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Li S, Wang H, Xiong S, Liu J, Sun S. Targeted Delivery Strategies for Multiple Myeloma and Their Adverse Drug Reactions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:832. [PMID: 39065683 PMCID: PMC11279695 DOI: 10.3390/ph17070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, multiple myeloma (MM) is a prevalent hematopoietic system malignancy, known for its insidious onset and unfavorable prognosis. Recently developed chemotherapy drugs for MM have exhibited promising therapeutic outcomes. Nevertheless, to overcome the shortcomings of traditional clinical drug treatment, such as off-target effects, multiple drug resistance, and systemic toxicity, targeted drug delivery systems are optimizing the conventional pharmaceuticals for precise delivery to designated sites at controlled rates, striving for maximal efficacy and safety, presenting a promising approach for MM treatment. This review will delve into the outstanding performance of antibody-drug conjugates, peptide-drug conjugates, aptamer-drug conjugates, and nanocarrier drug delivery systems in preclinical studies or clinical trials for MM and monitor their adverse reactions during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (S.L.); (H.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (S.L.); (H.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Shijun Xiong
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (S.L.); (H.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (S.L.); (H.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shuming Sun
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (S.L.); (H.W.); (S.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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2
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Koch KC, Jadon N, Thesmar I, Tew GN, Minter LM. Combating bone marrow failure with polymer materials. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1396486. [PMID: 38694497 PMCID: PMC11061490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1396486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow failure (BMF) has become one of the most studied autoimmune disorders, particularly due to its prevalence both as an inherited disease, but also as a result of chemotherapies. BMF is associated with severe symptoms such as bleeding episodes and susceptibility to infections, and often has underlying characteristics, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. The current treatment landscape for BMF requires stem cell transplantation or chemotherapies to induce immune suppression. However, there is limited donor cell availability or dose related toxicity associated with these treatments. Optimizing these treatments has become a necessity. Polymer-based materials have become increasingly popular, as current research efforts are focused on synthesizing novel cell matrices for stem cell expansion to solve limited donor cell availability, as well as applying polymer delivery vehicles to intracellularly deliver cargo that can aid in immunosuppression. Here, we discuss the importance and impact of polymer materials to enhance therapeutics in the context of BMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla C. Koch
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Nidhi Jadon
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Iris Thesmar
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Lisa M. Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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3
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Hani U, Gowda BHJ, Haider N, Ramesh K, Paul K, Ashique S, Ahmed MG, Narayana S, Mohanto S, Kesharwani P. Nanoparticle-Based Approaches for Treatment of Hematological Malignancies: a Comprehensive Review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:233. [PMID: 37973643 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood cancer, also known as hematological malignancy, is one of the devastating types of cancer that has significantly paved its mortality mark globally. It persists as an extremely deadly cancer type and needs utmost attention owing to its negligible overall survival rate. Major challenges in the treatment of blood cancer include difficulties in early diagnosis, as well as severe side effects resulting from chemotherapy. In addition, immunotherapies and targeted therapies can be prohibitively expensive. Over the past two decades, scientists have devised a few nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems aimed at overcoming this challenge. These therapeutic strategies are engineered to augment the cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, and effectiveness of anticancer drugs. However, there are still numerous types of nanoparticles that could potentially improve the efficacy of blood cancer treatment, while also reducing treatment costs and mitigating drug-related side effects. To the best of our knowledge, there has been limited reviews published on the use of nano-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of hematological malignancies. Therefore, we have made a concerted effort to provide a comprehensive review that draws upon recent literature and patents, with a focus on the most promising results regarding the use of nanoparticle-based approaches for the treatment of hematological malignancies. All these crucial points covered under a common title would significantly help researchers and scientists working in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - B H Jaswanth Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India.
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, 61421, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kvrns Ramesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, RAK College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karthika Paul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pandaveswar School of Pharmacy, Pandaveswar, West Bengal, 713378, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Soumya Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
- Center for Global health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Gadalla HH, Lee S, Kim H, Armstrong AT, Fathalla D, Habib F, Jeong H, Lee W, Yeo Y. Size optimization of carfilzomib nanocrystals for systemic delivery to solid tumors. J Control Release 2022; 352:637-651. [PMID: 36349616 PMCID: PMC9737058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carfilzomib (CFZ) is a second-generation proteasome inhibitor effective in blood cancer therapy. However, CFZ has shown limited efficacy in solid tumor therapy due to the short half-life and poor tumor distribution. Albumin-coated nanocrystal (NC) formulation was shown to improve the circulation stability of CFZ, but its antitumor efficacy remained suboptimal. We hypothesize that NC size reduction is critical to the formulation safety and efficacy as the small size would decrease the distribution in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) and selectively increase the uptake by tumor cells. We controlled the size of CFZ-NCs by varying the production parameters in the crystallization-in-medium method and compared the size-reduced CFZ-NCs (z-average of 168 nm, NC168) with a larger counterpart (z-average of 325 nm, NC325) as well as the commercial CFZ formulation (CFZ-CD). Both CFZ-NCs showed similar or higher cytotoxicity than CFZ-CD against breast cancer cells. NC168 showed greater uptake by cancer cells, less uptake by macrophages and lower immune cell toxicity than NC325 or CFZ-CD. NC168, but not NC325, showed a similar safety profile to CFZ-CD in vivo. The biodistribution and antitumor efficacy of CFZ-NCs in mice were also size-dependent. NC168 showed greater antitumor efficacy and tumor accumulation but lower RES accumulation than NC325 in 4T1 breast cancer model. These results support that NC formulation with an optimal particle size can improve the therapeutic efficacy of CFZ in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hytham H. Gadalla
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gumi, Gyeongbuk 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Abigail T. Armstrong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dina Fathalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Fawzia Habib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hyunyoung Jeong
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors: Wooin Lee, Ph.D., Phone: 82.2.880.7873, Fax: 82.2.888.0649, , Yoon Yeo, Ph.D., Phone: 1.765.496.9608, Fax: 1.765.494.6545,
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA,Corresponding authors: Wooin Lee, Ph.D., Phone: 82.2.880.7873, Fax: 82.2.888.0649, , Yoon Yeo, Ph.D., Phone: 1.765.496.9608, Fax: 1.765.494.6545,
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Cholujova D, Koklesova L, Lukacova Bujnakova Z, Dutkova E, Valuskova Z, Beblava P, Matisova A, Sedlak J, Jakubikova J. In vitro and ex vivo anti-myeloma effects of nanocomposite As 4S 4/ZnS/Fe 3O 4. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17961. [PMID: 36289430 PMCID: PMC9606304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles in medicine can integrate actively targeted imaging agents and drug delivery vehicles, and combining multiple types of therapeutics in a single particle has numerous advantages, especially in multiple myeloma. MM is an incurable hematological disorder characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. In this study, we evaluated the anti-myeloma activity of 3 nanocomposites (3NPs): As4S4/ZnS/Fe3O4 (1:4:1), As4S4/ZnS/Fe3O4 with folic acid (FA), and As4S4/ZnS/Fe3O4 with FA and albumin with reduced survival MM cell lines and primary MM samples by each of 3NP. Cytotoxic effects of 3NPs were associated with caspase- and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induction and reduced c-Myc expression. Modulation of cell cycle regulators, such as p-ATM/ATM and p-ATR/ATR, and increases in p-Chk2, cyclin B1, and histones were accompanied by G2/M arrest triggered by 3NPs. In addition, 3NPs activated several myeloma-related signaling, including JNK1/2/3, ERK1/2 and mTOR. To overcome BM microenvironment-mediated drug resistance, nanocomposites retained its anti-MM activity in the presence of stroma. 3NPs significantly decreased the stem cell-like side population in MM cells, even in the context of stroma. We observed strong synergistic effects of 3NPs combined with lenalidomide, pomalidomide, or melphalan, suggesting the potential of these combinations for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danka Cholujova
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84511 Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia ,grid.7634.60000000109409708Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, 03601 Slovakia
| | - Zdenka Lukacova Bujnakova
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, Košice, 04001 Slovakia
| | - Erika Dutkova
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Department of Mechanochemistry, Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 45, Košice, 04001 Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Valuskova
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia
| | - Patricia Beblava
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia
| | - Anna Matisova
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia
| | - Jan Sedlak
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakubikova
- grid.420087.90000 0001 2106 1943Department of Tumor Immunology, Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505 Slovakia ,grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, Bratislava, 84511 Slovakia
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6
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Bagheri M, Fens MH, Kleijn TG, Capomaccio RB, Mehn D, Krawczyk PM, Scutigliani EM, Gurinov A, Baldus M, van Kronenburg NCH, Kok RJ, Heger M, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE. In Vitro and In Vivo Studies on HPMA-Based Polymeric Micelles Loaded with Curcumin. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1247-1263. [PMID: 33464911 PMCID: PMC7927141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin-loaded polymeric micelles composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(N-2-benzoyloxypropyl methacrylamide) (mPEG-b-p(HPMA-Bz)) were prepared to solubilize and improve the pharmacokinetics of curcumin. Curcumin-loaded micelles were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method using mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz) copolymers with varying molecular weight of the hydrophobic block (5.2, 10.0, and 17.1 kDa). At equal curcumin loading, micelles composed of mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz)17.1kDa showed better curcumin retention in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and plasma at 37 °C than micelles based on block copolymers with smaller hydrophobic blocks. No change in micelle size was observed during 24 h incubation in plasma using asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), attesting to particle stability. However, 22-49% of the curcumin loading was released from the micelles during 24 h from formulations with the highest to the lowest molecular weight p(HPMA-Bz), respectively, in plasma. AF4 analysis further showed that the released curcumin was subsequently solubilized by albumin. In vitro analyses revealed that the curcumin-loaded mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz)17.1kDa micelles were internalized by different types of cancer cells, resulting in curcumin-induced cell death. Intravenously administered curcumin-loaded, Cy7-labeled mPEG5kDa-b-p(HPMA-Bz)17.1kDa micelles in mice at 50 mg curcumin/kg showed a long circulation half-life for the micelles (t1/2 = 42 h), in line with the AF4 results. In contrast, the circulation time of curcumin was considerably shorter than that of the micelles (t1/2α = 0.11, t1/2β = 2.5 h) but ∼5 times longer than has been reported for free curcumin (t1/2α = 0.02 h). The faster clearance of curcumin in vivo compared to in vitro studies can be attributed to the interaction of curcumin with blood cells. Despite the excellent solubilizing effect of these micelles, no cytostatic effect was achieved in neuroblastoma-bearing mice, possibly because of the low sensitivity of the Neuro2A cells to curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Bagheri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tony G Kleijn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Robin B Capomaccio
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Przemek M Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enzo M Scutigliani
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei Gurinov
- NMR Spectroscopy Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky C H van Kronenburg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert J Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, P. R. China
| | - Cornelus F van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Iannazzo D, Ettari R, Giofrè S, Eid AH, Bitto A. Recent Advances in Nanotherapeutics for Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113144. [PMID: 33120945 PMCID: PMC7693822 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanotherapeutics are useful tools to improve the deliverability of drugs, especially anti-cancer drugs that need to target specific cells. Several approaches have been studied for multiple myeloma, considering that immune cells are not easy to target with the available drugs. These pharmacological agents are administered in various combinations using Thalidomide (or Lenalidomide, Pomalidomide), corticosteroids (Dexamethasone), proteasome inhibitors (Bortezomib, Carfilzomib, Ixazomib), deacetylase inhibitors (Panobinostat), and monoclonal antibodies (Elotuzumab, Daratumumab). As all drugs these agents might have serious side effects and in addition, the reliance on stochastic events to deliver drugs to tumors reduces their effectiveness either through rapid clearance from blood or inadequate concentration in cancer cells. To address these issues liposomes, micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and carbon-based nanomaterials have been successfully tested in vivo and can be considered as useful tools to improve delivery of active pharmaceuticals that show poor bioavailability or poor internalization into myeloma cells. Abstract Anticancer therapies cannot be included in a one-size-fits-all scenario; it is imperative to adapt therapies to the tumor molecular profile and most importantly to develop target-specific therapeutics. Nanotherapeutics can combine molecular imaging with molecular therapy in order to provide the maximum benefit to patients in terms of disease prevention, identification, and treatment. Nanotechnology applied to therapy provides numerous advantages in diagnostics and in drug delivery, especially for those malignant cells that are difficult to target or for drugs with poor bioavailability, such as those used for multiple myeloma (MM). This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of nanoparticle-based systems for the treatment of MM, taking into account the methods used for their functionalization, biocompatibility, and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iannazzo
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Salvatore Giofrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (R.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar;
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
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