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Xie W, Dhinojwala A, Gianneschi NC, Shawkey MD. Interactions of Melanin with Electromagnetic Radiation: From Fundamentals to Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7165-7213. [PMID: 38758918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Melanin, especially integumentary melanin, interacts in numerous ways with electromagnetic radiation, leading to a set of critical functions, including radiation protection, UV-protection, pigmentary and structural color productions, and thermoregulation. By harnessing these functions, melanin and melanin-like materials can be widely applied to diverse applications with extraordinary performance. Here we provide a unified overview of the melanin family (all melanin and melanin-like materials) and their interactions with the complete electromagnetic radiation spectrum (X-ray, Gamma-ray, UV, visible, near-infrared), which until now has been absent from the literature and is needed to establish a solid fundamental base to facilitate their future investigation and development. We begin by discussing the chemistries and morphologies of both natural and artificial melanin, then the fundamentals of melanin-radiation interactions, and finally the exciting new developments in high-performance melanin-based functional materials that exploit these interactions. This Review provides both a comprehensive overview and a discussion of future perspectives for each subfield of melanin that will help direct the future development of melanin from both fundamental and applied perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Xie
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Department of Biology, Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure Group, University of Ghent, Gent 9000, Belgium
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2
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Babu B, Pawar S, Mittal A, Kolanthai E, Neal CJ, Coathup M, Seal S. Nanotechnology enabled radioprotectants to reduce space radiation-induced reactive oxidative species. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1896. [PMID: 37190884 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Interest in space exploration has seen substantial growth following recent launch and operation of modern space technologies. In particular, the possibility of travel beyond low earth orbit is seeing sustained support. However, future deep space travel requires addressing health concerns for crews under continuous, longer-term exposure to adverse environmental conditions. Among these challenges, radiation-induced health issues are a major concern. Their potential to induce chronic illness is further potentiated by the microgravity environment. While investigations into the physiological effects of space radiation are still under investigation, studies on model ionizing radiation conditions, in earth and micro-gravity conditions, can provide needed insight into relevant processes. Substantial formation of high, sustained reactive oxygen species (ROS) evolution during radiation exposure is a clear threat to physiological health of space travelers, producing indirect damage to various cell structures and requiring therapeutic address. Radioprotection toward the skeletal system components is essential to astronaut health, due to the high radio-absorption cross-section of bone mineral and local hematopoiesis. Nanotechnology can potentially function as radioprotectant and radiomitigating agents toward ROS and direct radiation damage. Nanoparticle compositions such as gold, silver, platinum, carbon-based materials, silica, transition metal dichalcogenides, and ceria have all shown potential as viable radioprotectants to mitigate space radiation effects with nanoceria further showing the ability to protect genetic material from oxidative damage in several studies. As research into space radiation-induced health problems develops, this review intends to provide insights into the nanomaterial design to ameliorate pathological effects from ionizing radiation exposure. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Cells at the Nanoscale Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaashwin Babu
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Shreya Pawar
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Agastya Mittal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Elayaraja Kolanthai
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Craig J Neal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
- College of Medicine, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Michael HSR, Subiramanian SR, Thyagarajan D, Mohammed NB, Saravanakumar VK, Govindaraj M, Maheswari KM, Karthikeyan N, Ramesh Kumar C. Melanin biopolymers from microbial world with future perspectives-a review. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:306. [PMID: 37580645 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is an amorphous polymer made of heterogeneous functional groups synthesized by diverse organisms including fungi, bacteria, animals, and plants. It was widely acknowledged for its biological processes and its key role in the protection of organisms from environmental stress. Recently, melanin clutches attention in the field of nanobiotechnology, drug delivery, organic semiconductors and bioelectronics, environmental bioremediation, photoprotection, etc., Furthermore, melanin from natural sources like microbial community shows antimicrobial, fighting cancer, radical scavenging, cosmeceuticals, and many therapeutic areas as well. Though the multipotentiality nature of melanin has been put forth, real-world applications still flag fall behind, which might be anticipated to the inadequate and high price essence of natural melanin. However, current bioprocess technologies have paved for the large-scale or industrial production of microbial melanin, which could help in the replacement of synthetic melanin. Thus, this review emphasizes the various sources for melanin, i.e., types-based on its pathways and its chemical structures, functional efficiency, physical properties, and conventional and modern methods of both extraction and characterization. Moreover, an outlook on how it works in the field of medicine, bioremediation, and other related areas provides perspectives on the complete exploitation of melanin in practical applications of medicine and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shri Ranjani Subiramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | - Divyavaahini Thyagarajan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | - Nazneen Bobby Mohammed
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Vadlamudi, Guntur Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Mageswari Govindaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Naresh Karthikeyan
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
| | - Charu Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore, India
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Scarpa J, Parazynski S, Strangman G. Space exploration as a catalyst for medical innovations. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1226531. [PMID: 37538310 PMCID: PMC10395101 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1226531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerospace research has a long history of developing technologies with industry-changing applications and recent history is no exception. The expansion of commercial spaceflight and the upcoming exploration-class missions to the Moon and Mars are expected to accelerate this process even more. The resulting portable, wearable, contactless, and regenerable medical technologies are not only the future of healthcare in deep space but also the future of healthcare here on Earth. These multi-dimensional and integrative technologies are non-invasive, easily-deployable, low-footprint devices that have the ability to facilitate rapid detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of a variety of conditions, and to provide decision-making and performance support. Therefore, they are primed for applications in low-resource and remote environments, facilitating the extension of quality care delivery to all patients in all communities and empowering non-specialists to intervene early and safely in order to optimize patient-centered outcomes. Additionally, these technologies have the potential to advance care delivery in tertiary care centers by improving transitions of care, providing holistic patient data, and supporting clinician wellness and performance. The requirements of space exploration have created a number of paradigm-altering medical technologies that are primed to revitalize and elevate our standard of care here on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scarpa
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Gary Strangman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Translational Research Institute for Space Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Lin L, Zhang T, Xu J. Genetic and Environmental Factors Influencing the Production of Select Fungal Colorants: Challenges and Opportunities in Industrial Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050585. [PMID: 37233296 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural colorants, mostly of plant and fungal origins, offer advantages over chemically synthetic colorants in terms of alleviating environmental pollution and promoting human health. The market value of natural colorants has been increasing significantly across the globe. Due to the ease of artificially culturing most fungi in the laboratory and in industrial settings, fungi have emerged as the organisms of choice for producing many natural colorants. Indeed, there is a wide variety of colorful fungi and a diversity in the structure and bioactivity of fungal colorants. Such broad diversities have spurred significant research efforts in fungi to search for natural alternatives to synthetic colorants. Here, we review recent research on the genetic and environmental factors influencing the production of three major types of natural fungal colorants: carotenoids, melanins, and polyketide-derived colorants. We highlight how molecular genetic studies and environmental condition manipulations are helping to overcome some of the challenges associated with value-added and large-scale productions of these colorants. We finish by discussing potential future trends, including synthetic biology approaches, in the commercial production of fungal colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Diseases (MOE), School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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6
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Bayram S, Aygün B, Karadayi M, Alaylar B, Güllüce M, Karabulut A. Determination of toxicity and radioprotective properties of bacterial and fungal eumelanin pigments. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1785-1793. [PMID: 37071465 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2204957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determination of the protective property of melanin, an organic polymer class consisting of phenolic and/or indolic compounds isolated from bacteria and fungi, against fast neutron radiation. To show that these melanin samples, which also have antioxidant and metal chelating properties, can be used as an active ingredient for a drug to be developed against neutrons used in nuclear research and medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bacterial and fungal media were prepared, and melanin pigments were produced and isolated. For molecular characterization of pigments, bacterial genomic DNA extraction, 16S rDNA gene amplification processes, and fungal genomic DNA extraction, ITS1, and ITS4 Gene Regions amplification were performed. The DEL assay was implemented to determine the genotoxicity properties of bacterial and fungal melanin pigments. Samples were prepared in a pad measuring 10 ml volume (60 × 15 mm) at a concentration of 0.2-1 microgram in 1% agarose gel for radiation-absorbed dose measurements. Absorption measurements were made using 241Am-Be fast neutron source and Canberra brand NP series BF3 gaseous detector to determine the neutron radiation absorption capacity of all samples. The results obtained to determine the absorption degrees of melanin samples were compared with paraffin and normal concrete, which are widely used in neutron radiation shielding studies. RESULTS Melanin pigments were obtained using different bacteria and fungi strains. Afterwards, the fast neutron radiation absorption capacity of these purified pigments were determined. Compared to reference samples, these pigments were found to have slightly lower radiation absorbing ability. In addition to these experiments, cytotoxicity tests were carried out using the Yeast DEL assay technique to evaluate the potential for use of these organic pigments in fields such as medicine and pharmacology. According to the results obtained from the tests, it was determined that these melanin samples did not have any toxic effects. CONCLUSION It was determined that these melanin samples have the potential to be used as a radioprotective drug active substance to protect the tissues and cells of people exposed to neutron radiation after a nuclear accident or nuclear war.Giving a drug that will be developed by using these active ingredients before or after people are exposed to a radiation environment can provide great benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Bayram
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Bünyamin Aygün
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karadayi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Burak Alaylar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Arts, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Medine Güllüce
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Terranova ML. Prominent Roles and Conflicted Attitudes of Eumelanin in the Living World. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097783. [PMID: 37175490 PMCID: PMC10178024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Eumelanin, a macromolecule widespread in all the living world and long appreciated for its protective action against harmful UV radiation, is considered the beneficial component of the melanin family (ευ means good in ancient Greek). This initially limited picture has been rather recently extended and now includes a variety of key functions performed by eumelanin in order to support life also under extreme conditions. A lot of still unexplained aspects characterize this molecule that, in an evolutionary context, survived natural selection. This paper aims to emphasize the unique characteristics and the consequent unusual behaviors of a molecule that still holds the main chemical/physical features detected in fossils dating to the late Carboniferous. In this context, attention is drawn to the duality of roles played by eumelanin, which occasionally reverses its functional processes, switching from an anti-oxidant to a pro-oxidant behavior and implementing therefore harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Terranova
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Guo J, Zhao Z, Shang Z, Tang Z, Zhu H, Zhang K. Nanodrugs with intrinsic radioprotective exertion: Turning the double-edged sword into a single-edged knife. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220119. [PMID: 37324033 PMCID: PMC10190950 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) poses a growing threat to human health, and thus ideal radioprotectors with high efficacy and low toxicity still receive widespread attention in radiation medicine. Despite significant progress made in conventional radioprotectants, high toxicity, and low bioavailability still discourage their application. Fortunately, the rapidly evolving nanomaterial technology furnishes reliable tools to address these bottlenecks, opening up the cutting-edge nano-radioprotective medicine, among which the intrinsic nano-radioprotectants characterized by high efficacy, low toxicity, and prolonged blood retention duration, represent the most extensively studied class in this area. Herein, we made the systematic review on this topic, and discussed more specific types of radioprotective nanomaterials and more general clusters of the extensive nano-radioprotectants. In this review, we mainly focused on the development, design innovations, applications, challenges, and prospects of the intrinsic antiradiation nanomedicines, and presented a comprehensive overview, in-depth analysis as well as an updated understanding of the latest advances in this topic. We hope that this review will promote the interdisciplinarity across radiation medicine and nanotechnology and stimulate further valuable studies in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhemeng Zhao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology CollegeZhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushanChina
| | - Zeng‐Fu Shang
- Department of Radiation OncologySimmons Comprehensive Cancer Center at UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Zhongmin Tang
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Huanhuan Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's HospitalTongji University School of MedicineShanghaiP. R. China
- National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting TheranosticsGuangxi Medical UniversityNanningGuangxiP. R. China
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanP. R. China
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BAYRAM S. A comparative characterization study between fungal and bacterial eumelanin pigments. Indian J Microbiol 2022; 62:393-400. [PMID: 35974917 PMCID: PMC9375792 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-022-01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanins are the most common and the most enigmatic natural pigments in the nature that found in many different taxa group such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi, insects, plants, reptiles, birds and mammals. These biological macromolecules are highly complex cross-linked, heterogeneous biopolymers and composed of polymerized phenolic and/or indolic compounds. Recently, interest in these ubiquitous biopolymers has been increasing considerably in many different areas such as medicine, pharmacology, cosmetics, organic electronic and optoelectronics because of their versatile properties. In this study, four different extracellular eumelanin pigments (two bacterial eumelanins and two fungal eumelanins) were characterized by different spectrometric techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, NMR and UV-vis. In XRD analyzes, purified fungal and bacterial eumelanin pigments were characterized by giving a wide peak at about 22o with an angle of 2θ. Furthermore, in the 1 H NMR spectra of these biopolymers, it was observed that all pigments have signals in both aromatic and aliphatic regions. In addition to these analyzes, nanostructures of these biopolymers were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, eumelanin pigment producer microorganisms were molecularly characterized. 16 S rDNA and 18 S rDNA sequence analysis results of these microorganisms (Streptomyces fulvissimus MPPS4, Streptomyces xiamenensis MPPS6, Aspergillus niger MPPF16 and Aspergillus terreus MPPF25) were deposited in NCBI GenBank® database with accession number MT825594, MT973972, MW652652 and MW652653 respectively. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01012-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan BAYRAM
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, 69000 Bayburt, Turkey
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10
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Targeting Melanin in Melanoma with Radionuclide Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179520. [PMID: 36076924 PMCID: PMC9455397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 100,000 individuals are expected to be diagnosed with melanoma in the United States in 2022. Treatment options for late-stage metastatic disease up until the 2010s were few and offered only slight improvement to the overall survival. The introduction of B-RAF inhibitors and anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies into standard of care brought measurable increases in the overall survival across all stages of melanoma. Despite the improvement in the survival statistics, patients treated with targeted therapies and immunotherapies are subject to very serious side effects, the development of drug resistance, and the high costs of treatment. This leaves room for the development of novel approaches as well as for the exploration of novel combination therapies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. One such approach is targeting melanin pigment with radionuclide therapy. Advances in melanin-targeting radionuclide therapy of melanoma can be viewed from two spheres: (1) radioimmunotherapy (RIT) and (2) radiolabeled small molecules. The investigation of mechanisms of the action and efficacy of targeting melanin in melanoma treatment by RIT points to the involvement of the immune system such as complement dependent cytotoxicity. The combination of RIT with immunotherapy presents synergistic killing in mouse melanoma models. The field of radiolabeled small molecules is focused on radioiodinated compounds that have the ability to cross the cellular membranes to access intracellular melanin and can be applied in both therapy and imaging as theranostics. Clinical applications of targeting melanin with radionuclide therapies have produced encouraging results and clinical work is on-going. Continued work on targeting melanin with radionuclide therapy as a monotherapy, or possibly in combination with standard of care agents, has the potential to strengthen the current treatment options for melanoma patients.
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Kapoor U, Jayaraman A. Impact of Polydopamine Nanoparticle Surface Pattern and Roughness on Interactions with Poly(ethylene glycol) in Aqueous Solution: A Multiscale Modeling and Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6301-6313. [PMID: 35969690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A significant research effort in the past few years has been devoted to engineering synthetic mimics of naturally occurring eumelanin. One such effort has involved the assembly of oligomers of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), a synthetic precursor of polydopamine (PDA), into melanin-mimicking nanoparticles for use in a variety of applications with desired optical, photonic, thermal, and electrical properties. In many of these applications, the PDA nanoparticles are mixed with other polymers or oligomers, thus motivating this specific study to understand how the surface characteristics of the assembled PDA-nanoparticles affect their interaction with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains in aqueous solution. We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the interaction of linear 20-mer PEG chains with different PDA-nanoparticles assembled using four types of oligomers of 5,6-DHI: two isomers of 5,6-DHI 2-mers with the monomers bonding either at the 2-2' position (A-type isomer) or 7-7' position (B-type isomer), denoted as A:2-mer and B:2-mer, respectively, and a 4-mer and an 8-mer of B-type chemistry denoted as B:4-mer and B:8-mer, respectively. Using explicit-solvent atomistic MD simulations, we find that PDA-nanoparticle surfaces assembled from B:8-mer exhibit smaller density fluctuations of water molecules and, as a result, are relatively more hydrophilic than the PDA-nanoparticle surfaces assembled from A:2-mer, B:2-mer, and B:4-mer. The surface composition of PDA-nanoparticles assembled from A:2-mer contains relatively fewer hydroxyl (-OH) groups compared to PDA-nanoparticles assembled from a B:2-mer, B:4-mer, or B:8-mer, yet the sample of PEG chains show more collapsed and adsorbed conformations on A:2-mer nanoparticles' surface. To explain the atomistically observed behavior of PEG chains on the nanoparticles' surfaces, we use coarse-grained (CG) MD simulations and explain the roles of the pattern formed by the attractive sites (e.g.,-OH groups) exposed on the surface and the roughness of the surface on interactions with a genric PEG-like copolymer chain. By comparing atomistic and CG MD simulation results, we confirm that the -OH groups' pattern on the surface of the PDA-nanoparticle assembled from A:2-mer is patchier than the random or string-like patterns on the PDA-nanoparticle assembled from B:2-mer, B:4-mer, or B:8-mer, and it is this -OH groups' surface pattern that dictates the PEG chain conformations and adsorption on the PDA-nanoparticle surface. Overall, these results guide the design of chemically and physically heterogeneous nanoparticle surfaces for the desired polymer interaction and conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Kapoor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Xue A, Fan S. Matrices and Affinity Ligands for Antibody Purification and Corresponding Applications in Radiotherapy. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060821. [PMID: 35740946 PMCID: PMC9221399 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies have become an important class of biological products in cancer treatments such as radiotherapy. The growing therapeutic applications have driven a demand for high-purity antibodies. Affinity chromatography with a high affinity and specificity has always been utilized to separate antibodies from complex mixtures. Quality chromatographic components (matrices and affinity ligands) have either been found or generated to increase the purity and yield of antibodies. More importantly, some matrices (mainly particles) and affinity ligands (including design protocols) for antibody purification can act as radiosensitizers or carriers for therapeutic radionuclides (or for radiosensitizers) either directly or indirectly to improve the therapeutic efficiency of radiotherapy. This paper provides a brief overview on the matrices and ligands used in affinity chromatography that are involved in antibody purification and emphasizes their applications in radiotherapy to enrich potential approaches for improving the efficacy of radiotherapy.
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13
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Kose A, Oncel SS. Design of melanogenesis regulatory peptides derived from phycocyanin of the microalgae Spirulina platensis. Peptides 2022; 152:170783. [PMID: 35278583 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pigmentation issues are common conditions associated with excessive or insufficient production of melanin. Recently peptides are investigated to discover novel melanogenesis regulators as low molecular weight compounds to regulate skin pigmentation. In this study, an internal library of peptides obtained through in silico enzymatic digestion of phycocyanin from microalgae S. platensis was tested to apprehend their anti-melanogenic effects. Seven peptides were investigated for their inhibitory potential against mushroom and B16-F10 murine tyrosinase enzymes. According to the results, P5 (SPSWY) and P7 (AADQRGKDKCARDIGY) were effective in lowering the activity of mushroom and B16-F10 tyrosinases. P5 was the most potent (IC50 value, 12.1 µM) in mushroom which was followed by P2 (MAACLR, 86.9 µM). Although the peptides were particularly powerful in inhibiting monophenolase activity, only moderate inhibition was observed for diphenolase activity in mushroom tyrosinase assay. Apart from tyrosinase inhibition, P2 and P3 (RCLNGRL) were efficient DPPH radical scavengers at low concentrations (IC50 < 200 µM). In the mammalian assay system, P5 and P7 were noticeably effective to decrease tyrosinase enzyme activity with IC50 values of 48.9 and 34.2 µM, respectively. However, although P4 (RYVTYAVF) was a potent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitor, it increased melanin synthesis up to 3-fold in B16-F10 cells. The results indicate that C-terminal tyrosine residue is important for tyrosinase inhibition. This study shows, for the first time, that microalgae proteins can be regarded as sources for melanogenesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Kose
- Ege University Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suphi S Oncel
- Ege University Faculty of Engineering Department of Bioengineering, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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14
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Marcovici I, Coricovac D, Pinzaru I, Macasoi IG, Popescu R, Chioibas R, Zupko I, Dehelean CA. Melanin and Melanin-Functionalized Nanoparticles as Promising Tools in Cancer Research-A Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1838. [PMID: 35406610 PMCID: PMC8998143 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer poses an ongoing global challenge, despite the substantial progress made in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. The existing therapeutic methods remain limited by undesirable outcomes such as systemic toxicity and lack of specificity or long-term efficacy, although innovative alternatives are being continuously investigated. By offering a means for the targeted delivery of therapeutics, nanotechnology (NT) has emerged as a state-of-the-art solution for augmenting the efficiency of currently available cancer therapies while combating their drawbacks. Melanin, a polymeric pigment of natural origin that is widely spread among many living organisms, became a promising candidate for NT-based cancer treatment owing to its unique physicochemical properties (e.g., high biocompatibility, redox behavior, light absorption, chelating ability) and innate antioxidant, photoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. The latest research on melanin and melanin-like nanoparticles has extended considerably on many fronts, allowing not only efficient cancer treatments via both traditional and modern methods, but also early disease detection and diagnosis. The current paper provides an updated insight into the applicability of melanin in cancer therapy as antitumor agent, molecular target, and delivery nanoplatform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasmina Marcovici
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (D.C.); (I.G.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (D.C.); (I.G.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (D.C.); (I.G.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Gabriela Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (D.C.); (I.G.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.P.); (R.C.)
- Research Center ANAPATMOL, Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raul Chioibas
- Faculty of Medicine, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (R.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Istvan Zupko
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.M.); (D.C.); (I.G.M.); (C.A.D.)
- Research Center for Pharmaco-Toxicological Evaluations, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
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Natural Melanin: Current Trends, and Future Approaches, with Especial Reference to Microbial Source. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071339. [PMID: 35406213 PMCID: PMC9002885 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is a universal natural dark polymeric pigment, arising in microorganisms, animals, and plants. There is a couple of pieces of literature on melanin, each focusing on a different issue, the goal of the present review is to focus on microbial melanin. It has numerous benefits with very few drawbacks. The current situation and expected trends are discussed. Intriguing, numerous studies have provoked a serious necessity for a comprehensive assessment of microbial melanin pigments. So that, such review would help scholars from diverse backgrounds to realize the importance of melanin pigments isolated from microorganisms, with this aim in mind, information, and hypothesis from this review could be the paradigm for studies on melanin in the next era.
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16
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Zeng Z, Gao H, Chen C, Xiao L, Zhang K. Bioresponsive Nanomaterials: Recent Advances in Cancer Multimodal Imaging and Imaging-Guided Therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:881812. [PMID: 35372260 PMCID: PMC8971282 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.881812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a serious health problem which increasingly causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. It causes abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Traditional cancer treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and so on. These traditional therapies suffer from high toxicity and arouse safety concern in normal area and have difficulty in accurately targeting tumour. Recently, a variety of nanomaterials could be used for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanomaterials have several advantages, e.g., high concentration in tumour via targeting design, reduced toxicity in normal area and controlled drug release after various rational designs. They can combine with many types of biomaterials in order to improve biocompatibility. In this review, we outlined the latest research on the use of bioresponsive nanomaterials for various cancer imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and phototacoustic imaging) and imaging-guided therapy means (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy), followed by discussing the challenges and future perspectives of this bioresponsive nanomaterials in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Zeng
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huali Gao
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - CongXian Chen
- Cancer Center, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lianbo Xiao
- Orthopedic Surgery Department, Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lianbo Xiao, ; Kun Zhang,
| | - Kun Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lianbo Xiao, ; Kun Zhang,
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17
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Galeb HA, Lamantia A, Robson A, König K, Eichhorn J, Baldock SJ, Ashton MD, Baum JV, Mort RL, Robinson BJ, Schacher FH, Chechik V, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. The Polymerization of Homogentisic Acid in Vitro as a Model for Pyomelanin Formation. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21577 Saudi Arabia
| | - Angelo Lamantia
- Department of Physics Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Robson
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Katja König
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Lessingstraße 8 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Jonas Eichhorn
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Lessingstraße 8 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Sara J. Baldock
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - John V. Baum
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YG United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Robinson
- Department of Physics Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW United Kingdom
- Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institut für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena Lessingstraße 8 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry University of York Heslington, York YO10 5DD United Kingdom
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW United Kingdom
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
- Materials Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YB United Kingdom
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18
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Malo ME, Frank C, Khokhoev E, Gorbunov A, Dontsov A, Garg R, Dadachova E. Mitigating effects of sublethal and lethal whole-body gamma irradiation in a mouse model with soluble melanin. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:011508. [PMID: 35037901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac3dcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of radiation countermeasures is growing, however, currently there are no effective and non-toxic compounds which could be administered orally to the individuals post exposure to high doses of ionising radiation. The pigment melanin is ubiquitous through all kingdoms of life and provides selective advantage under radiation stress through its role as a chemical and physical shield, and its capacity to respond and react to exposures. Soluble allomelanin was administered to mice following whole-body exposure to lethal or sublethal doses of gamma radiation to determine its capacity to mitigate the effects of acute radiation syndrome, and its utility as a radiation countermeasure. Allomelanin has shown a trend to improve survival post an 8 Gy sublethal radiation exposure when administered up to 48 h post-irradiation. Furthermore, it improved median and overall survival to a 10 Gy lethal radiation exposure, specifically when administered at 24 h post-irradiation. Histological analysis on the jejunum region of the small intestine of this treatment group indicated that alterations of the mucosal and submucosal architecture, and disruption of the lymphatic system associated with lethal radiation exposure were mitigated when allomelanin was administered at 24 h post-irradiation. Based on this work soluble allomelanin derived from a fungal source could serve as an easily sourced, cost-effective, and viable countermeasure to accidental radiation exposure and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Malo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Connor Frank
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Alexander Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ravendra Garg
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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19
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Pan Y, Tang W, Fan W, Zhang J, Chen X. Development of nanotechnology-mediated precision radiotherapy for anti-metastasis and radioprotection. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9759-9830. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01145f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT), including external beam RT and internal radiation therapy, uses high-energy ionizing radiation to kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Wei Tang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Diagnostic Radiology, Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Faculty of Science and Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wenpei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Diseases, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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20
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Borg AM, Baker JE. Contemporary biomedical engineering perspective on volitional evolution for human radiotolerance enhancement beyond low-earth orbit. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab023. [PMID: 34522784 PMCID: PMC8434797 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary objective of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is expansion of humankind's presence outside low-Earth orbit, culminating in permanent interplanetary travel and habitation. Having no inherent means of physiological detection or protection against ionizing radiation, humans incur capricious risk when journeying beyond low-Earth orbit for long periods. NASA has made large investments to analyze pathologies from space radiation exposure, emphasizing the importance of characterizing radiation's physiological effects. Because natural evolution would require many generations to confer resistance against space radiation, immediately pragmatic approaches should be considered. Volitional evolution, defined as humans steering their own heredity, may inevitably retrofit the genome to mitigate resultant pathologies from space radiation exposure. Recently, uniquely radioprotective genes have been identified, conferring local or systemic radiotolerance when overexpressed in vitro and in vivo. Aiding in this process, the CRISPR/Cas9 technique is an inexpensive and reproducible instrument capable of making limited additions and deletions to the genome. Although cohorts can be identified and engineered to protect against radiation, alternative and supplemental strategies should be seriously considered. Advanced propulsion and mild synthetic torpor are perhaps the most likely to be integrated. Interfacing artificial intelligence with genetic engineering using predefined boundary conditions may enable the computational modeling of otherwise overly complex biological networks. The ethical context and boundaries of introducing genetically pioneered humans are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Borg
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John E Baker
- Radiation Biosciences Laboratory, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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21
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Meyer CE, Schoenenberger CA, Wehr RP, Wu D, Palivan CG. Artificial Melanogenesis by Confining Melanin/Polydopamine Production inside Polymersomes. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100249. [PMID: 34510748 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Melanin and polydopamine are potent biopolymers for the development of biomedical nanosystems. However, applications of melanin or polydopamine-based nanoparticles are limited by drawbacks related to a compromised colloidal stability over long time periods and associated cytotoxicity. To overcome these hurdles, a novel strategy is proposed that mimics the confinement of natural melanin in melanosomes. Melanosome mimics are developed by co-encapsulating the melanin/polydopamine precursors L-DOPA/dopamine with melanogenic enzyme Tyrosinase within polymersomes. The conditions of polymersome formation are optimized to obtain melanin/polydopamine polymerization within the cavity of the polymersomes. Similar to native melanosomes, polymersomes containing melanin/polydopamine show long-term colloidal stability, cell-compatibility, and potential for cell photoprotection. This novel kind of artificial melanogenesis is expected to inspire new applications of the confined melanin/polydopamine biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Cora-Ann Schoenenberger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland.,NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo P Wehr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland
| | - Dalin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland.,NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia G Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, Basel, 4002, Switzerland.,NCCR-Molecular Systems Engineering, BPR1095, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
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22
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Understanding the way eumelanin works: A unique example of properties and skills driven by molecular heterogeneity. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Biomaterials for human space exploration: A review of their untapped potential. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:77-99. [PMID: 33962071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As biomaterial advances make headway into lightweight radiation protection, wound healing dressings, and microbe resistant surfaces, a relevance to human space exploration manifests itself. To address the needs of the human in space, a knowledge of the space environment becomes necessary. Both an understanding of the environment itself and an understanding of the physiological adaptations to that environment must inform design parameters. The space environment permits the fabrication of novel biomaterials that cannot be produced on Earth, but benefit Earth. Similarly, designing a biomaterial to address a space-based challenge may lead to novel biomaterials that will ultimately benefit Earth. This review describes several persistent challenges to human space exploration, a variety of biomaterials that might mitigate those challenges, and considers a special category of space biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work is a review of the major human and environmental challenges facing human spaceflight, and where biomaterials may mitigate some of those challenges. The work is significant because a broad range of biomaterials are applicable to the human space program, but the overlap is not widely known amongst biomaterials researchers who are unfamiliar with the challenges to human spaceflight. Additionaly, there are adaptations to microgravity that mimic the pathology of certain disease states ("terrestrial analogs") where treatments that help the overwhelmingly healthy astronauts can be applied to help those with the desease. Advances in space technology have furthered the technology in that field on Earth. By outlining ways that biomaterials can promote human space exploration, space-driven advances in biomaterials will further biomaterials technology.
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24
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Bayram S. Production, purification, and characterization of Streptomyces sp. strain MPPS2 extracellular pyomelanin pigment. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:4419-4426. [PMID: 34128104 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are natural pigments widely distributed in nature from bacteria to humans. These complex, negatively charged, amorphous, high molecular mass natural biopolymers have many different bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, liver protective effects, etc. In this study, some chemical and physical properties of the purified extracellular pyomelanin pigment were investigated via XRD (X-ray diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared), and 1H NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). Additionally, the melanin pigment producer Streptomyces sp. strain MPPS2 was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence analysis result was deposited in NCBI GenBank® under accession number MT825616.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Bayram
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey.
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25
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Cao W, Zhou X, McCallum NC, Hu Z, Ni QZ, Kapoor U, Heil CM, Cay KS, Zand T, Mantanona AJ, Jayaraman A, Dhinojwala A, Deheyn DD, Shawkey MD, Burkart MD, Rinehart JD, Gianneschi NC. Unraveling the Structure and Function of Melanin through Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2622-2637. [PMID: 33560127 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is ubiquitous in living organisms across different biological kingdoms of life, making it an important, natural biomaterial. Its presence in nature from microorganisms to higher animals and plants is attributed to the many functions of melanin, including pigmentation, radical scavenging, radiation protection, and thermal regulation. Generally, melanin is classified into five types-eumelanin, pheomelanin, neuromelanin, allomelanin, and pyomelanin-based on the various chemical precursors used in their biosynthesis. Despite its long history of study, the exact chemical makeup of melanin remains unclear, and it moreover has an inherent diversity and complexity of chemical structure, likely including many functions and properties that remain to be identified. Synthetic mimics have begun to play a broader role in unraveling structure and function relationships of natural melanins. In the past decade, polydopamine, which has served as the conventional form of synthetic eumelanin, has dominated the literature on melanin-based materials, while the synthetic analogues of other melanins have received far less attention. In this perspective, we will discuss the synthesis of melanin materials with a special focus beyond polydopamine. We will emphasize efforts to elucidate biosynthetic pathways and structural characterization approaches that can be harnessed to interrogate specific structure-function relationships, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy. We believe that this timely Perspective will introduce this class of biopolymer to the broader chemistry community, where we hope to stimulate new opportunities in novel, melanin-based poly-functional synthetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qing Zhe Ni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Utkarsh Kapoor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Christian M Heil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristine S Cay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tara Zand
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alex J Mantanona
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Dimitri D Deheyn
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, United States
| | - Matthew D Shawkey
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructures Group, Department of Biology, The University of Ghent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael D Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rinehart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Roy S, Rhim JW. New insight into melanin for food packaging and biotechnology applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4629-4655. [PMID: 33523716 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a dark brown to black biomacromolecule with biologically active multifunctional properties that do not have a precise chemical structure, but its structure mainly depends on the polymerization conditions during the synthesis process. Natural melanin can be isolated from various animal, plant, and microbial sources, while synthetic melanin-like compounds can be synthesized by simple polymerization of dopamine. Melanin is widely used in various areas due to its functional properties such as photosensitivity, light barrier property, free radical scavenging ability, antioxidant activity, etc. It also has an excellent ability to act as a reducing agent and capping agent to synthesize various metal nanoparticles. Melanin nanoparticles (MNP) or melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNP) have the unique potential to act as functional materials to improve nanocomposite films' physical and functional properties. Various food packaging and biomedical applications have been made alone or by mixing melanin or MLNP. In this review, the general aspects of melanin that highlight biological activity, along with a description of MNP and the use as nanofillers in packaging films as well as reducing and capping agents and biomedical applications, were comprehensively reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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28
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Liao Y, Wang D, Gu Z. Research Progress of Nanomaterials for Radioprotection. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shi H, Suo Y, Zhang Z, Liu R, Liu H, Cheng Z. Copper(II)-disulfiram loaded melanin-dots for cancer theranostics. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 32:102340. [PMID: 33227540 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II) diethyldithiocarbamate complex (CuET), the metabolite of disulfiram complexed with copper, is the component responsible for cancer treatment efficacy of disulfiram. But the hydrophobic property of CuET limits its use in vivo, and an appropriate drug delivery system needs to be developed. Ultrasmall melanin nanoparticle (M-Dot) with excellent biosafety and biocompatibility properties has been synthesized in our previous studies. Herein we prepared CuET loaded with M-Dots through hydrophobic interaction, which could enhance the water solubility significantly. After the administration of M-Dots-CuET in mice tumor models, the nanoparticles showed good tumor accumulation as evidenced by the enhanced photoacoustic signal in tumor regions. M-Dots-CuET also displayed excellent tumor inhibition capability, and the tumor growth inhibition value (TGI) was 45.1%. When combined with photothermal therapy, the TGI reached up to 78.6%. In summary, M-Dots-CuET provide a new potential strategy for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongkuan Suo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongguang Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Zhen Cheng
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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A biomimetic approach to shielding from ionizing radiation: The case of melanized fungi. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229921. [PMID: 32330147 PMCID: PMC7182175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanized fungi have been shown to thrive in environments with high radionuclide concentrations, which led to the association of the pigment melanin with the protection against ionizing radiation. Several hypotheses regarding the function of melanin have been proposed. Yet, the exact mechanism behind the protective property of melanin is unclear and poorly explored. A better understanding of the mechanisms that are involved in increasing the tolerance of the organisms to ionizing radiation could lead to technology transfer to human-related applications. Effective protection from radiation is essential for human space flight in general and human missions beyond Low Earth Orbit specifically. In this paper, we follow a biomimetic approach: we test two of current hypotheses and discuss how they could be applied to radiation shield designs. First we focus on the interaction of melanin with high energy electrons, which has been suspected to reduce the kinetic energy of the electrons through a cascade of collisions, thus providing physical shielding. Second, we investigate if the spatial arrangement of melanin, organized as a thin film or a collection of hollow micro-spheres, affects its shielding properties. To this end, we measured experimentally and by numerical simulations the attenuation of β-radiation as pass through solutions and suspensions of melanin and contrasted the values to the ones of cellulose, a substance with similar elemental composition. Further, we investigate the spatial arrangement hypothesis using Monte Carlo simulations. In agreement with the simulations, our experiments indicated that melanin does not provide improved shielding in comparison to cellulose from β-radiation. However, our simulations suggest a substantial effect of the spatial arrangement on the shielding performance of melanin, a pathway that could be transferred to the design of composite radiation shields.
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Liu H, Yang Y, Liu Y, Pan J, Wang J, Man F, Zhang W, Liu G. Melanin-Like Nanomaterials for Advanced Biomedical Applications: A Versatile Platform with Extraordinary Promise. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903129. [PMID: 32274309 PMCID: PMC7141020 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Developing efficient, sustainable, and biocompatible high-tech nanoplatforms derived from naturally existing components in living organisms is highly beneficial for diverse advanced biomedical applications. Melanins are nontoxic natural biopolymers owning widespread distribution in various biosystems, possessing fascinating physicochemical properties and playing significant physiological roles. The multifunctionality together with intrinsic biocompatibility renders bioinspired melanin-like nanomaterials considerably promising as a versatile and powerful nanoplatform with broad bioapplication prospects. This panoramic Review starts with an overview of the fundamental physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and polymerization mechanisms of melanins. A systematical and well-bedded description of recent advancements of melanin-like nanomaterials regarding diverse biomedical applications is then given, mainly focusing on biological imaging, photothermal therapy, drug delivery for tumor treatment, and other emerging biomedicine-related implementations. Finally, current challenges toward clinical translation with an emphasis on innovative design strategies and future striving directions are rationally discussed. This comprehensive and detailed Review provides a deep understanding of the current research status of melanin-like nanomaterials and is expected to motivate further optimization of the design of novel tailorable and marketable multifunctional nanoplatforms in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Youyuan Yang
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of UltrasoundThe First Affiliated HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400038China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
| | - Junqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510275China
| | - Fengyuan Man
- Department of RadiologyPLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical CenterBeijing100088China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of RadiologyDaping HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqing400042China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Imaging and Nuclear MedicineChongqing400042China
| | - Gang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamen361102China
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Kapoor U, Jayaraman A. Self-Assembly of Allomelanin Dimers and the Impact of Poly(ethylene glycol) on the Assembly: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2702-2714. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Kapoor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Caldas M, Santos AC, Veiga F, Rebelo R, Reis RL, Correlo VM. Melanin nanoparticles as a promising tool for biomedical applications - a review. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:26-43. [PMID: 32014585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is a biopolymer of easy and cheap availability that can be found among the living organisms and excels for its biocompatibility and biodegradability properties, along with scavenging abilities, metal chelation and electronic conductance. This biomaterial can act as a nanocarrier or agent itself to be used in diverse biomedical applications, such as imaging, controlled drug release, bioengineering and bioelectronics, antioxidant applications and theranostics. In this review, the melanin source and structure, its physicochemical properties, melanin-like polymers as well as the differences among those will be elucidated. The focus will be the discussion of the current approaches that apply melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) and melanin-like nanoparticles (MLNPs) in the biomedical field, to which promising capabilities have been attributed, regarding optoelectronic, photoconductivity and photoacoustic. The use of these nanoparticles, in the last 10 years, in topics as drug delivery or theranostics will be detailed and the major achievements will be discussed. Overall, we anticipate that melanin can drive us toward a new paradigm in medical diagnostics and treatments, since applying melanin features possibly its use as a theranostics nanocarrier agent, not only for diagnostics, but also for photothermal therapy and controlled drug release through chemotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present here a timely and opportune review article focusing the significant potential of melanin nanoparticles in biomedical applications, which will be discussed thoroughly. This biomaterial presents multiple capabilities that may be taken into consideration towards cancer theranostics, expecting a high future impact in the nanosized-platforms design and performance.
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Schultzhaus Z, Romsdahl J, Chen A, Tschirhart T, Kim S, Leary D, Wang Z. The response of the melanized yeast Exophiala dermatitidis to gamma radiation exposure. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1310-1326. [PMID: 32011087 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The melanized yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is resistant to many environmental stresses and is used as a model for understanding the diverse roles of melanin in fungi. Here, we describe the extent of resistance of E. dermatitidis to acute γ-radiation exposure and the major mechanisms it uses to recover from this stress. We find that melanin does not protect E. dermatitidis from γ-radiation. Instead, environmental factors such as nutrient availability, culture age and culture density are much greater determinants of cell survival after exposure. We also observe a dramatic transcriptomic response to γ-radiation that mobilizes pathways involved in morphological development, protein degradation and DNA repair, and is unaffected by the presence of melanin. Together, these results suggest that the ability of E. dermatitidis to survive γ-radiation exposure is determined by the prior and the current metabolic state of the cells as well as DNA repair mechanisms, and that small changes in these conditions can lead to large effects in radiation resistance, which should be taken into account when understanding how diverse fungi recover from this unique stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Schultzhaus
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, National Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, National Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amy Chen
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tanya Tschirhart
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Seongwon Kim
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dagmar Leary
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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Zhou X, McCallum NC, Hu Z, Cao W, Gnanasekaran K, Feng Y, Stoddart JF, Wang Z, Gianneschi NC. Artificial Allomelanin Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10980-10990. [PMID: 31524373 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Allomelanin is a type of nitrogen-free melanin most commonly found in fungi. Its existence enhances resistance of the organisms to environmental damage and helps fungi survive harsh radiation conditions such as those found on spacecraft and inside contaminated nuclear power plants. We report the preparation and characterization of artificial allomelanin nanoparticles (AMNPs) via oxidative oligomerization of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN). We describe the resulting morphological and size control of AMNPs and demonstrate that they are radical scavengers. Finally, we show that AMNPs are taken up by neonatal human epidermal keratinocytes and packaged into perinuclear caps where they quench reactive oxygen species generated following UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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36
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Nanomelanin Potentially Protects the Spleen from Radiotherapy-Associated Damage and Enhances Immunoactivity in Tumor-Bearing Mice. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101725. [PMID: 31137873 PMCID: PMC6567087 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy side-effects present serious problems in cancer treatment. Melanin, a natural polymer with low toxicity, is considered as a potential radio-protector; however, its application as an agent against irradiation during cancer treatment has still received little attention. In this study, nanomelanin particles were prepared, characterized and applied in protecting the spleens of tumor-bearing mice irradiated with X-rays. These nanoparticles had sizes varying in the range of 80–200 nm and contained several important functional groups such as carboxyl (-COO), carbonyl (-C=O) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups on the surfaces. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with nanomelanin at a concentration of 40 mg/kg before irradiating with a single dose of 6.0 Gray of X-ray at a high dose rate (1.0 Gray/min). Impressively, X-ray caused mild splenic fibrosis in 40% of nanomelanin-protected mice, whereas severe fibrosis was observed in 100% of mice treated with X-ray alone. Treatment with nanomelanin also partly rescued the volume and weight of mouse spleens from irradiation through promoting the transcription levels of splenic Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α). More interestingly, splenic T cell and dendritic cell populations were 1.91 and 1.64-fold higher in nanomelanin-treated mice than those in mice which received X-ray alone. Consistently, the percentage of lymphocytes was also significantly greater in blood from nanomelanin-treated mice. In addition, nanomelanin might indirectly induce apoptosis in tumor tissues via activation of TNF-α, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes. In summary, our results demonstrate that nanomelanin protects spleens from X-ray irradiation and consequently enhances immunoactivity in tumor-bearing mice; therefore, we present nanomelanin as a potential protector against damage from radiotherapy in cancer treatment.
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Qi C, Fu LH, Xu H, Wang TF, Lin J, Huang P. Melanin/polydopamine-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Long W, Wang J, Yang J, Wu H, Wang J, Mu X, He H, Liu Q, Sun YM, Wang H, Zhang XD. Naturally-Derived PHA-L Protein Nanoparticle as a Radioprotector Through Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 5. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2019; 15:62-76. [PMID: 30480515 PMCID: PMC6300143 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2019.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High energy ray in medical diagnosis and therapy can benefit to patients, but can also cause the significant damages to biomolecules such as DNA, as well as free radical generation, inevitably leading to numerous side effects. Small molecular radioprotectors provide an effective route to preserve the healthy tissue and whole body from ionizing radiation, but always have a short circulation time in body. Inorganic nanoparticles show major protection effect but their heavy metal components considerably jeopardize translational promise due to suboptimal biocompatibility. Herein, we report a novel protein nanoparticle that can overcome limitations of both small molecular and inorganic nanoparticle radioprotectors and can be used as a radioprotector with spontaneous biocompatibility, outstanding pharmacokinetics and improvement on survival rate under exposure to γ-ray irradiation. PHA-L protein nanoparticle serves to clear excessive reactive oxygen species in vivo, prevents radiation-induced hematopoietic and gastrointestinal damages and boosts the survival rate of irradiated mice to ∼70%. A detailed study of the mechanism shows PHA-L protein nanoparticle can target and activate the toll-like receptor 5 in vitro and in vivo, and thus protect irradiated cells by immune response. Importantly, the PHA-L protein nanoparticle can perform highly efficient clearance while eliciting negligible toxicological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Junying Wang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hongying Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
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de Andrade Carvalho H, Villar RC. Radiotherapy and immune response: the systemic effects of a local treatment. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e557s. [PMID: 30540123 PMCID: PMC6257057 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e557s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological developments have allowed improvements in radiotherapy delivery, with higher precision and better sparing of normal tissue. For many years, it has been well known that ionizing radiation has not only local action but also systemic effects by triggering many molecular signaling pathways. There is still a lack of knowledge of this issue. This review focuses on the current literature about the effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system, either suppressing or stimulating the host reactions against the tumor, and the factors that interact with these responses, such as the radiation dose and dose / fraction effects in the tumor microenvironment and vasculature. In addition, some implications of these effects in cancer treatment, mainly in combined strategies, are addressed from the perspective of their interactions with the more advanced technology currently available, such as heavy ion therapy and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa de Andrade Carvalho
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Divisao de Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Servico de Radioterapia, Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rosangela Correa Villar
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Divisao de Radioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Servico de Radioterapia, Centro Infantil Boldrini, Campinas, SP, BR
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Adjei IM, Temples MN, Brown SB, Sharma B. Targeted Nanomedicine to Treat Bone Metastasis. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E205. [PMID: 30366428 PMCID: PMC6320768 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone metastases are common complications of solid tumors, particularly those of the prostate, breast, and lungs. Bone metastases can lead to painful and devastating skeletal-related events (SREs), such as pathological fractures and nerve compressions. Despite advances in treatment for cancers in general, options for bone metastases remain inadequate and generally palliative. Anticancer drugs (chemotherapy and radiopharmaceuticals) do not achieve therapeutic concentrations in the bone and are associated with dose-limiting side effects to healthy tissues. Nanomedicines, with their tunable characteristics, have the potential to improve drug targeting to bone metastases while decreasing side effects for their effective treatment. In this review, we present the current state of the art for nanomedicines to treat bone metastases. We also discuss new treatment modalities enhanced by nanomedicine and their effects on SREs and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Adjei
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA.
| | - Madison N Temples
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA.
| | - Shannon B Brown
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA.
| | - Blanka Sharma
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611, FL, USA.
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Xie J, Wang C, Zhao F, Gu Z, Zhao Y. Application of Multifunctional Nanomaterials in Radioprotection of Healthy Tissues. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800421. [PMID: 30019546 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has been extensively used in clinic for malignant tumors treatment. However, a severe challenge of it is that the ionizing radiation needed to kill tumors inevitably causes damage to surrounding normal tissues. Although some of the molecular radioprotective drugs, such as amifostine, have been used as clinical adjuvants to radio-protect healthy tissues, their shortcomings such as short systemic circulation time and fast biological clearing from the body largely hinder the sustained bioactivity. Recently, with the rapid development of nanotechnology in the biological field, the multifunctional nanomaterials not only establish powerful drug delivery systems to improve the molecular radioprotective drugs' biological availability, but also open a new route to develop neozoic radioprotective agents because some nanoparticles possess intrinsic radioprotective abilities. Therefore, considering these overwhelming superiorities, this review systematically summarizes the advances in healthy tissue radioprotection applications of multifunctional nanomaterials. Furthermore, this review also points out a perspective of nanomaterial designs for radioprotection applications and discusses the challenges and future outlooks of the nanomaterial-mediated radioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Feng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety; Institute of High Energy Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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Pacelli C, Bryan RA, Onofri S, Selbmann L, Zucconi L, Shuryak I, Dadachova E. The effect of protracted X-ray exposure on cell survival and metabolic activity of fast and slow growing fungi capable of melanogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 10:255-263. [PMID: 29473314 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse how protracted exposure to X-rays delivered at low dose rates of 0.0032-0.052 kGy h-1 affects the survival and metabolic activity of two microfungi capable of melanogenesis: fast-growing Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) and slow-growing Cryomyces antarcticus (CA). Melanized CN and CA cells survived the protracted exposure better than non-melanized ones, which was consistent with previous reports on the radioprotective role of melanin in these fungi after high dose rate exposures. The survival data were described by the linear quadratic dose response model. The XTT metabolic profiles were practically identical for melanized CN and CA with activity dose-dependent increasing: no changes in the activity of the non-melanized CN and CA were recorded by this assay. In contrast, the MTT assay, which measures the intracellular energy-related processes, recorded an increase in activity of non-melanized CN and CA cells, but not in their melanized counterparts. This could reflect intensive repair processes initiated by the non-melanized cells post exposure. This study suggests that differences in radiation responses between melanized and non-melanized fungal cells occur over a wide range of radiation dose rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pacelli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth A Bryan
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Permyakova N, Zheltonozhskaya T, Beregova T, Klymchuk D, Falalyeyeva T. Self-assambling nanocarriers for melanin delivery. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/polymerj.40.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Szilágyi M, Anton F, Pócsi I, Emri T. Autolytic enzymes are responsible for increased melanization of carbon stressed Aspergillus nidulans cultures. J Basic Microbiol 2018; 58:440-447. [PMID: 29266292 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanization of carbon stressed Aspergillus nidulans cultures were studied. Melanin production showed strong positive correlation with the activity of the secreted chitinase and ß-1,3-glucanase. Deletion of either chiB encoding an autolytic endochitinase or engA encoding an autolytic ß-1,3-endoglucanase, or both, almost completely prevented melanization of carbon stressed cultures. In contrast, addition of Trichoderma lyticase to cultures induced melanin production. Synthetic melanin could efficiently inhibit the purified ChiB chitinase activity. It could also efficiently decrease the intensity of hyphal fragmentation and pellet disorganization in Trichoderma lyticase treated cultures. Glyphosate, an inhibitor of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-type melanin synthesis, could prevent melanization of carbon-starved cultures and enhanced pellet disorganization, while pyroquilon, a 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-type melanin synthesis inhibitor, enhanced melanization, and prevented pellet disorganization. We concluded that cell wall stress induced by autolytic cell wall hydrolases was responsible for melanization of carbon-starved cultures. The produced melanin can shield the living cells but may not inhibit the degradation and reutilization of cell wall materials of dead hyphae. Controlling the activity of autolytic hydrolase production can be an efficient approach to prevent unwanted melanization in the fermentation industry, while applying melanin synthesis inhibitors can decrease the resistance of pathogenic fungi against the chitinases produced by the host organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Szilágyi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Anton
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Melanin nanoparticles: Antioxidant activities and effects on γ-ray-induced DNA damage in the mouse. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 828:15-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Silvestri B, Vitiello G, Luciani G, Calcagno V, Costantini A, Gallo M, Parisi S, Paladino S, Iacomino M, D'Errico G, Caso MF, Pezzella A, d'Ischia M. Probing the Eumelanin-Silica Interface in Chemically Engineered Bulk Hybrid Nanoparticles for Targeted Subcellular Antioxidant Protection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37615-37622. [PMID: 29022703 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b11839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We disclose herein the first example of stable monodispersed hybrid nanoparticles (termed MelaSil-NPs) made up of eumelanin biopolymer intimately integrated into a silica nanoscaffold matrix and endowed with high antioxidant and cytoprotective effects associated with a specific subcellular localization. MelaSil-NPs have been fabricated by an optimized sol-gel methodology involving ammonia-induced oxidative polymerization of a covalent conjugate of the eumelanin building block 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilanes (APTS). They displayed a round-shaped (ca. 50-80 nm) morphology, exhibited the typical electron paramagnetic resonance signal of eumelanin biopolymers, and proved effective in promoting decomposition of hydrogen peroxide under physiologically relevant conditions. When administered to human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) or cervical cancer cells (HeLa), MelaSil-NPs were rapidly internalized and colocalized with lysosomes and exerted efficient protecting effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigida Silvestri
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II" , p.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II" , p.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- CSGI, Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Sesto Fiorentino , via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Luciani
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II" , p.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calcagno
- Institute of Biophysics and Medical Physic, University of Leipzig , Härtelstraße 16-18, D-04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II" , p.le V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "'Federico II"', Naples , Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Parisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "'Federico II"', Naples , Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate , Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "'Federico II"', Naples , Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate , Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Iacomino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- CSGI, Consorzio interuniversitario per lo sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Sesto Fiorentino , via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - M Federica Caso
- Nanofaber Spin-off at Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre , Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) , Florence 50121, Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), CNR , Via Campi Flegrei 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Marco d'Ischia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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Büngeler A, Hämisch B, Strube OI. The Supramolecular Buildup of Eumelanin: Structures, Mechanisms, Controllability. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1901. [PMID: 28878140 PMCID: PMC5618550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the supramolecular buildup of eumelanin has gained high momentum in the last years. Several new aspects regarding the involved structures and mechanisms have been established, which has led to a better understanding of the entire process. This review intends to provide a clearly laid-out summary of previous and new findings regarding structures, mechanisms, and controllability. With respect to materials applications, the aspect of controllability is of supreme importance. A focus of this review is therefore set on a novel method with high potential for specific synthesis of various, isolated particle morphologies. Finally, open questions and possibilities for their elucidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Büngeler
- Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Hämisch
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
| | - Oliver I Strube
- Biobased and Bioinspired Materials, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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Morphological changes in melanized and non-melanized Cryptococcus neoformans cells post exposure to sparsely and densely ionizing radiation demonstrate protective effect of melanin. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:449-456. [PMID: 29801788 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for novel and effective prophylactic treatments and radioprotective materials to protect civilians and military personnel from ionizing radiation in contaminated environments. Melanin, a naturally occurring, ubiquitous pigment, has been shown to confer radioresistance, acting as a potential radioprotective agent. We have demonstrated that melanized Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) cells had improved survival post ionizing irradiation than non-melanized ones. The goal of this study was to identify morphological changes in melanized and non-melanized CN cells following irradiation with densely-ionizing deuterons and alpha particles relative to sparsely-ionizing gamma radiation. We observed significant differences between the melanized and non-melanized CN cellular ultrastructure following irradiation. Melanized CN cells were relatively resistant to mid and max-dose levels of alpha particles and deuterons irradiation. Following irradiation the capsule was stripped, but the cell wall was intact and structural integrity was maintained. At the maximum dose, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and mitochondrial swelling started to occur. In contrast, the non-melanized CN strain was sensitive to the mid-dose radiation. Non-melanized cells presented two morphologies: small condensed, and swollen, lacking structural integrity. This morphological investigation provides the first direct evidence of the radioprotective properties of melanin in CN cells subjected to high RBE and high LET ionizing radiation.
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Cordero RJB. Melanin for space travel radioprotection. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:2529-2532. [PMID: 28419675 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Radames J B Cordero
- Harry Feinstone Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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50
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Current Status of Targeted Radioprotection and Radiation Injury Mitigation and Treatment Agents: A Critical Review of the Literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 98:662-682. [PMID: 28581409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
As more cancer patients survive their disease, concerns about radiation therapy-induced side effects have increased. The concept of radioprotection and radiation injury mitigation and treatment offers the possibility to enhance the therapeutic ratio of radiation therapy by limiting radiation therapy-induced normal tissue injury without compromising its antitumor effect. Advances in the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of radiation toxicity have stimulated radiation oncologists to target these pathways across different organ systems. These generalized radiation injury mechanisms include production of free radicals such as superoxides, activation of inflammatory pathways, and vascular endothelial dysfunction leading to tissue hypoxia. There is a significant body of literature evaluating the effectiveness of various treatments in preventing, mitigating, or treating radiation-induced normal tissue injury. Whereas some reviews have focused on a specific disease site or agent, this critical review focuses on a mechanistic classification of activity and assesses multiple agents across different disease sites. The classification of agents used herein further offers a useful framework to organize the multitude of treatments that have been studied. Many commonly available treatments have demonstrated benefit in prevention, mitigation, and/or treatment of radiation toxicity and warrant further investigation. These drug-based approaches to radioprotection and radiation injury mitigation and treatment represent an important method of making radiation therapy safer.
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