increasing demand for resources.We systematically review the literature on anthropogenic LUC and zoonotic diseases, highlighting the most prominent mammalian reservoirs and pathogens, and identifying avenues for future research.The majority of studies were global reviews that did not focus on specific taxa. South America and Asia were the most-studied regions, while the most-studied LUC was urbanisation. Livestock were studied more within the context of agricultural intensification, carnivores with urbanisation and helminths, bats with deforestation and viruses, and primates with habitat fragmentation and protozoa.Research into specific animal reservoirs has improved our understanding of how the spread of zoonotic diseases is affected by LUC. The behaviour of hosts can be altered when their habitats are changed, impacting the pathogens they carry and the probability of disease spreading to humans. Understanding this has enabled the identification of factors that alter the risk of emergence (such as virulence, pathogen diversity, and ease of transmission). Yet, many pathogens and impacts of LUC other than urbanisation have been understudied.Predicting how zoonotic diseases emerge and spread in response to anthropogenic LUC requires more empirical and data synthesis studies that link host ecology and responses with pathogen ecology and disease spread. The link between anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment and the recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgent need to understand how anthropogenic LUC affects the risk of spillover to humans and spread of zoonotic diseases originating in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah J White
- Biosciences University of Exeter Living Systems Institute Exeter EX4 4QD UK.,Biological Sciences University of Southampton Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Orly Razgour
- Biological Sciences University of Southampton Life Sciences Building, Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK.,Biosciences University of Exeter Hatherly Laboratories Exeter EX4 4PS UK
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13
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A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030091. [PMID: 31252665 PMCID: PMC6789455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
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14
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Tangtrongsup S, Sripakdee D, Malaivijitnond S, Angkuratipakorn R, Lappin M. Intestinal Parasites and the Occurrence of Zoonotic Giardia duodenalis Genotype in Captive Gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:110. [PMID: 31106211 PMCID: PMC6499157 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections can have an impact on health and growth of wildlife. The current study aims were to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to molecular characterize Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in captive gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Thailand. Fifty-five gibbons, 2 agile- (Hylobates agilis), 38 lar- (Hylobates lar) and 15 pileated gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) were included in this study. Fecal samples were collected individually at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center, Chachoengsao province, eastern Thailand, in November 2013. Intestinal parasitic infections were examined by zinc sulfate centrifugation flotation and by a commercially available immunofluorescent assay (IFA) for detection of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.. Polymerase chain reaction targeting the Giardia glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), beta- giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes, and the Cryptosporidium small subunit-rRNA and heat-shock protein (hsp70) following by DNA sequencing were performed on the IFA positive samples. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in gibbons at Krabokkoo Wildlife Breeding Center was 12.7% (95%CI: 5.3–24.5), Strongyloides spp. eggs or larvae were present in all positive samples. Co-infections with G. duodenalis were detected in 1.8% (95%CI: 0.1–9.7) of the samples. Based on the sequencing results of the three genes, the IFA Giardia positive isolate typed as the zoonotic genotype B. Since the data reveals the occurrence of zoonotic Giardia genotype, good hygiene management is suggested to prevent the transmission of this pathogen from gibbon to human, and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Duanghatai Sripakdee
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Suchinda Malaivijitnond
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Primate Research Center of Thailand, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Michael Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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15
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Frias L, Stark DJ, Salgado Lynn M, Nathan S, Goossens B, Okamoto M, MacIntosh AJJ. Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3937-3945. [PMID: 31015978 PMCID: PMC6468080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyles are commonly reported parasites in studies of primate parasite biodiversity. Among them, nodule worm species are often overlooked as a serious concern despite having been observed to cause serious disease in nonhuman primates and humans. In this study, we investigated whether strongyles found in Bornean primates are the nodule worm Oesophagostomum spp., and to what extent these parasites are shared among members of the community. To test this, we propose two hypotheses that use the parasite genetic structure to infer transmission processes within the community. In the first scenario, the absence of parasite genetic substructuring would reflect high levels of parasite transmission among primate hosts, as primates' home ranges overlap in the study area. In the second scenario, the presence of parasite substructuring would suggest cryptic diversity within the parasite genus and the existence of phylogenetic barriers to cross-species transmission. By using molecular markers, we identify strongyles infecting this primate community as O. aculeatum, the only species of nodule worm currently known to infect Asian nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the little to no genetic substructuring supports a scenario with no phylogenetic barriers to transmission and where host movements across the landscape would enable gene flow between host populations. This work shows that the parasite's high adaptability could act as a buffer against local parasite extinctions. Surveys targeting human populations living in close proximity to nonhuman primates could help clarify whether this species of nodule worm presents the zoonotic potential found in the other two species infecting African nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica J. Stark
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
| | - Milena Salgado Lynn
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic LaboratoryKota KinabaluMalaysia
- Sustainable Places Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
- Sustainable Places Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Sabah Wildlife DepartmentKota KinabaluMalaysia
| | | | - Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
- Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and ConservationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluMalaysia
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16
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Klaus A, Strube C, Röper KM, Radespiel U, Schaarschmidt F, Nathan S, Goossens B, Zimmermann E. Fecal parasite risk in the endangered proboscis monkey is higher in an anthropogenically managed forest environment compared to a riparian rain forest in Sabah, Borneo. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195584. [PMID: 29630671 PMCID: PMC5891069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding determinants shaping infection risk of endangered wildlife is a major topic in conservation medicine. The proboscis monkey, Nasalis larvatus, an endemic primate flagship species for conservation in Borneo, is endangered through habitat loss, but can still be found in riparian lowland and mangrove forests, and in some protected areas. To assess socioecological and anthropogenic influence on intestinal helminth infections in N. larvatus, 724 fecal samples of harem and bachelor groups, varying in size and the number of juveniles, were collected between June and October 2012 from two study sites in Malaysian Borneo: 634 samples were obtained from groups inhabiting the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary (LKWS), 90 samples were collected from groups of the Labuk Bay Proboscis Monkey Sanctuary (LBPMS), where monkeys are fed on stationary feeding platforms. Parasite risk was quantified by intestinal helminth prevalence, host parasite species richness (PSR), and eggs per gram feces (epg). Generalized linear mixed effect models were applied to explore whether study site, group type, group size, the number of juveniles per group, and sampling month predict parasite risk. At the LBPMS, prevalence and epg of Trichuris spp., strongylids, and Strongyloides spp. but not Ascaris spp., as well as host PSR were significantly elevated. Only for Strongyloides spp., prevalence showed significant changes between months; at both sites, the beginning rainy season with increased precipitation was linked to higher prevalence, suggesting the external life cycle of Strongyloides spp. to benefit from humidity. Higher prevalence, epgs, and PSR within the LBPMS suggest that anthropogenic factors shape host infection risk more than socioecological factors, most likely via higher re-infection rates and chronic stress. Noninvasive measurement of fecal parasite stages is an important tool for assessing transmission dynamics and infection risks for endangered tropical wildlife. Findings will contribute to healthcare management in nature and in anthropogenically managed environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Klaus
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christina Strube
- Institute for Parasitology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Kathrin Monika Röper
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ute Radespiel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Frank Schaarschmidt
- Institute for Biostatistics, Leibniz University, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Organisms and Environment Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
- Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
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