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Silverwood S, Lichter K, Conway A, Drew T, McComas KN, Zhang S, Gopakumar GM, Abdulbaki H, Smolen KA, Mohamad O, Grover S. Distance Traveled by Patients Globally to Access Radiation Therapy: A Systematic Review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:891-899. [PMID: 37949324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the travel patterns of patients seeking radiation therapy globally. It examined the distance patients travel for radiation therapy as well as secondary outcomes, including travel time. METHODS AND MATERIALS A comprehensive search of 4 databases was conducted from June 2022 to August 2022. Studies were included in the review if they were observational, retrospective, randomized/nonrandomized, published between June 2000 and June 2022, and if they reported on the global distance traveled for radiation therapy in the treatment of malignant or benign disease. Studies were excluded if they did not report travel distance or were not written in English. RESULTS Of the 168 studies, most were conducted in North America (76.3%), with 90.7% based in the United States. Radiation therapy studies for treating patients with breast cancer were the most common (26.6%), while external beam radiation therapy was the most prevalent treatment modality (16.6%). Forty-six studies reported the mean distance traveled for radiation therapy, with the shortest being 4.8 miles in the United States and the longest being 276.5 miles in Iran. It was observed that patients outside of the United States traveled greater distances than those living within the United States. Geographic location, urban versus rural residence, and patient population characteristics affected the distance patients traveled for radiation therapy. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides the most extensive summary to date of the travel patterns of patients seeking radiation therapy globally. The results suggest that various factors may contribute to the variability in travel distance patterns, including treatment center location, patient residence, and treatment modality. Overall, the study highlights the need for more research to explore these factors and to develop effective strategies for improving radiation therapy access and reducing travel burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Silverwood
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
| | - Katie Lichter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Taylor Drew
- Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Kyra N McComas
- Department of Radiation Oncology Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Biostatistics Analysis Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Hasan Abdulbaki
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Osama Mohamad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Surbhi Grover
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Botswana-UPenn Partnership, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Njoku A, Sawadogo W, Frimpong P. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cancer Occurrence and Outcomes in Rural United States: A Scoping Review. Cancer Control 2024; 31:10732748241261558. [PMID: 38857181 PMCID: PMC11165954 DOI: 10.1177/10732748241261558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the United States. Most studies have reported rural versus urban and Black versus White cancer disparities. However, few studies have investigated racial disparities in rural areas. OBJECTIVE We conducted a literature review to explore the current state of knowledge on racial and ethnic disparities in cancer attitudes, knowledge, occurrence, and outcomes in rural United States. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was performed. Peer-reviewed articles published in English from 2004-2023 were included. Three authors independently reviewed the articles and reached a consensus. RESULTS After reviewing 993 articles, a total of 30 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the present review. Studies revealed that underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in rural areas were more likely to have low cancer-related knowledge, low screening, high incidence, less access to treatment, and high mortality compared to their White counterparts. CONCLUSION Underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in rural areas experienced a high burden of cancer. Improving social determinants of health may help reduce cancer disparities and promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuli Njoku
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human Services, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wendemi Sawadogo
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human Services, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Princess Frimpong
- Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human Services, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Amiri S, Robison J, Pflugeisen C, Monsivais P, Amram O. Travel Burden to Cancer Screening and Treatment Facilities Among Washington Women: Data From an Integrated Healthcare Delivery System. COMMUNITY HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH & POLICY 2023:2752535X231215881. [PMID: 37975231 DOI: 10.1177/2752535x231215881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize distance traveled for breast cancer screening and to sites of service for breast cancer treatment, among rural and urban women served by a Washington State healthcare network. METHODS Data for this study came from one of the largest not-for-profit integrated healthcare delivery systems in Washington State. Generalized linear mixed models with gamma log link function were used to examine the associations between travel distance and sociodemographic and contextual characteristics of patients. RESULTS Median travel distance for breast cancer screening facilities, hematologist/oncologists, radiation oncologists, or surgeons was 11, 19, 23, or 11 miles, respectively. Travel distance to breast cancer screening or referral facilities was longer in non-core metropolitan ZIP codes compared to metropolitan ZIP codes. AI/AN and Hispanic women travelled longer distances to reach referral facilities compared to other racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSION Disparities exist in travel distance to breast cancer screening and treatment. Further research is needed to describe sociodemographic and system level characteristics that contribute to such disparities and to discover novel approaches to alleviate this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Amiri
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health (IREACH), Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeanne Robison
- Multicare Deaconess Cancer & Blood Specialty Centers, Spokane, WA, USA
| | | | - Pablo Monsivais
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Ofer Amram
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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Fagerstrom JM, Windsor C, Zaks D. Equity, diversity, and inclusion topics at a medical physics residency journal club. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e14126. [PMID: 37583276 PMCID: PMC10476978 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A journal club program was initiated in a clinically focused, geographically distributed medical physics therapy residency program. This program currently supports two residents at different clinical sites, who regularly present at the new journal club. For one of the sessions, residents were assigned to present on topics related to the broad themes of equity, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) in the context of medical physics, radiation oncology, or medical oncology. As in other journal club sessions, residents were responsible for choosing their respective articles within required criteria and with approval from the program director. The session was executed in late 2022, with both residents leading and facilitating discussion for the residents, the residency program director, and all residency faculty members. This education case report will include the learning objectives for the journal club session, a description of the content covered in the session, discussion regarding the session's alignment with the original learning objectives, and ideas for program directors intending to include evidence-based EDI topics in journal clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Zaks
- Northwest Medical Physics CenterLynnwoodWashingtonUSA
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Amiri S, Greer MD, Muller CJ, Johansson P, Petras A, Allick CC, London SM, Abbey MC, Halasz LM, Buchwald DS. Disparities in Access to Radiation Therapy by Race and Ethnicity in the United States With Focus on American Indian/Alaska Native People. VALUE IN HEALTH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 25:1929-1938. [PMID: 35525833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Striking disparities in access to radiation therapy (RT) exist, especially among racial and ethnic-minority patients. We analyzed census block group data to evaluate differences in travel distance to RT as a function of race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and rurality. METHODS The Directory of Radiotherapy Centers provided the addresses of facilities containing linear accelerators for RT. We classified block groups as majority (≥ 50%) American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), black, white, Asian, no single racial majority, or Hispanic regardless of race. We used the Area Deprivation Index to classify deprivation and Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes to classify rurality. Generalized linear mixed models tested associations between these factors and distance to nearest RT facility. RESULTS Median distance to nearest RT facility was 72 miles in AI/AN-majority block groups, but 4 to 7 miles in block groups with non-AI/AN majorities. Multivariable models estimated that travel distances in AI/AN-majority block groups were 39 to 41 miles longer than in areas with non-AI/AN majorities. Travel distance was 1.3 miles longer in the more deprived areas versus less deprived areas and 16 to 32 miles longer in micropolitan, small town, and rural areas versus metropolitan areas. CONCLUSIONS Cancer patients in block groups with AI/AN-majority populations, nonmetropolitan location, and low socioeconomic status experience substantial travel disparities in access to RT. Future research with more granular community- and individual-level data should explore the many other known barriers to access to cancer care and their relationship to the barriers posed by distance to RT care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Amiri
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Matthew D Greer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clemma J Muller
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Patrik Johansson
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthippy Petras
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cole C Allick
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara M London
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgan C Abbey
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Lia M Halasz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dedra S Buchwald
- Institute for Research and Education to Advance Community Health, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Seattle, WA, USA
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