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Cui X, Lu J, Liu Y, Li J, Zheng Z, Guo C. Redundancy effect of initial enactment encoding and subsequent testing on memory enhancement: Insights from an electrophysiological study. Brain Res 2024; 1836:148939. [PMID: 38621635 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Testing is more beneficial for memory retention than restudying the same content. However, the effect of the initial encoding method on the testing effect remains unclear. In this study, a classical testing effect paradigm was employed, along with event-related potentials (ERP), to investigate the electrophysiological processes underlying the effect of enactment encoding on the testing effect. Participants were randomly assigned to the Self-Performed Test (SPT) or Verbalized Test (VT) groups. Both groups underwent three stages: an initial encoding phase, an initial test phase (comprising a source memory task and a restudy task), and a final test phase. During the initial encoding phase, the SPT group encoded action phrases through enactment, while the VT group encoded information through reading. During the initial test phase, the SPT group exhibited superior recognition performance in item memory compared with the VT group. Both groups exhibited significant parietal old/new effects in the source memory task, with only the SPT group displaying parietal positivity during the restudy task. During the final test phase, the behavioral testing effect was exclusively observed in the VT group. Furthermore, the VT group displayed a more pronounced parietal positivity in the test condition compared to the restudy condition, while the parietal positivity between the two conditions was comparable in the SPT group. In summary, the absence of a final behavioral testing effect in the SPT group may be attributed to both enactment and testing primarily enhancing memory performance through recollection-based retrieval, as indicated by the parietal positivity. Consequently, the initial enactment encoding method leaves limited scope for further improvements through subsequent testing. These findings suggest that initial enactment encoding, and subsequent testing may be redundant in improving episodic memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Capital Medical University), Ministry of Education, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, No. 23 Baiduizijia, Fuwaidajie St, Haidian District, Beijin, China
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Bencze D, Szőllősi Á, Németh K, Racsmány M. An event-related potential study of the testing effect: Electrophysiological evidence for context-dependent processes changing throughout repeated practice. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108341. [PMID: 35460819 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The testing effect refers to a special form of performance improvement following practice. Specifically, repeated retrieval attempts improve long-term memory. In the present study we examined the underlying mechanisms of the testing effect as a function of time by investigating the electrophysiological correlates of repeated retrieval practice. We additionally investigated the ERP waveforms of the repeated practice phase as a function of the accuracy on the final test in a "difference due to memory" (Dm) analysis. We found a parietally distributed, increased positive amplitude between 500-700 ms, and a more positive parietal wave between 700 and 1000 ms in the later relative to the early phases of retrieval practice. We found parietal Dm effects in the same two time windows in the retrieval practice condition with a more positive amplitude predicting retrieval success on the final test. We interpret the earlier waveform as a component associated with episodic recollection and the later ERP as a component related to post-retrieval evaluation processes. Our results demonstrate the important role of these retrieval-related processes in the facilitating effect of retrieval practice on later retrieval, and show that the involvement of these processes changes throughout practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Bencze
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Ágnes Szőllősi
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Kornél Németh
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, 1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Racsmány
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, 1111 Budapest, Hungary; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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Wang L, Yu Z, Ren Z, Ma J. Semantic feedback processing mechanism of the enactment effect: Evidence from event-related potentials. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:742-753. [PMID: 34507499 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The enactment effect refers to a phenomenon in which the memory performance for action phrases is enhanced by performing the described action (e.g., sharpen a pencil) compared with simply reading the action phrase. This produced effect can result in improved motor processing. This study investigated the contribution of semantic integration to the enactment effect by contrasting well-integrated phrases, such as "blow up the balloon," with poorly integrated phrases, such as "sew the toothpick," and analysing the N400 component of event-related potentials (ERPs). The subjects encoded action phrases with different degrees of semantic integration by either pretending to perform or reading action phrases. They then completed a phrase recognition test, while electroencephalographic signals were simultaneously recorded. The behavioural results showed that semantic integration improved memory performance under the motor encoding condition but not under the verbal encoding condition. The ERP results revealed that, regardless of whether it was an old (memorised) or new (distractor) phrase, a larger N400 component was elicited under the motor encoding condition than under the verbal encoding condition. In the motor encoding condition, poorly integrated phrases elicited a larger N400 component than well-integrated phrases; in the verbal encoding condition, this effect was not observed. The N400 effect associated with semantic processing was enhanced by semantic integration under the motor encoding condition rather than the verbal encoding condition. These results supported a deep semantic processing mechanism under the motor encoding condition, and a semantic feedback processing mechanism for the enactment effect was partially supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanyu Yu
- Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhi Ren
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jialin Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Interactions of Emotion and Self-reference in Source Memory: An ERP Study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 21:172-190. [PMID: 33608840 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00858-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The way emotional information is encoded (e.g., deciding whether it is self-related or not) has been found to affect source memory. However, few studies have addressed how the emotional quality and self-referential properties of a stimulus interactively modulate brain responses during stimulus encoding and source memory recognition. In the current study, 22 participants completed five study-test cycles with negative, neutral, and positive words encoded in self-referential versus non-self-referential conditions, while event-related potentials of the electroencephalogram were recorded. An advantage of self-referential processing in source memory performance, reflected in increased recognition accuracy, was shown for neutral and positive words. At the electrophysiological level, self-referential words elicited increased amplitudes in later processing stages during encoding (700-1,200 ms) and were associated with the emergence of old/new effects in the 300-500 ms latency window linked to familiarity effects. In the 500-800 ms latency window, old/new effects emerged for all valence conditions except for negative words studied in the non-self-referential condition. Negative self-referential words also elicited a greater mobilization of post-retrieval monitoring processes, reflected in an enhanced mean amplitude in the 800-1,200 ms latency window. Together, the current findings suggest that valence and self-reference interactively modulate source memory. Specifically, negative self-related information is more likely to interfere with the recollection of source memory features.
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Ma J, Wang L, Chen L, Zhang Y. Imagery processing in action memory–mental imagery is necessary to the subject-performed task effect. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1862129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Ma
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Chen
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
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Sommer K, Vita S, De Pascalis V. The late posterior negativity in episodic memory: A correlate of stimulus retrieval? Biol Psychol 2018; 133:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yu Z, Wang L. Do Physical Properties Affect Enactment Effect? The Regulatory Function of Item Familiarity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.130.3.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the regulatory function that item familiarity has for the impact of physical properties on the enactment effect. We also evaluated the relation between motor and imagery encoding. In 2 experiments controlling for the familiarity of nouns in action phrases, free recall data showed that the presence of physical properties improved memory performance under verbal task-encoding conditions, regardless of item familiarity. In the subject-performed task-encoding condition, physical properties played a positive role in memorizing familiar items but not in unfamiliar items. These findings revealed the correlation between motor encoding and imagery encoding. The regulatory function of item familiarity was demonstrated, because the presence of physical properties had no impact on the enactment effect of familiar items but determined whether the enactment effect of unfamiliar items was significant. These findings provide empirical support for both the multimodal theory and the motor encoding theory of subject-performed tasks. We summarized the “item character view” to analyze the divergent conclusions about the enactment effect from the perspective of research methods and to promote the standardized development of action memory.
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Visual perspective during remembering: ERP evidence of familiarity-based source monitoring. Cortex 2017; 91:157-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhao MF, Zimmer HD, Zhou X, Fu X. Enactment supports unitisation of action components and enhances the contribution of familiarity to associative recognition. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1229321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mecklinger A, Rosburg T, Johansson M. Reconstructing the past: The late posterior negativity (LPN) in episodic memory studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:621-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Influence of encoding focus and stereotypes on source monitoring event-related-potentials. Brain Res 2016; 1630:171-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Leynes PA, Kakadia B. Variations in retrieval monitoring during action memory judgments: evidence from event-related potentials (ERPs). Int J Psychophysiol 2013; 87:189-99. [PMID: 23313607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the neuroscience of memory for actions using event-related potentials (ERPs). Actions were performed, initiated but not completed (i.e., interrupted), or watched while the experimenter performed the action during encoding. Memory was assessed in a reality monitoring (RM) test (performed vs. watched actions), as well as in an internal source monitoring (ISM) test (performed vs. interrupted) while ERPs were recorded. Behavioral measures provided evidence of robust old/new recognition for all actions, but the analysis of source errors revealed that interrupted actions were often confused with performed actions. The ERP correlate of recollection, the parietal "old/new" effect (700-900ms), was observed for all actions. The right frontal "old/new" effect (1500-1800ms) that correlates with general memory monitoring was observed in RM but not in ISM. Instead, ISM was associated with the late posterior negativity (LPN) that has been connected to more specific memory monitoring. This pattern of ERP findings suggest that, in this context, general monitoring was used to discriminate self- versus other-performed actions, whereas more specific monitoring was required to support the discrimination of completed and interrupted actions. We argue that the mix of general/specific monitoring processes is shaped by the global retrieval context, which includes the number of memory features that overlap and the combination of sources being considered among other factors.
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Leynes PA, Crawford JT, Radebaugh AM, Taranto E. Event-related potential evidence of accessing gender stereotypes to aid source monitoring. Brain Res 2013; 1491:176-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Leynes PA. Event-related potential (ERP) evidence for source-monitoring based on the absence of information. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 84:284-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The influence of matching degrees of synchronous auditory and visual information in videos of real-world events on cognitive integration: an event-related potential study. Neuroscience 2011; 194:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Panetsos F, Sanchez-Jimenez A, Rodrigo-Diaz E, Diaz-Guemes I, Sanchez FM. Consistent phosphenes generated by electrical microstimulation of the visual thalamus. An experimental approach for thalamic visual neuroprostheses. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:84. [PMID: 21779233 PMCID: PMC3132634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most work on visual prostheses has centered on developing retinal or cortical devices. However, when retinal implants are not feasible, neuroprostheses could be implanted in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, the intermediate relay station of visual information from the retina to the visual cortex (V1). The objective of the present study was to determine the types of artificial stimuli that when delivered to the visual thalamus can generate reliable responses of the cortical neurons similar to those obtained when the eye perceives a visual image. Visual stimuli {S(i)} were presented to one eye of an experimental animal and both, the thalamic {RTh(i)} and cortical responses {RV1(i)} to such stimuli were recorded. Electrical patterns {RTh(i)*} resembling {RTh(i)} were then injected into the visual thalamus to obtain cortical responses {RV1(i)*} similar to {RV1(i)}. Visually- and electrically generated V1 responses were compared. RESULTS During the course of this work we: (i) characterized the response of V1 neurons to visual stimuli according to response magnitude, duration, spiking rate, and the distribution of interspike intervals; (ii) experimentally tested the dependence of V1 responses on stimulation parameters such as intensity, frequency, duration, etc., and determined the ranges of these parameters generating the desired cortical activity; (iii) identified similarities between responses of V1 useful to compare the naturally and artificially generated neuronal activity of V1; and (iv) by modifying the stimulation parameters, we generated artificial V1 responses similar to those elicited by visual stimuli. Generation of predictable and consistent phosphenes by means of artificial stimulation of the LGN is important for the feasibility of visual prostheses. Here we proved that electrical stimuli to the LGN can generate V1 neural responses that resemble those elicited by natural visual stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- School of Optics, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Abel Sanchez-Jimenez
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodrigo-Diaz
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
- School of Optics, Complutense University of MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Idoia Diaz-Guemes
- Applied Research, “Jesus Uson” Minimally Invasive Surgery CentreCaceres, Spain
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Semantic association of ecologically unrelated synchronous audio-visual information in cognitive integration: an event-related potential study. Neuroscience 2011; 192:494-9. [PMID: 21722711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we aimed to study the semantic association of ecologically unrelated synchronous audio-visual information in cognitive integration. A moving particle, which speed varied, was taken as a visual stimulus, while a simple tone, which frequency varied, was used as an auditory stimulus, both were synchronously presented to subjects in the form of a video. Behavioral results confirmed our hypothesis that the moving particle with varied speed and the simple tone with varied frequency were highly associated. Event-related potential (ERP) results showed that an N400 effect and a late posterior negativity (LPN) were elicited under the Incongruent condition as compared to the Congruent condition. It was further determined that there was semantic association between ecologically unrelated synchronous audio-visual information in cognitive integration. We considered that the N400 effect in our results reflected the process that stimulus-driven activities are bound together through a temporal semantic network (TSN) to form multimodal representations, while the state of this temporal semantic network was determined by both long-term learned association among stimuli and short-term experience of incoming information. The LPN might reflect the process that the human brain searches and retrieves context-specifying information in order to make a judgment, and the context-specifying information might have originated from the long-term learned association stored in the brain.
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Macedonia M, Müller K, Friederici AD. The impact of iconic gestures on foreign language word learning and its neural substrate. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 32:982-98. [PMID: 20645312 PMCID: PMC6870319 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocabulary acquisition represents a major challenge in foreign language learning. Research has demonstrated that gestures accompanying speech have an impact on memory for verbal information in the speakers' mother tongue and, as recently shown, also in foreign language learning. However, the neural basis of this effect remains unclear. In a within-subjects design, we compared learning of novel words coupled with iconic and meaningless gestures. Iconic gestures helped learners to significantly better retain the verbal material over time. After the training, participants' brain activity was registered by means of fMRI while performing a word recognition task. Brain activations to words learned with iconic and with meaningless gestures were contrasted. We found activity in the premotor cortices for words encoded with iconic gestures. In contrast, words encoded with meaningless gestures elicited a network associated with cognitive control. These findings suggest that memory performance for newly learned words is not driven by the motor component as such, but by the motor image that matches an underlying representation of the word's semantics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Macedonia
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Müller
- Magnet Resonance Unit, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angela D. Friederici
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Liu B, Wang Z, Wu G, Meng X. Cognitive integration of asynchronous natural or non-natural auditory and visual information in videos of real-world events: an event-related potential study. Neuroscience 2011; 180:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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