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Liu T, He Y, Liao Y. Esculentoside A ameliorates DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis by suppressing the ROS-NLRP3 axis via activating the Nrf2 pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 50:844-854. [PMID: 37439364 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with a high prevalence. Inflammation and oxidative stress are strongly associated with AD progression. Esculentoside A (EsA) inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in various diseases. However, whether EsA mitigates AD by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress remains unknown. A mouse model of AD was constructed by the induction of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). The mechanism of EsA and its effects on AD symptoms, pathology, inflammation and oxidative stress were investigated through histopathological staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, blood cells analysis, colorimetric measurement and western blot analysis. EsA improved the clinical symptoms and increased clinical skin scores in AD mice. Skin thickening of the epidermis and dermal tissues and the mast cell numbers in AD mice were reduced with the EsA treatment. EsA decreased the relative mRNA level of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13; the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IL-6; and the numbers of white blood cells (WBC) and WBC subtypes, including basophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil and monocytes in DNCB-induced mice. DNCB caused higher levels of oxidative stress, which was reversed with the administration of EsA. Mechanically, EsA upregulated the expression of Nrf2 but downregulated the level of NLRP3 inflammasome in AD mice. The inhibitor of Nrf2 significantly recovered the EsA-induced changes in the NLRP3 inflammasome proteins in DNCB-treated mice. Therefore, EsA improved the clinical and pathological symptoms, inflammation and oxidative stress experienced by DNCB-induced mice and was involved in the inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome by activating Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuanmin He
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Tang JY, Chuang YT, Shiau JP, Yen CY, Chang FR, Tsai YH, Farooqi AA, Chang HW. Connection between Radiation-Regulating Functions of Natural Products and miRNAs Targeting Radiomodulation and Exosome Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12449. [PMID: 37569824 PMCID: PMC10419287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived membranous structures primarily involved in the delivery of the payload to the recipient cells, and they play central roles in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Radiotherapy is a common cancer treatment that occasionally generates exosomal miRNA-associated modulation to regulate the therapeutic anticancer function and side effects. Combining radiotherapy and natural products may modulate the radioprotective and radiosensitizing responses of non-cancer and cancer cells, but there is a knowledge gap regarding the connection of this combined treatment with exosomal miRNAs and their downstream targets for radiation and exosome biogenesis. This review focuses on radioprotective natural products in terms of their impacts on exosomal miRNAs to target radiation-modulating and exosome biogenesis (secretion and assembly) genes. Several natural products have individually demonstrated radioprotective and miRNA-modulating effects. However, the impact of natural-product-modulated miRNAs on radiation response and exosome biogenesis remains unclear. In this review, by searching through PubMed/Google Scholar, available reports on potential functions that show radioprotection for non-cancer tissues and radiosensitization for cancer among these natural-product-modulated miRNAs were assessed. Next, by accessing the miRNA database (miRDB), the predicted targets of the radiation- and exosome biogenesis-modulating genes from the Gene Ontology database (MGI) were retrieved bioinformatically based on these miRNAs. Moreover, the target-centric analysis showed that several natural products share the same miRNAs and targets to regulate radiation response and exosome biogenesis. As a result, the miRNA-radiomodulation (radioprotection and radiosensitization)-exosome biogenesis axis in regard to natural-product-mediated radiotherapeutic effects is well organized. This review focuses on natural products and their regulating effects on miRNAs to assess the potential impacts of radiomodulation and exosome biogenesis for both the radiosensitization of cancer cells and the radioprotection of non-cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yang Tang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Ping Shiau
- Division of Breast Oncology and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Yu Yen
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Rong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (F.-R.C.); (Y.-H.T.)
| | - Yi-Hong Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (F.-R.C.); (Y.-H.T.)
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, PhD Program in Life Sciences, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Zhang Y, Huang Y, Li Z, Wu H, Zou B, Xu Y. Exploring Natural Products as Radioprotective Agents for Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3585. [PMID: 37509245 PMCID: PMC10377328 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important cancer treatment. However, in addition to killing tumor cells, radiotherapy causes damage to the surrounding cells and is toxic to normal tissues. Therefore, an effective radioprotective agent that prevents the deleterious effects of ionizing radiation is required. Numerous synthetic substances have been shown to have clear radioprotective effects. However, most of these have not been translated for use in clinical applications due to their high toxicity and side effects. Many medicinal plants have been shown to exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. In recent years, new agents obtained from natural products have been investigated by radioprotection researchers, due to their abundance of sources, high efficiency, and low toxicity. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the radioprotective effects of natural products, including ROS scavenging, promotion of DNA damage repair, anti-inflammatory effects, and the inhibition of cell death signaling pathways. In addition, we systematically review natural products with radioprotective properties, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, alkaloids, and saponins. Specifically, we discuss the polyphenols apigenin, genistein, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, resveratrol, and curcumin; the polysaccharides astragalus, schisandra, and Hohenbuehelia serotina; the saponins ginsenosides and acanthopanax senticosus; and the alkaloids matrine, ligustrazine, and β-carboline. However, further optimization through structural modification, improved extraction and purification methods, and clinical trials are needed before clinical translation. With a deeper understanding of the radioprotective mechanisms involved and the development of high-throughput screening methods, natural products could become promising novel radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hanyou Wu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Supramolecular Hydrogel-Wrapped Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cutaneous Radiation Injury. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193089. [PMID: 36231051 PMCID: PMC9564043 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced skin wound/dermatitis is one of the common side effects of radiotherapy or interventional radiobiology. Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) were indicated to have therapeutic potentials in skin diseases. However, stem cells are prone to spread and difficult to stay in the skin for a long time, limiting their curative effects and application. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of Nap-GDFDFpDY (pY-Gel) self-assembled peptide hydrogel-encapsulated GMSCs to treat 137Cs γ-radiation-induced skin wounds in mice. The effects were evaluated by skin damage score, hind limb extension measurement and histological and immunohistochemical analysis. In vivo studies showed that pY-Gel self-assembled peptide hydrogel-encapsulated GMSCs could effectively improve wound healing in irradiated skin tissues. In addition, it was found that GMSCs conditioned medium (CM) could promote the proliferation, migration and DNA damage repair ability of skin cells after irradiation in human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT and normal human dermal fibroblasts (HFF). Mechanistically, GMSCs-CM can promote the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), suggesting that activation of the EGFR/STAT3 signaling pathway may be involved in the repair of skin cells after exposure to radiations. In conclusion, pY-Gel self-assembled peptide hydrogel-encapsulated GMSCs have a beneficial therapeutic effect on radiation-induced cutaneous injury and may serve as a basis of novel cells therapeutic approach.
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Iddins CJ, DiCarlo AL, Ervin MD, Herrera-Reyes E, Goans RE. Cutaneous and local radiation injuries. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:10.1088/1361-6498/ac241a. [PMID: 34488201 PMCID: PMC8785213 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac241a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The threat of a large-scale radiological or nuclear (R/N) incident looms in the present-day climate, as noted most recently in an editorial in Scientific American (March 2021). These large-scale incidents are infrequent but affect large numbers of people. Smaller-scale R/N incidents occur more often, affecting smaller numbers of people. There is more awareness of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in the medical community; however, ionising radiation-induced injuries to the skin are much less understood. This article will provide an overview of radiation-induced injuries to the skin, deeper tissues, and organs. The history and nomenclature; types and causes of injuries; pathophysiology; evaluation and diagnosis; current medical management; and current research of the evaluation and management are presented. Cutaneous radiation injuries (CRI) or local radiation injuries (LRI) may lead to cutaneous radiation syndrome, a sub-syndrome of ARS. These injuries may occur from exposure to radioactive particles suspended in the environment (air, soil, water) after a nuclear detonation or an improvised nuclear detonation (IND), a nuclear power plant incident, or an encounter with a radioactive dispersal or exposure device. These incidents may also result in a radiation-combined injury; a chemical, thermal, or traumatic injury, with radiation exposure. Skin injuries from medical diagnostic and therapeutic imaging, medical misadministration of nuclear medicine or radiotherapy, occupational exposures (including research) to radioactive sources are more common but are not the focus of this manuscript. Diagnosis and evaluation of injuries are based on the scenario, clinical picture, and dosimetry, and may be assisted through advanced imaging techniques. Research-based multidisciplinary therapies, both in the laboratory and clinical trial environments, hold promise for future medical management. Great progress is being made in recognising the extent of injuries, understanding their pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and management; however, research gaps still exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Iddins
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mark D Ervin
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Ronald E Goans
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site (REAC/TS), Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- MJW Corporation, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
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Yi J, Zhu J, Zhao C, Kang Q, Zhang X, Suo K, Cao N, Hao L, Lu J. Potential of natural products as radioprotectors and radiosensitizers: opportunities and challenges. Food Funct 2021; 12:5204-5218. [PMID: 34018510 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00525a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural products can be used as natural radiosensitizers and radioprotectors, showing promising effects in cancer treatments in combination with radiotherapy, while reducing ionizing radiation (IR) damage to normal cells/tissues. The different effects of natural products on irradiated normal and tumor cells/tissues have attracted more and more researchers' interest. Nonetheless, the clinical applications of natural products in radiotherapy are few, which may be related to their low bioavailability in the human body. Here, we displayed the radiation protection and radiation sensitization of major natural products, highlighted the related molecular mechanisms of these bioactive substances combined with radiotherapy to treat cancer, and critically reviewed their deficiency and improved measures. Lastly, several clinical trials were presented to verify the clinical application of natural products as radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. Further clinical evaluation is still needed. This review provides a reference for the utilization of natural products as radiosensitizers and radioprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jiaqing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Changcheng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qiaozhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaomiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Keke Suo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Nana Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Limin Hao
- Institute of Quartermaster Engineering and Technology, Academy of Military Sciences PLA China, Beijing, 100010, China.
| | - Jike Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Esculentosides: Insights into the potential health benefits, mechanisms of action and molecular targets. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153343. [PMID: 33002830 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esculentosides and related phytolaccosides form a group of oleanene-type saponins isolated from plants of the Phytolaccaceae family, essentially Phytolacca esculenta, P. americana and P. acinosa. This chemical family offers a diversity of glycosylated compounds, including molecules with a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide unit at position C-3, and with or without a glucose residue at position C-28. The esculentosides, which derive essentially from the sapogenin jaligonic acid or its 30-methyl ester phytolaccagenin, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antifungal and anticancer activities. PURPOSE The objective of the review was to identify the 26 esculentosides (ES) and phytolaccosides known to date, including 16 monodesmosidic and 10 bidesmosidic saponins, and to review their pharmacological properties and molecular targets. METHODOLOGY The retrieval of potentially relevant studies was done by systematically searching of scientific databases like Google Scholar and PubMed in January-May 2020. The main keywords used as search terms were related to esculentosides, phytolaccosides and Phytolaccaceae. The systematic search retrieved about 110 papers that were potentially relevant and after an abstract-based selection, 68 studies were analyzed in details and discussed. RESULTS The structural relationship between the compounds and their sapogenin precursors has been studied. In addition, the pharmacological properties of the main ES, such as ES-A, -B and -H, have been analyzed to highlight their mode of action and potential targets. ES-A is a potent inhibitor of the release of cytokines and this anti-inflammatory activity contributes to the anticancer effects observed in vitro and in vivo. Potential molecular targets of ES-A/B include the enzymes cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and casein kinase 2 (CK2). In addition, the targeting of the protein high-mobility group box 1 (HGMB1) by ES-A/B is proposed, based on molecular modeling and the structural analogy with the related saponin glycyrrhizin, a potent HGMB1 alarmin inhibitor. CONCLUSION More work is needed to properly characterize the molecular targets but otherwise compounds like ES-A and ES-H emerge as potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents and ES-B as an antifungal agent. A preclinical development of these three compounds should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006, Lille, France
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Liu Z, Li F, Xue J, Wang M, Lai S, Bao H, He S. Esculentoside A rescues granulosa cell apoptosis and folliculogenesis in mice with premature ovarian failure. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16951-16962. [PMID: 32759462 PMCID: PMC7521512 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Follicular atresia is one of the main processes for the loss of granulosa cells and oocytes from the mammalian ovary and any impairment to premature ovarian failure. Large numbers of studies have demonstrated that granulosa cell apoptosis causes follicular atresia, yet the rescue of these cells remains elusive. We aimed to use Esculentoside A (3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 4-b-D-xylopyranosyl) phytolaccagenin, a saponin extracted from Phytolacca esculenta roots, as a potential rescue agent for the apoptosis of granulosa cells. Our results revealed the rescue of normal body and ovary weights, normal ovarian histo-architecture of ovaries, and hormones levels with regular estrus cycle. Consistently, the expression of proliferating and anti-apoptotic markers, i.e. KI67 and BCL-2 in granulosa cells, was enhanced. Meanwhile, the expressions of pro-apoptotic markers, which were BAX and CASPASEs (CASPASE-9 and CASPASE-3), were prominently reduced in Esculentoside A-induced premature ovarian failure mice. Additionally, PPARγ, a potential therapeutic target, has also rescued its expression by treating the premature ovarian failure mice with Esculentoside A. Our results advocated that Esculentoside A could restore folliculogenesis in premature ovarian failure mice. Furthermore, it has the potential to be investigated as a therapeutic agent for premature ovarian failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenteng Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Xue
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meimei Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucui Lai
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchu Bao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunzhi He
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Soriano JL, Calpena AC, Souto EB, Clares B. Therapy for prevention and treatment of skin ionizing radiation damage: a review. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:537-553. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1562254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. Soriano
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana C. Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), SAS-University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Su L, Wang Z, Huang F, Lan R, Chen X, Han D, Zhang L, Zhang W, Hong J. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid mitigates radiation-induced skin damage via NADPH oxidase/ROS/p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:82-90. [PMID: 29677640 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced inflammation plays an important role in radiation-induced tissue injury. 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (18β-GA) has shown an anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to assess the activity of 18β-GA against radiation-induced skin damage, and explore the underlying mechanisms. In vitro assay revealed 18β-GA treatment decreased the production of IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and decreased p38MAPK phosphorylation, DNA-binding activity of AP-1, and NF-κB activation in irradiated RAW264.7 macrophages. Additionally, 18β-GA suppressed NF-κB activation by inhibiting NF-κB/p65 and IκB-α phosphorylation and alleviated ROS overproduction in irradiated RAW264.7 macrophages. In vivo assay showed 18β-GA alleviated severity of radiation-induced skin damage, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels in cutaneous tissues. Our findings demonstrate that 18β-GA exhibits anti-inflammatory actions against radiation-induced skin damage probably by inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity, ROS production, activation of p38MAPK and NF-κB signaling, and the DNA binding activities of NF-κB and AP-1, consequently suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Zeng Wang
- Central Research Lab, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Central Research Lab, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Ruilong Lan
- Central Research Lab, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Deping Han
- Shanghai Biotecan Diagnostics Co. Ltd, Shanghai 201030, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Central Research Lab, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology (Fujian Medical University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Individualized Active Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian, China.
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Meimeti E, Kafanas A, Pavlou P, Evangelatou A, Tsouparelou P, Kanellopoulos S, Kipouros P, Koliarakis N, Leonis G, Ioannou E, Roussis V, Rallis M. Topical Treatment of Skin Injury Inflicted in Mice by X-Ray Irradiation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:175-183. [PMID: 29617695 DOI: 10.1159/000487404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS There is no treatment, without side effects, efficiently preventing or curing skin burns, caused by radiotherapy. A new experimental topical treatment protocol was assessed in mice receiving orthovoltage X-rays at an equivalent dose to that applied to human breast cancer patients in conventional radiotherapy. METHODS SKH-HR2 female hairless mice were irradiated on their dorsum with a total dose of 4,300 cGy during a 1-month period (20 fractions). The treatment group received a combination of 3 topical products, an oil-in-water cream, a gel containing Pinus halepensis bark aqueous extract, and an ointment containing olive oil extract of the marine isopod Ceratothoa oestroides. The positive control group was treated with a conventionally used commercial gel, whereas the negative control group did not receive any topical treatment. Skin alterations were evaluated by macroscopic examinations, measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin content, erythema intensity, hydration, and histopathology assessment. RESULTS Sixty days after radiation, TEWL and hydration values were abnormal and elements of acute, chronic, and granulomatous inflammation were present in all cases. The severest damage was detected in the deeper dermis. Treatment showed a comparatively beneficial effect on chronic and granulomatous inflammation while positive control was beneficial on acute inflammation. CONCLUSION Skin anti-inflammatory treatment was the most effective but must be applied for several months. Further preclinical studies should be conducted, assimilating a human cancer radiation therapeutic schema with the aim of optimizing skin inflammation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Meimeti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Panagoula Pavlou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Evangelatou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Andreas Syggros Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsouparelou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Andreas Syggros Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Athens, Greece
| | - Stelios Kanellopoulos
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Andreas Syggros Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kipouros
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Andreas Syggros Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Koliarakis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Andreas Syggros Hospital of Dermatology and Venereology, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Leonis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Ioannou
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michail Rallis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Li YH, Wang J, Liu Y, Qiu L, Li JZ, Hu HG, Hu ZL, Zhang W, Lu B, Zhang JP. Esculentoside A specifically binds to ribosomal protein S3a and impairs LPS-induced signaling in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 54:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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13
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Chen DZ, Chen LQ, Lin MX, Gong YQ, Ying BY, Wei DZ. Esculentoside A inhibits LPS-induced acute kidney injury by activating PPAR-γ. Microb Pathog 2017; 110:208-213. [PMID: 28666844 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. Esculentoside A (EsA), a kind of saponin isolated from the root of the Chinese herb Phytolaca esculenta, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of EsA on LPS-induced AKI in mice. The protective effects of EsA was evaluated by detecting kidney histological change, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, and inflammatory cytokines production. The results showed that EsA significantly attenuated LPS-induced kidney histological change, as well as BUN and creatinine levels. EsA also inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production. LPS-induced NF-κB activation was significantly suppressed by treatment of EsA. In addition, EsA up-regulated the expression of PPAR-γ in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, EsA protected mice effectively from LPS-induced AKI by PPAR-γ, which subsequently inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Zhun Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Qiong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin-Yu Ying
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Zhen Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
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Sun G, Yang W, Zhang Y, Zhao M. Esculentoside A ameliorates cecal ligation and puncture-induced acute kidney injury in rats. Exp Anim 2017. [PMID: 28637971 PMCID: PMC5682342 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esculentoside A (EsA), a saponin isolated from Phytolacca esculenta, can attenuate acute liver and lung injury. However, whether EsA has a protective effect against sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) has not been reported. In this study, EsA (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) was given to rats with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We found that EsA improved the survival of septic rats in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, EsA lowered the kidney tubular damage score and decreased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Moreover, EsA inhibited excessive generation of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the serum and downregulated cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the renal tissues of septic rats. EsA also suppressed the production of malonaldehyde and the activity of myeloperoxidase in the septic kidney and enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of a high dose of EsA were comparable to those of dexamethasone. Mechanically, EsA inhibited CLP-induced increases in high-mobility group box 1, Toll-like receptor-4, and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 and nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 in renal tissues. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide-induced alteration of AKI-related factors in HK-2 cells, which had been evaluated in vivo, was inhibited after EsA administration. Taken together, our study suggests that EsA effectively protects rats against septic AKI caused by CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Central Hospital of Heilongjiang Province Prison, No. 85, Qi Zheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150805, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
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Kole AJ, Kole L, Moran MS. Acute radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients: challenges and solutions. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2017; 9:313-323. [PMID: 28503074 PMCID: PMC5426474 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s109763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all women who receive radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer experience some degree of radiation dermatitis. However, evidence describing the appropriate management of radiation dermatitis is often lacking or contradictory. Here, we summarize the available literature regarding radiation dermatitis causes, the presentation and timing of symptoms, methods for dermatitis assessment and prevention, and review evidence-based management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren Kole
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Yang H, Wang S, Yu L, Zhu X, Xu Y. Esculentoside A suppresses Aβ1–42-induced neuroinflammation by down-regulating MAPKs pathwaysin vivo. Neurol Res 2015; 37:859-66. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132815y.0000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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17
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Development and validation of a HPLC–MS/MS method for the determination of phytolaccagenin in rat plasma and application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Zhang F, Wang X, Qiu X, Wang J, Fang H, Wang Z, Sun Y, Xia Z. The protective effect of Esculentoside A on experimental acute liver injury in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113107. [PMID: 25405982 PMCID: PMC4236201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory response and oxidative stress are considered to play an important role in the development of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Esculentoside A (EsA), isolated from the Chinese herb phytolacca esculenta, has the effect of modulating immune response, cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as anti-inflammatory effects. The present study is to evaluate the protective effect of EsA on CCl4 and GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury. In vitro, CCK-8 assays showed that EsA had no cytotoxicity, while it significantly reduced levels of TNF-α and cell death rate challenged by CCl4. Moreover, EsA treatment up-regulated PPAR-γ expression of LO2 cells and reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) challenged by CCl4. In vivo, EsA prevented mice from CCl4-induced liver histopathological damage. In addition, levels of AST and ALT were significantly decreased by EsA treatment. Furthermore, the mice treated with EsA had a lower level of TNF-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in mRNA expression. EsA prevented MDA release and increased GSH-Px activity in liver tissues. Immunohistochemical staining showed that over-expression of F4/80 and CD11b were markedly inhibited by EsA. The western bolt results showed that EsA significantly inhibited CCl4-induced phosphonated IkBalpha (P-IκB) and ERK. Furthermore, EsA treatment also alleviated GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury on liver enzyme and histopathological damage. Unfortunately, our results exhibited that EsA had no effects on CCl4-induced hepatocyte apoptosis which were showed by TUNEL staining and Bax, Caspase-3 and cleaved Caspase-3 expression. Our results proved that EsA treatment attenuated CCl4 and GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury in mice and its protective effects might be involved in inhibiting inflammatory response and oxidative stress, but not apoptosis with its underlying mechanism associated with PPAR-γ, NF-κB and ERK signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Number 73901 Troop of PLA, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingtong Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochen Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, 309th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - He Fang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Simone BA, Ly D, Savage JE, Hewitt SM, Dan TD, Ylaya K, Shankavaram U, Lim M, Jin L, Camphausen K, Mitchell JB, Simone NL. microRNA alterations driving acute and late stages of radiation-induced fibrosis in a murine skin model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2014; 90:44-52. [PMID: 24986745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although ionizing radiation is critical in treating cancer, radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) can have a devastating impact on patients' quality of life. The molecular changes leading to radiation-induced fibrosis must be elucidated so that novel treatments can be designed. METHODS AND MATERIALS To determine whether microRNAs (miRs) could be responsible for RIF, the fibrotic process was induced in the right hind legs of 9-week old CH3 mice by a single-fraction dose of irradiation to 35 Gy, and the left leg served as an unirradiated control. Fibrosis was quantified by measurements of leg length compared with control leg length. By 120 days after irradiation, the irradiated legs were 20% (P=.013) shorter on average than were the control legs. RESULTS Tissue analysis was done on muscle, skin, and subcutaneous tissue from irradiated and control legs. Fibrosis was noted on both gross and histologic examination by use of a pentachrome stain. Microarrays were performed at various times after irradiation, including 7 days, 14 days, 50 days, 90 days, and 120 days after irradiation. miR-15a, miR-21, miR-30a, and miR-34a were the miRs with the most significant alteration by array with miR-34a, proving most significant on confirmation by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, c-Met, a known effector of fibrosis and downstream molecule of miR-34a, was evaluated by use of 2 cell lines: HCT116 and 1522. The cell lines were exposed to various stressors to induce miR changes, specifically ionizing radiation. Additionally, in vitro transfections with pre-miRs and anti-miRs confirmed the relationship of miR-34a and c-Met. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate an inverse relationship with miR-34a and c-Met; the upregulation of miR-34a in RIF causes inhibition of c-Met production. miRs may play a role in RIF; in particular, miR-34a should be investigated as a potential target to prevent or treat this devastating side effect of irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Ly
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jason E Savage
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tu D Dan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Uma Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meng Lim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lianjin Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole L Simone
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Enhanced responses to tumor immunization following total body irradiation are time-dependent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82496. [PMID: 24349298 PMCID: PMC3861406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of successful cancer vaccines is contingent on the ability to induce effective and persistent anti-tumor immunity against self-antigens that do not typically elicit immune responses. In this study, we examine the effects of a non-myeloablative dose of total body irradiation on the ability of tumor-naïve mice to respond to DNA vaccines against melanoma. We demonstrate that irradiation followed by lymphocyte infusion results in a dramatic increase in responsiveness to tumor vaccination, with augmentation of T cell responses to tumor antigens and tumor eradication. In irradiated mice, infused CD8+ T cells expand in an environment that is relatively depleted in regulatory T cells, and this correlates with improved CD8+ T cell functionality. We also observe an increase in the frequency of dendritic cells displaying an activated phenotype within lymphoid organs in the first 24 hours after irradiation. Intriguingly, both the relative decrease in regulatory T cells and increase in activated dendritic cells correspond with a brief window of augmented responsiveness to immunization. After this 24 hour window, the numbers of dendritic cells decline, as does the ability of mice to respond to immunizations. When immunizations are initiated within the period of augmented dendritic cell activation, mice develop anti-tumor responses that show increased durability as well as magnitude, and this approach leads to improved survival in experiments with mice bearing established tumors as well as in a spontaneous melanoma model. We conclude that irradiation can produce potent immune adjuvant effects independent of its ability to induce tumor ablation, and that the timing of immunization and lymphocyte infusion in the irradiated host are crucial for generating optimal anti-tumor immunity. Clinical strategies using these approaches must therefore optimize such parameters, as the correct timing of infusion and vaccination may mean the difference between an ineffective treatment and successful tumor eradication.
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Huang SP, Huang CH, Shyu JF, Lee HS, Chen SG, Chan JYH, Huang SM. Promotion of wound healing using adipose-derived stem cells in radiation ulcer of a rat model. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:51. [PMID: 23876213 PMCID: PMC3724586 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wound healing is a complex biologic process that involves the integration of inflammation, mitosis, angiogenesis, synthesis, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. However, some wounds fail to heal properly and become chronic. Although some simulated chronic wound models have been established, an efficient approach to treat chronic wounds in animal models has not been determined. The aim of this study was to develop a modified rat model simulating the chronic wounds caused by clinical radiation ulcers and examine the treatment of chronic wounds with adipose-derived stem cells. Results Sprague–Dawley rats were irradiated with an electron beam, and wounds were created. The rats received treatment with adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), and a wound-healing assay was performed. The wound sizes after ASC treatment for 3 weeks were significantly smaller compared with the control condition (p < 0.01). Histological observations of the wound edge and immunoblot analysis of the re-epithelialization region both indicated that the treatment with ASCs was associated with the development of new blood vessels. Cell-tracking experiments showed that ASCs were colocalized with endothelial cell markers in ulcerated tissues. Conclusions We established a modified rat model of radiation-induced wounds and demonstrated that ASCs accelerate wound-healing.
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Zhong WT, Jiang LX, Wei JY, Qiao AN, Wei MM, Soromou LW, Xie XX, Zhou X, Ci XX, Wang DC. Protective effect of esculentoside A on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. J Surg Res 2013; 185:364-72. [PMID: 23764313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esculentoside A (EsA) is a saponin isolated from the Chinese herb Phytolacca esculenta. In our study, we sought to investigate the protective effects of EsA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the effects of EsA on the reduction of histopathologic changes in mice with ALI, inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung wet-to-dry weight ratio were measured in LPS-challenged mice, and lung histopathologic changes observed via paraffin section were assessed. Next, cytokine production induced by LPS in BALF was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To further study the mechanism of EsA protective effects on ALI, IκBa, p38, and extracellular signal receptor-activated kinase pathways were investigated in lung tissue of mice with ALI. RESULTS In the present investigation, EsA showed marked effects by reducing inflammatory infiltration, thickening of the alveolar wall, and pulmonary congestion. Levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 elevated by LPS were significantly decreased in BALF in EsA-pretreated ALI model. Furthermore, EsA significantly suppressed phosphorylation of IκBa, p38, and extracellular signal receptor-activated kinase. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that EsA suppressed inflammatory responses in LPS-induced ALI through inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways. EsA may be a promising potential preventive agent for ALI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-ting Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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Wang Q, Kuang H, Su Y, Sun Y, Feng J, Guo R, Chan K. Naturally derived anti-inflammatory compounds from Chinese medicinal plants. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:9-39. [PMID: 23274744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Though inflammatory response is beneficial to body damage repair, if it is out of control, it can produce adverse effects on the body. Although purely western anti-inflammatory drugs, orthodox medicines, can control inflammation occurrence and development, it is not enough. The clinical efficacy of anti-inflammation therapies is unsatisfactory, thus the search for new anti-inflammation continues. Chinese Material Medica (CMM) remains a promising source of new therapeutic agents. CMM and herbal formulae from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), unorthodox medicines, play an improtant anti-inflammatory role in multi-targets, multi-levels, and multi-ways in treating inflammation diseases in a long history in China, based on their multi-active ingredient characteristics. Due to these reasons, recently, CMM has been commercialized as an anti-inflammation agent which has become increasingly popular in the world health drug markets. Major research contributions in ethnopharmacology have generated vast amount of data associated with CMM in anti-inflammtion aspect. Therefore, a systematic introduction of CMM anti-inflammatory research progress is of great importance and necessity. AIM OF THE STUDY This paper strives to describe the progress of CMM in the treatment of inflammatory diseases from different aspects, and provide the essential theoretical support and scientific evidence for the further development and utilization of CMM resources as a potential anti-inflammation drug through a variety of databases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Literature survey was performed via electronic search (SciFinder®, Pubmed®, Google Scholar and Web of Science) on papers and patents and by systematic research in ethnopharmacological literature at various university libraries. RESULTS This review mainly introduced the current research on the anti-inflammatory active ingredient, anti-inflammatory effects of CMM, their mechanism, anti-inflammatory drug development of CMM, and toxicological information. CONCLUSION CMM is used clinically to treat inflammation symptoms in TCM, and its effect is mediated by multiple targets through multiple active ingredients. Although scholars around the world have made studies on the anti-inflammatory studies of CMM from different pathways and aspects and have made substantial progress, further studies are warranted to delineate the inflammation actions in more cogency models, establish the toxicological profiles and quality standards, assess the potentials of CMM in clinical applications, and make more convenient preparations easy to administrate for patients. Development of the clinically anti-inflammatory drugs are also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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Guan X, Chang H, Sun F, Chen X, Zhang W, Fan G. Determination of esculentoside A in dog plasma by LC–MS/MS method: Application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:261-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Janko M, Ontiveros F, Fitzgerald TJ, Deng A, DeCicco M, Rock KL. IL-1 generated subsequent to radiation-induced tissue injury contributes to the pathogenesis of radiodermatitis. Radiat Res 2012; 178:166-72. [PMID: 22856653 DOI: 10.1667/rr3097.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiation injury in the skin causes radiodermatitis, a condition in which the skin becomes inflamed and the epidermis can break down. This condition causes significant morbidity and if severe it can be an independent factor that contributes to radiation mortality. Radiodermatitis is seen in some settings of radiotherapy for cancer and is also of concern as a complication post-radiation exposure from accidents or weapons, such as a "dirty bomb". The pathogenesis of this condition is incompletely understood. Here we have developed a murine model of radiodermatitis wherein the skin is selectively injured by irradiation with high-energy electrons. Using this model we showed that the interleukin-1 (IL-1) pathway plays a significant role in the development of radiodermatitis. Mice that lack either IL-1 or the IL-1 receptor developed less inflammation and less severe pathological changes in their skin, especially at later time-points. These findings suggest that IL-1 pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for reducing the severity of radiodermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Janko
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Stewart FA, Akleyev AV, Hauer-Jensen M, Hendry JH, Kleiman NJ, Macvittie TJ, Aleman BM, Edgar AB, Mabuchi K, Muirhead CR, Shore RE, Wallace WH. ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs--threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. Ann ICRP 2012; 41:1-322. [PMID: 22925378 DOI: 10.1016/j.icrp.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.
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Abstract
Skin changes caused by ionizing radiation have been scientifically documented since 1902. Ionizing radiation is a widely accepted form of treatment for various types of cancer. Despite the technological advances, radiation skin injury remains a significant problem. This injury, often referred to as radiation dermatitis, occurs in about 95% of patients receiving radiation therapy for cancer, and ranges in severity from mild erythema to moist desquamation and ulceration. Ionizing radiation is not only a concern for cancer patients, but also a public health concern because of the potential for and reality of a nuclear and/or radiological event. Recently, the United States has increased efforts to develop medical countermeasures to protect against radiation toxicities from acts of bioterrorism, as well as cancer treatment. Management of radiation dermatitis would improve the therapeutic benefit of radiation therapy for cancer and potentially the mortality expected in any "dirty bomb" attack. Currently, there is no effective treatment to prevent or mitigate radiation skin injury. This review summarizes "the good, the bad, and the ugly" of current and evolving knowledge regarding mechanisms of and treatments for radiation skin injury.
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Gong W, Jiang Z, Sun P, Li L, Jin Y, Shao L, Zhang W, Liu B, Zhang H, Tang H, Chen Y, Yi Y, Zhang D. Synthesis of Novel Derivatives of Esculentoside A and Its Aglycone Phytolaccagenin, and Evaluation of Their Haemolytic Activity and Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1833-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Williams JP, McBride WH. After the bomb drops: a new look at radiation-induced multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:851-68. [PMID: 21417595 PMCID: PMC3314299 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.560996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is increasing concern that, since the Cold War era, there has been little progress regarding the availability of medical countermeasures in the event of either a radiological or nuclear incident. Fortunately, since much is known about the acute consequences that are likely to be experienced by an exposed population, the probability of survival from the immediate hematological crises after total body irradiation (TBI) has improved in recent years. Therefore focus has begun to shift towards later down-stream effects, seen in such organs as the gastrointestinal tract (GI), skin, and lung. However, the mechanisms underlying therapy-related normal tissue late effects, resulting from localised irradiation, have remained somewhat elusive and even less is known about the development of the delayed syndrome seen in the context of whole body exposures, when it is likely that systemic perturbations may alter tissue microenvironments and homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS The sequence of organ failures observed after near-lethal TBI doses are similar in many ways to that of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), leading to multiple organ failure (MOF). In this review, we compare the mechanistic pathways that underlie both MODS and delayed normal tissue effects since these may impact on strategies to identify radiation countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline P Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Chen MF, Chen WC, Lai CH, Hung CH, Liu KC, Cheng YH. Predictive factors of radiation-induced skin toxicity in breast cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:508. [PMID: 20860847 PMCID: PMC2955039 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To assess the factors affecting the incidence of radiation-induced dermatitis in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant 3 D conformal radiotherapy by the analysis of dosimetry and topical treatments. Methods Between September 2002 and July 2009, 158 breast cancer patients were treated with adjuvant 3 D conformal radiotherapy after undergoing surgery. Before November 2006, 90 patients were subjected to therapeutic skin care group and topical corticosteroid therapy was used for acute radiation dermatitis. Thereafter, 68 patients received prophylactic topical therapy from the beginning of radiotherapy. The two groups did not differ significantly in respect of clinical and treatment factors. Furthermore, the possible mechanisms responsible for the effects of topical treatment on radiation-induced dermatitis were investigated in vivo. Results The incidence of radiation-induced moist desquamation was 23% across 158 patients. Higher volume receiving 107% of prescribed dose within PTV (PTV-V107%; >28.6%) and volume receiving 110% of prescribed dose within treated volume (TV-V110%; > 5.13%), and no prophylactic topical therapy for irradiated skin, were associated with higher incidence of acute radiation dermatitis. The protective effect of prophylactic topical treatment was more pronounced in patients with TV-V110% > 5.13%. Furthermore, using irradiated mice, we demonstrated that topical steroid cream significantly attenuated irradiation-induced inflammation, causing a decrease in expression of inflammatory cytokines and TGF-beta 1. Conclusion TV-V110% > 5.13% may be an important predictor for radiation induced dermatitis. Prophylactic topical treatment for irradiated skin can significantly improve the tolerance of skin to adjuvant radiotherapy, especially for patients with higher TV-V110%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Fen Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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Wang XC, Du LQ, Tian LL, Wu HL, Jiang XY, Zhang H, Li DG, Wang YY, Wu HY, She Y, Liu QF, Fan FY, Meng AM. Expression and function of miRNA in postoperative radiotherapy sensitive and resistant patients of non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2010; 72:92-9. [PMID: 20728239 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the different miRNA expression profiles of postoperative radiotherapy sensitive and resistant patients of non-small cell lung cancer, explore their potential role and find some radio-sensitivity markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty non-small cell lung cancer patients who have been treated by postoperative radiotherapy were selected and were divided into radiotherapy sensitive group and resistant group according to overall survival and local or distant recurrence rate. Expression profile of miRNA in these two groups was detected by a microarray assay and the results were validated by quantitative RT-PCR and Northern blot. At the molecular level, the effect of one differently expressed miRNA (miR-126) on the growth and apoptosis of SK-MES-1 cells induced by irradiation was examined. RESULTS Comparing with resistant patients, five miRNAs (miRNA-126, miRNA-let-7a, miRNA-495, miRNA-451 and miRNA-128b) were significantly upregulated and seven miRNAs (miRNA-130a, miRNA-106b, miRNA-19b, miRNA-22, miRNA-15b, miRNA-17-5p and miRNA-21) were greatly downregulated in radiotherapy sensitive group. Overexpression of miRNA-126 inhibited the growth of SK-MES-1 cells and promoted its apoptosis induced by irradiation. The expression level of p-Akt decreased in miRNA-126 overexpression group. After treating with phosphoinositidyl-3 kinase (PI3K) constitutively activator (IGF-1) and inhibitor (LY294002), miRNA-126 overexpression had no significant effects on the apoptosis of SK-MES-1 cells. CONCLUSION We found 12 differently expressed miRNAs in the radiotherapy sensitive and resistant non-small cell lung cancer samples. Moreover, our results showed miRNA-126 promoted non-small cell lung cancer cells apoptosis induced by irradiation through the PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chun Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Tianjin 300192, China
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Ionizing radiation (IR) can produce deleterious effects in living tissues, leading to significant morbidity and a potentially fatal illness affecting various organs dose-dependently. As people may be exposed to IR during cancer radiotherapy or as a result of a radiological/nuclear incident or act of terrorism, the danger of irradiation represents a serious public health problem. At present, however, this problem remains largely impervious to medical management. There is, therefore, a pressing need to develop safe and effective radiation countermeasure (RC) agents to prevent, mitigate or treat the harmful consequences of IR exposure. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Recent advances in the search for RC agents as reflected by the relevant patent literature of the past five years along with peer-reviewed publications are surveyed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A total of 43 patents, describing approximately 38 chemically diverse compounds with RC potential are analyzed. These include antioxidants capable of scavenging IR-induced free radicals, modulators of cell death signaling or cell cycle progression, cytokines or growth factors promoting tissue repair and inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Several of these RC candidates appear promising, including at least two that are undergoing evaluation for fast-track clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Dumont
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer Paul Strauss, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie EA-3430, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
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Lee WH, Sonntag WE, Mitschelen M, Yan H, Lee YW. Irradiation induces regionally specific alterations in pro-inflammatory environments in rat brain. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:132-44. [PMID: 20148699 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903419346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pro-inflammatory environments in the brain have been implicated in the onset and progression of neurological disorders. In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that brain irradiation induces regionally specific alterations in cytokine gene and protein expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four month old F344 x BN rats received either whole brain irradiation with a single dose of 10 Gy gamma-rays or sham-irradiation, and were maintained for 4, 8, and 24 h following irradiation. The mRNA and protein expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were analysed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunofluorescence staining. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of irradiation-induced brain inflammation, effects of irradiation on the DNA-binding activity of pro-inflammatory transcription factors were also examined. RESULTS A significant and marked up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), was observed in hippocampal and cortical regions isolated from irradiated brain. Cytokine expression was regionally specific since TNF-alpha levels were significantly elevated in cortex compared to hippocampus (57% greater) and IL-1beta levels were elevated in hippocampus compared to cortical samples (126% greater). Increases in cytokine levels also were observed after irradiation of mouse BV-2 microglial cells. A series of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that irradiation significantly increased activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that whole brain irradiation induces regionally specific pro-inflammatory environments through activation of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and CREB and overexpression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and MCP-1 in rat brain and may contribute to unique pathways for the radiation-induced impairments in tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Yamamoto K, Kureyama N, Asano K, Ikeda T, Yamatodani A. Involvement of Substance P and the Neurokinin-1 Receptor in Radiation-Induced Hair Loss in Mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:118-20. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09256sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Hu Z, Qiu L, Xiao Z, Wang J, Yu Q, Li J, Feng H, Guo C, Zhang J. Effects of esculentoside A on autoimmune syndrome induced by Campylobacter jejuni in mice and its modulation on T-lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Studies on Pentoxifylline and Tocopherol Combination for Radiation-Induced Heart Disease in Rats. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73:1552-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
About half of people with cancer are treated with radiation therapy; however, normal tissue toxicity still remains a dose-limiting factor for this treatment. The skin response to ionizing radiation may involve multiple inflammatory outbreaks. The endothelium is known to play a critical role in radiation-induced vascular injury. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction reflects a decreased availability of nitric oxide. Statins have been reported to preserve endothelial function through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, wild type and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)(-/-) mice were subjected to dorsal skin irradiation and treated with pravastatin for 28 days. We demonstrated that pravastatin has a therapeutic effect on skin lesions and abolishes radiation-induced vascular functional activation by decreasing interactions between leukocytes and endothelium. Pravastatin limits the radiation-induced increase of blood CCL2 and CXCL1 production expression of inflammatory adhesion molecules such as E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and inflammatory cell migration in tissues. Pravastatin limits the in vivo and in vitro radiation-induced downregulation of eNOS. Moreover, pravastatin has no effect in eNOS(-/-) mice, demonstrating that eNOS plays a key role in the beneficial effect of pravastatin in radiation-induced skin lesions. In conclusion, pravastatin may be a good therapeutic approach to prevent or reduce radiation-induced skin damage.
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Seidl C, Port M, Apostolidis C, Bruchertseifer F, Schwaiger M, Senekowitsch-Schmidtke R, Abend M. Differential gene expression triggered by highly cytotoxic alpha-emitter-immunoconjugates in gastric cancer cells. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:49-60. [PMID: 19139817 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-008-9214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunoconjugates composed of the alpha-emitter (213)Bi and the monoclonal antibody d9MAb specifically target HSC45-M2 gastric cancer cells expressing mutant d9-E-cadherin. These conjugates efficiently killed tumor cells in a nude mouse peritoneal carcinomatosis model. To elucidate the molecular responses of HSC45-M2 cells to alpha-emitter irradiation, whole genome gene expression profiling was performed. For that purpose HSC45-M2 cells were incubated with lethal doses of (213)Bi-d9MAb. RNA was isolated at 6, 24 and 48 h after irradiation, transcribed into cDNA and hybridized to whole genome microarrays. Results of microarray analysis were validated using RTQ-PCR showing correspondence of approximately 90%. Following incubation with (213)Bi-d9MAb, 682-1125 genes showed upregulation and 666-1278 genes showed downregulation at one time point, each. Eight genes appeared upregulated and 12 genes downregulated throughout. Molecular functions and biological processes of differentially expressed genes were categorized according to the PANTHER database. Following (213)Bi-d9MAb irradiation also a time-dependent shift in terms of overrepresentation of biological processes was observed. Among the genes showing continuous upregulation, COL4A2, NEDD9 and C3 have not been associated with the cellular response to high LET radiation so far. The same holds true for WWP2, RFX3, HIST4H4 and JADE1 that showed continuous downregulation. According to PANTHER, three of the consistently upregulated (ITM2C, FLJ11000, MSMB) and downregulated (HCG9, GAS2L3, FLJ21439) genes, respectively, have not been associated with any biological process or molecular function so far. Thus, these findings revealed interesting new targets for selective elimination of tumor cells and new insights regarding response of tumor cells to alpha-emitter exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Seidl
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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DiCarlo AL, Hatchett RJ, Kaminski JM, Ledney GD, Pellmar TC, Okunieff P, Ramakrishnan N. Medical countermeasures for radiation combined injury: radiation with burn, blast, trauma and/or sepsis. report of an NIAID Workshop, March 26-27, 2007. Radiat Res 2008; 169:712-21. [PMID: 18494548 DOI: 10.1667/rr1295.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-clinical human radiation exposure events such as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings or the Chernobyl accident are often coupled with other forms of injury, such as wounds, burns, blunt trauma, and infection. Radiation combined injury would also be expected after a radiological or nuclear attack. Few animal models of radiation combined injury exist, and mechanisms underlying the high mortality associated with complex radiation injuries are poorly understood. Medical countermeasures are currently available for management of the non-radiation components of radiation combined injury, but it is not known whether treatments for other insults will be effective when the injury is combined with radiation exposure. Further research is needed to elucidate mechanisms behind the synergistic lethality of radiation combined injury and to identify targets for medical countermeasures. To address these issues, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop to make recommendations on the development of animal models of radiation combined injury, possible mechanisms of radiation combined injury, and future directions for countermeasure research, including target identification and end points to evaluate treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L DiCarlo
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Fitzgerald TJ, Jodoin MB, Tillman G, Aronowitz J, Pieters R, Balducci S, Meyer J, Cicchetti MG, Kadish S, McCauley S, Sawicka J, Urie M, Lo YC, Mayo C, Ulin K, Ding L, Britton M, Huang J, Arous E. Radiation Therapy Toxicity to the Skin. Dermatol Clin 2008; 26:161-72, ix. [PMID: 18023776 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T J Fitzgerald
- Department of Radiation Oncology and The Cancer Center, The University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMass Memorial Health Care, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Wu F, Yi Y, Sun P, Zhang D. Synthesis, in vitro inhibitory activity towards COX-2 and haemolytic activity of derivatives of esculentoside A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6430-3. [PMID: 17950600 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Esculentoside A (EsA) has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity and selective inhibitory activity towards cyclooxygenase-2. A series of derivatives of EsA were synthesized by converting the C-28 carboxylic acid group into amides. The haemolytic activity and inhibitory activity towards cyclooxygenase-2 were evaluated in vitro. The SAR study of the derivatives was conducted and showed that introducing aromatic ring to EsA greatly enhanced its biological activity. Compound 23 showed higher inhibitory activity than Celecoxib and EsA, but lower haemolytic toxicity than EsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Moriyasu S, Yamamoto K, Kureyama N, Okamura K, Ikeda T, Yamatodani A. Involvement of histamine released from mast cells in acute radiation dermatitis in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 104:187-90. [PMID: 17558180 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.sc0070127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible involvement of histamine in acute radiation dermatitis in mice was investigated. The dose of 40 Gy of gamma irradiation induced erythema and edema in C57BL/6 mice treated with vehicle. However, in C57BL/6 mice treated with chlorpheniramine and WBB6F1-W/Wv mice, erythema and edema were not observed. In all of these mice, epilation and dry desquamation were induced, but bepotastine significantly reduced the extent of these areas. These results suggest that gamma irradiation-induced erythema and edema were caused by histamine released from mast cells via histamine H1 receptor, and epilation was induced by other inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiko Moriyasu
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan
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