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Yuan Y, Cui Y, Zhao D, Yuan Y, Zhao Y, Li D, Jiang X, Zhao G. Complement networks in gene-edited pig xenotransplantation: enhancing transplant success and addressing organ shortage. J Transl Med 2024; 22:324. [PMID: 38566098 PMCID: PMC10986007 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The shortage of organs for transplantation emphasizes the urgent need for alternative solutions. Xenotransplantation has emerged as a promising option due to the greater availability of donor organs. However, significant hurdles such as hyperacute rejection and organ ischemia-reperfusion injury pose major challenges, largely orchestrated by the complement system, and activated immune responses. The complement system, a pivotal component of innate immunity, acts as a natural barrier for xenotransplantation. To address the challenges of immune rejection, gene-edited pigs have become a focal point, aiming to shield donor organs from human immune responses and enhance the overall success of xenotransplantation. This comprehensive review aims to illuminate strategies for regulating complement networks to optimize the efficacy of gene-edited pig xenotransplantation. We begin by exploring the impact of the complement system on the effectiveness of xenotransplantation. Subsequently, we delve into the evaluation of key complement regulators specific to gene-edited pigs. To further understand the status of xenotransplantation, we discuss preclinical studies that utilize gene-edited pigs as a viable source of organs. These investigations provide valuable insights into the feasibility and potential success of xenotransplantation, offering a bridge between scientific advancements and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglin Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dayue Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Longquanyi District of Chengdu Maternity & Child Health Care Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Gaoping Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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2
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Kavand A, Noverraz F, Gerber-Lemaire S. Recent Advances in Alginate-Based Hydrogels for Cell Transplantation Applications. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:469. [PMID: 38675129 PMCID: PMC11053880 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With its exceptional biocompatibility, alginate emerged as a highly promising biomaterial for a large range of applications in regenerative medicine. Whether in the form of microparticles, injectable hydrogels, rigid scaffolds, or bioinks, alginate provides a versatile platform for encapsulating cells and fostering an optimal environment to enhance cell viability. This review aims to highlight recent studies utilizing alginate in diverse formulations for cell transplantation, offering insights into its efficacy in treating various diseases and injuries within the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandrine Gerber-Lemaire
- Group for Functionalized Biomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (A.K.); (F.N.)
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3
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Wildey A, Harrington S, Stehno-Bittel L, Karanu F. Reduction of Activin A gives rise to comparable expression of key definitive endoderm and mature beta cell markers. Regen Med 2024; 19:47-63. [PMID: 38240144 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2023-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Cell therapies for diabetes rely on differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells, which is complex and expensive. Our goal was to evaluate production costs and test ways to reduce it. Methods: Cost of Goods (COGs) analysis for differentiation was completed and the effects of replacement or reduction of the most expensive item was tested using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry along with glucose-stimulated insulin release. Results: Activin A (AA) was responsible for significant cost. Replacement with small molecules failed to form definitive endoderm (DE). Reducing AA by 50% did not negatively affect expression of beta cell markers. Conclusion: Reduction of AA concentration is feasible without adversely affecting DE and islet-like cell differentiation, leading to significant cost savings in manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Stehno-Bittel
- Likarda LLC, Kansas City, MO 64137, USA
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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4
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Sakata N, Yoshimatsu G, Kawakami R, Aoyagi C, Kodama S. Optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1280668. [PMID: 37901206 PMCID: PMC10611499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1280668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine islet xenotransplantation represents a promising therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. Long-term culture of porcine islets is a crucial challenge to permit the on-demand provision of islets. We aimed to identify the optimal temperature for the long-term culture of adult porcine islets for xenotransplantation. We evaluated the factors potentially influencing successful 28-day culture of islets at 24°C and 37°C, and found that culture at 37°C contributed to the stability of the morphology of the islets, the proliferation of islet cells, and the recovery of endocrine function, indicated by the expression of genes involved in pancreatic development, hormone production, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These advantages may be provided by islet-derived CD146-positive stellate cells. The efficacy of xenotransplantation using islets cultured for a long time at 37°C was similar to that of overnight-cultured islets. In conclusion, 37°C might be a suitable temperature for the long-term culture of porcine islets, but further modifications will be required for successful xenotransplantation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Sakata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Kawakami
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chikao Aoyagi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Denner J. Xenotransplantation of pig islet cells: Potential adverse impact of virus infections on their functionality and insulin production. Xenotransplantation 2022; 30:e12789. [PMID: 36495163 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology Free University Berlin Berlin Germany
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6
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Lau H, Li S, Corrales N, Rodriguez S, Mohammadi M, Alexander M, de Vos P, Lakey JRT. Necrostatin-1 Supplementation to Islet Tissue Culture Enhances the In-Vitro Development and Graft Function of Young Porcine Islets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8367. [PMID: 34445075 PMCID: PMC8394857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-weaned porcine islets (PPIs) represent an unlimited source for islet transplantation but are functionally immature. We previously showed that necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) immediately after islet isolation enhanced the in vitro development of PPIs. Here, we examined the impact of Nec-1 on the in vivo function of PPIs after transplantation in diabetic mice. PPIs were isolated from pancreata of 8-15-day-old, pre-weaned pigs and cultured in media alone, or supplemented with Nec-1 (100 µM) on day 0 or on day 3 of culture (n = 5 for each group). On day 7, islet recovery, viability, oxygen consumption rate, insulin content, cellular composition, insulin secretion capacity, and transplant outcomes were evaluated. While islet viability and oxygen consumption rate remained high throughout 7-day tissue culture, Nec-1 supplementation on day 3 significantly improved islet recovery, insulin content, endocrine composition, GLUT2 expression, differentiation potential, proliferation capacity of endocrine cells, and insulin secretion. Adding Nec-1 on day 3 of tissue culture enhanced the islet recovery, proportion of delta cells, beta-cell differentiation and proliferation, and stimulation index. In vivo, this leads to shorter times to normoglycemia, better glycemic control, and higher circulating insulin. Our findings identify the novel time-dependent effects of Nec-1 supplementation on porcine islet quantity and quality prior to transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (H.L.); (N.C.); (S.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Shiri Li
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA;
| | - Nicole Corrales
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (H.L.); (N.C.); (S.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Samuel Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (H.L.); (N.C.); (S.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammadreza Mohammadi
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (H.L.); (N.C.); (S.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Paul de Vos
- University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jonathan RT Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (H.L.); (N.C.); (S.R.); (M.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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7
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Corrales N, Park S, Lau H, Xu I, Luong C, Rodriguez S, Mönch J, Alexander M, Lakey JR. Comparison of Islet Characterization from Use of Standard Crude Collagenase to GMP-Grade Collagenase Enzyme Blends in Preweaned Porcine Islet Isolations. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720977835. [PMID: 33267618 PMCID: PMC7873766 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720977835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For the advancement of porcine xenotransplantation for clinical use in type 1 diabetes mellitus, the concerns of a sustainable and safe digestion enzyme blend must be overcome. Incorporating good manufacturing practices (GMP) can facilitate this through utilizing GMP-grade enzymes. In conjunction, still taking into account the cost-effectiveness, a wide concern. We evaluated how GMP-grade enzyme blends impact our piglet islets and their long-term effects. Preweaned porcine islets (PPIs) were isolated from 8- to 10-day-old pigs. Digestion enzyme blends, collagenase type V (Type V), collagenase AF-1 GMP-grade with collagenase NB 6 GMP-grade (AF-1 and NB 6), and collagenase AF-1 GMP-grade with collagenase neutral protease AF GMP-grade (AF-1 and NP AF) were compared. Islet quality control assessments, islet yield, viability, and function, were performed on days 3 and 7, and cell content was performed on day 7. GMP-grade AF-1 and NB 6 (17,209 ± 2,730 islet equivalent per gram of pancreatic tissue [IE/g] on day 3, 9,001 ± 1,034 IE/g on day 7) and AF-1 and NP AF (17,214 ± 3,901 IE/g on day 3, 8,833 ± 2,398 IE/g on day 7) showed a significant increase in islet yield compared to Type V (4,618 ± 1,240 IE/g on day 3, 1,923 ± 704 IE/g on day 7). Islet size, viability, and function showed comparable results in all enzyme blends. There was no significant difference in islet cellular content between enzyme blends. This study demonstrated a comparison of GMP-grade collagenase enzyme blends and a standard crude collagenase enzyme in preweaned-aged porcine, a novel topic in this age. GMP-grade enzyme blends of AF-1 and NB 6 and AF-1 and NP AF resulted in substantially higher yields and as effective PPIs compared to Type V. In the long run, considering costs, integrity, and sustainability, GMP-grade enzyme blends are more favorable for clinical application due to high reproducibility in comparison to undefined manufacturing processes of standard enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Corrales
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Soomin Park
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Hien Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Ivana Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Colleen Luong
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Rodriguez
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Johanna Mönch
- Nordmark Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Uetersen, Germany
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rt Lakey
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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Ozawa F, Nagata S, Oda H, Yabe SG, Okochi H, Takeuchi S. Lotus-root-shaped cell-encapsulated construct as a retrieval graft for long-term transplantation of human iPSC-derived β-cells. iScience 2021; 24:102309. [PMID: 33997668 PMCID: PMC8101052 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy using human-stem-cell-derived pancreatic beta cells (hSC-βs) is a potential treatment method for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). For therapeutic safety, hSC-βs need encapsulation in grafts that are scalable and retrievable. In this study, we developed a lotus-root-shaped cell-encapsulated construct (LENCON) as a graft that can be retrieved after long-term hSC-β transplantation. This graft had six multicores encapsulating hSC-βs located within 1 mm from the edge. It controlled the recipient blood glucose levels for a long-term, following transplantation in immunodeficient diabetic mice. LENCON xenotransplanted into immunocompetent mice exhibited retrievability and maintained the functionality of hSC-βs for over 1 year after transplantation. We believe that LENCON can contribute to the treatment of T1D through long-term transplantation of hSC-βs and in many other forms of cell therapy. A lotus-root-shaped cell-encapsulated construct as a retrieval graft Advantages in terms of FBR mitigation and mechanical strength as a graft Control the recipient blood glucose levels of NOD-Scid mice for up to half a year Retrieval without adhesion over 1 year after transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumisato Ozawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Shogo Nagata
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Haruka Oda
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigeharu G. Yabe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okochi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shoji Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Corresponding author
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9
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Jeon SI, Jeong JH, Kim JE, Haque MR, Kim J, Byun Y, Ahn CH. Synthesis of PEG-dendron for surface modification of pancreatic islets and suppression of the immune response. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2631-2640. [PMID: 33683280 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Islet cell transplantation has been an effective method for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The transplanted islets release insulin in response to changes in blood glucose levels. The clinical application of islet transplantation, however, has been hindered because of some critical problems including immune responses to grafted islets and side effects caused by overdosed immunosuppressive drugs. Herein, surface modification technology using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-dendron was proposed to safeguard islets from the host immune system. PEG-dendron was synthesized by a divergent polymerization method and utilized to cover the islet antigen surface. Successful conjugation of PEG-dendron on the islet surface was achieved without affecting islet morphology, viability, and functionality at a concentration of 1.00%. Surface modification using PEG-dendron effectively prevented protein absorption and immune activation. Foremost, it improved the survival rate of islet grafts in vivo when combined with a low dose of immunosuppressive drugs. In conclusion, PEG-dendron is a potential candidate for the surface modification of pancreatic islets to mitigate immune responses after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ik Jeon
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human islet transplantation has proven to be a highly effective treatment for patients with labile type 1 diabetes mellitus, which can free patients from daily glucose monitoring and insulin injections. However, the shortage of islet donors limits its' broad application. Porcine islet xenotransplantation presents a solution to the donor shortage and recent advances in genetic modification and immunosuppressive regimens provide renewed enthusiasm for the potential of this treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in genetic editing technology are leading to multigene modified porcine islet donors with alterations in expression of known xenoantigens, modifications of their complement and coagulation systems, and modifications to gain improved immunological compatibility. Recent NHP-based trials of costimulation blockade using CD154 blockade show promising improvements in islet survival, whereas results targeting CD40 are less consistent. Furthermore, trials using IL-6 receptor antagonism have yet to demonstrate improvement in glucose control and suffer from poor graft revascularization. SUMMARY This review will detail the current status of islet xenotransplantation as a potential treatment for type I diabetes mellitus, focusing on recent advances in porcine xenogeneic islet production, assessment in nonhuman primate preclinical models, the outcome of human clinical trials and review barriers to translation of xenoislets to the clinic.
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11
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Huang CP, Yang CY, Shyr CR. Utilizing Xenogeneic Cells As a Therapeutic Agent for Treating Diseases. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211011995. [PMID: 33975464 PMCID: PMC8120531 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211011995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of biologically produced cells to treat diseases is a revolutionary invention in modern medicine after chemically synthesized small molecule drugs and biochemically made protein drugs. Cells are basic units of life with diverse functions in mature and developing organs, which biological properties could be utilized as a promising therapeutic approach for currently intractable and incurable diseases. Xenogeneic cell therapy utilizing animal cells other than human for medicinal purpose has been studied as a new way of treating diseases. Xenogeneic cell therapy is considered as a potential regenerative approach to fulfill current unmet medical needs because xenogeneic cells could be isolated from different animal organs and expanded ex vivo as well as maintain the characteristics of original organs, providing a versatile and plenty cell source for cell-based therapeutics beside autologous and allogeneic sources. The swine species is considered the most suitable source because of the similarity with humans in size and physiology of many organs in addition to the economic and ethical reasons plus the possibility of genetic modification. This review discusses the old proposed uses of xenogeneic cells such as xenogeneic pancreatic islet cells, hepatocytes and neuronal cells as a living drug for the treatment of degenerative and organ failure diseases. Novel applications of xenogeneic mesenchymal stroma cells and urothelial cells are also discussed. There are formidable immunological barriers toward successful cellular xenotransplantation in clinic despite major progress in the development of novel immunosuppression regimens and genetically multimodified donor pigs. However, immunological barriers could be turn into immune boosters by using xenogeneic cells of specific tissue types as a novel immunotherapeutic agent to elicit bystander antitumor immunity due to rejection immune responses. Xenogeneic cells have the potential to become a safe and efficacious option for intractable diseases and hard-to-treat cancers, adding a new class of cellular medicine in our drug armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ping Huang
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Yang
- Animal Technology Research Center/Division of Animal Technology, Agriculture Technology Research Institute, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Rong Shyr
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Dose-dependent effects of necrostatin-1 supplementation to tissue culture media of young porcine islets. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243506. [PMID: 33284818 PMCID: PMC7721208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) supplementation improved the viability of murine islets following exposure to nitric oxide, increased the survival of human islets during hypoxic culture, and augmented the maturation of pre-weaned porcine islets (PPIs) after 7 days of tissue culture. A limitation of these studies is that only one concentration of Nec-1 was used, and no studies have determined the optimal dose of Nec-1 for PPIs. Thus, the present study examined the effects of Nec-1 on PPIs at four different doses—0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM—after 7 days of tissue culture when supplemented on day 3. PPIs were isolated from pancreata of pre-weaned Yorkshire piglets (8–15 days old) and cultured in a specific islet maturation media added with Nec-1 on day 3 of tissue culture at 4 different doses—0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM (n = 6 for each dose). After 7 days of tissue culture, islets were assessed for recovery, viability, endocrine cellular content, GLUT2 expression in beta cells, and insulin secretion after glucose challenge. Nec-1 did not affect the viability of both intact islets and dissociated islets cells during tissue culture regardless of doses. Islets cultured in media supplemented with Nec-1 at 100 μM, but not 25, 50, or 200 μM, had a significantly higher recovery, composition of endocrine cells, GLUT2 expression in beta cells, and insulin secretion capacity than control islets cultured in media without Nec-1 supplementation. Moreover, culturing islets in 200 μM Nec-1 supplemented media not only failed to improve the insulin release but resulted in a lower glucose-induced insulin stimulation index compared to islets cultured in media added with 100 μM Nec-1. Xenotransplantation using porcine islets continues to demonstrate scientific advances to justify this area of research. Our findings indicate that Nec-1 supplementation at 100 μM was most effective to enhance the in vitro maturation of PPIs during tissue culture.
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Kim JM, Hong SH, Chung H, Shin JS, Min BH, Kim HJ, Kim J, Hwang ES, Kang HJ, Ha J, Park CG. Long-term porcine islet graft survival in diabetic non-human primates treated with clinically available immunosuppressants. Xenotransplantation 2020; 28:e12659. [PMID: 33155753 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pancreatic islet transplantation is becoming an effective therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who suffer from a substantially impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, its application is limited due to the lack of donors. Thus, pig-to-human islet xenotransplantation has been regarded as a promising alternative due to the unlimited number of "donor organs." Long-term xenogeneic islet graft survival in pig-to-non-human primate (NHP) models has mainly been achieved by administering the anti-CD154 mAb-based immunosuppressant regimen. Since the anti-CD154 mAb treatment has been associated with unexpected fatal thromboembolic complications in clinical trials, the establishment of a new immunosuppressant regimen that is able to be directly applied in clinical trials is an urgent need. METHODS We assessed an immunosuppressant regimen composed of clinically available agents at porcine islet transplantation in consecutive diabetic NHPs. RESULTS Porcine islet graft survival in consecutive diabetic NHPs (n = 7; >222, >200, 181, 89, 62, 55, and 34 days) without severe adverse events. CONCLUSION We believe that our study could contribute greatly to the initiation of islet xenotransplantation clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So-Hee Hong
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Soo Hwang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Kang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Mohammadi MR, Dehkordi-Vakil F, Ricks-Oddie J, Mansfield R, Kashimiri H, Daniels M, Zhao W, Lakey JR. Preferences of Type 1 Diabetic Patients on Devices for Islet Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2020; 29:963689720952343. [PMID: 33023311 PMCID: PMC7784499 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720952343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets within a biomaterial device is currently
under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with type 1
diabetes (T1D). Patients’ preferences on such implants could guide the designs
of next-generation implantable devices; however, such information is not
currently available. We surveyed the preferences of 482 patients with T1D on the
size, shape, visibility, and transplantation site of islet containing implants.
More than 83% of participants were willing to receive autologous stem cells, and
there was no significant association between implant fabricated by one’s own
stem cell with gender (χ2 (1, n = 468) = 0.28; P = 0.6) or
with age (χ2 (4, n = 468) = 2.92; P = 0.6).
Preferred location for islet transplantation within devices was under the skin
(52.7%). 48.3% preferred microscopic disks, and 32.3% preferred a thin device
(like a credit card). Moreover, 58.4% preferred the implant to be as small as
possible, 25.4% did not care about visibility, and 16.2% preferred their
implants not to be visible. Among female participants, 81% cared about the
implant visibility, whereas this number was 64% for male respondents
(χ2 test (1, n = 468) = 16.34; P <
0.0001). 22% of those younger than 50 years of age and 30% of those older than
50 did not care about the visibility of implant (χ2 test (4, n = 468) = 23.69; P <
0.0001). These results suggest that subcutaneous sites and micron-sized devices
are preferred choices among patients with T1D who participated in our
survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rezaa Mohammadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Farideh Dehkordi-Vakil
- Center for Statistical Consulting, Department of Statistics, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Joni Ricks-Oddie
- Center for Statistical Consulting, Department of Statistics, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Robert Mansfield
- 369679Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Orange County Chapter, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark Daniels
- CHOC Children's Endocrine & Diabetes Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Weian Zhao
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Edwards Life Sciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 8788University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, 8788University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, 8788University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rt Lakey
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, 8788University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, 8788University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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15
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Naficy S, Dehghani F, Chew YV, Hawthorne WJ, Le TYL. Engineering a Porous Hydrogel-Based Device for Cell Transplantation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1986-1994. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yi Vee Chew
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Hawthorne
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Thi Yen Loan Le
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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16
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Kim HJ, Moon JH, Chung H, Shin JS, Kim B, Kim JM, Kim JS, Yoon IH, Min BH, Kang SJ, Kim YH, Jo K, Choi J, Chae H, Lee WW, Kim S, Park CG. Bioinformatic analysis of peripheral blood RNA-sequencing sensitively detects the cause of late graft loss following overt hyperglycemia in pig-to-nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18835. [PMID: 31827198 PMCID: PMC6906328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation has recently been a promising treatment option for intractable type 1 diabetes patients. Although early graft loss has been well studied and controlled, the mechanisms of late graft loss largely remains obscure. Since long-term islet graft survival had not been achieved in islet xenotransplantation, it has been impossible to explore the mechanism of late islet graft loss. Fortunately, recent advances where consistent long-term survival (≥6 months) of adult porcine islet grafts was achieved in five independent, diabetic nonhuman primates (NHPs) enabled us to investigate on the late graft loss. Regardless of the conventional immune monitoring methods applied in the post-transplant period, the initiation of late graft loss could rarely be detected before the overt graft loss observed via uncontrolled blood glucose level. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed the gene expression profiles in 2 rhesus monkey recipients using peripheral blood RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data to find out the potential cause(s) of late graft loss. Bioinformatic analyses showed that highly relevant immunological pathways were activated in the animal which experienced late graft failure. Further connectivity analyses revealed that the activation of T cell signaling pathways was the most prominent, suggesting that T cell-mediated graft rejection could be the cause of the late-phase islet loss. Indeed, the porcine islets in the biopsied monkey liver samples were heavily infiltrated with CD3+ T cells. Furthermore, hypothesis test using a computational experiment reinforced our conclusion. Taken together, we suggest that bioinformatics analyses with peripheral blood RNA-seq could unveil the cause of insidious late islet graft loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Dermatology and the Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ji Hwan Moon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongi Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuri Jo
- Department of Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmin Choi
- Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejoon Chae
- Division of Computer Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Bioinformatics Institute, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Chung H, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Yoon IH, Min BH, Shin JS, Kim JM, Lee WW, Park CG. CD4 + /CD8 + T-cell ratio correlates with the graft fate in pig-to-non-human primate islet xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2019; 27:e12562. [PMID: 31642566 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenogeneic islet transplantation using porcine pancreata has been a promising option for substituting human islet transplantation. Moreover, recent advances in pre-clinical results have put islet xenotransplantation closer to the possibility of clinical application. While preparing for the era of clinical xenotransplantation, developing non-invasive immune monitoring method which could predict the graft fate could benefit the patient. However, there are few reports showing predictive immune parameters associated with the fate of the graft in islet xenotransplantation. METHODS The absolute number and ratio of T-cell subsets have been measured via flow cytometry from the peripheral blood of 16 rhesus monkeys before and after porcine islet xenotransplantation. The correlation between the graft survival and the absolute number or ratio of T cells was retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The ratio of CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells was significantly reduced due to CD8+ effector memory cells' increase. Correlation analyses revealed that CD4+ /CD8+ , CD4+ /CD8+ naïve, CD4+ naïve/CD8+ naïve, and CD4+ central memory/CD8+ naïve cell ratios negatively correlated with the duration of graft survival. Conversely, further analyses discovered strong, positive correlation of CD4+ /CD8+ cell ratios within the early graft-rejected monkeys (≤60 days). CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study demonstrated that CD4+ /CD8+ ratios correlated with graft survival, especially in recipients which rejected the graft in early post-transplantation periods. CD4+ /CD8+ ratios could be used as a surrogate marker to predict the graft fate in pig-to-NHP islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Chung
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Je Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- VHS Veterans Medical Research Institute, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Woo Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Xu Y, Tan M, Ma X, Li H, He X, Chen Z, Tan Y, Nie W, Rong P, Wang W. Human mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium inhibits hypoxia-induced death of neonatal porcine islets by inducing autophagy. Xenotransplantation 2019; 27:e12556. [PMID: 31578787 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysfunction of islet grafts is generally attributed to hypoxia-induced damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently thought to effectively protect cells from various risk factors via regulating autophagy. In our study, we investigated if human umbilical cord-derived MSCs could ameliorate hypoxia-induced apoptosis in porcine islets by modulating autophagy, and we explored the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Neonatal porcine islet cell clusters (NICCs) were cultured with human umbilical cord-derived MSC conditioned medium (huc-MSC-CM) and RPMI-1640 medium (control) under hypoxic conditions (1% O2 ) in vitro. NICCs were treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) to examine the role of huc-MSC-CM in regulating autophagy. Finally, the levels of several cytokines secreted by huc-MSCs were detected by ELISAs, and the corresponding inhibitors were applied to investigate which cytokine mediates the protective effects of huc-MSC-CM. The effects of huc-MSC-CM on NICCs viability and autophagy were examined using AO/PI staining, flow cytometry analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis. The insulin secretion of NICCs was tested with an insulin immunoradiometric assay kit. RESULTS Compared to the control, the huc-MSC-CM treatment improved the viability of NICCs, inhibited apoptosis, increased autophagic activity and the levels of PI3K class III and phosphorylated Akt, while the ratio of phosphorylated mTOR/mTOR was reduced. These changes were reversed by CQ and 3-MA treatments. High concentrations of IL-6 were detected in hu-MSC-CM. Furthermore, recombinant IL-6 pre-treatment exerted similar effects as huc-MSC-CM, and these effects were reversed by a specific inhibitor of IL-6 (Sarilumab). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that huc-MSC-CM improved islet viability and function by increasing autophagy through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, IL-6 plays an important role in the function of huc-MSC-CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhi Xu
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Radiology, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengqun Tan
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Human Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Human Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hongde Li
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Radiology, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuesong He
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Human Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyi Chen
- Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Human Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yixiong Tan
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Radiology, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Human Province, Changsha, China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Radiology, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiang Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Xenotransplantation of Human Province, Changsha, China
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19
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Recent progress in porcine islet isolation, culture and engraftment strategies for xenotransplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:633-641. [PMID: 30247169 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Xenotransplantation of porcine islets is a realistic option to restore β-cell function in type 1 diabetic patients. Among other factors, such as islet donor age (fetal, neonatal and adult) and genotype (wild type and genetically modified), choice of the transplantation site, and immune protection of the islets, efficient strategies for islet isolation, culture and engraftment are critical for the success of islet xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Neonatal porcine islets (NPIs) are immature at isolation and need to be matured in vitro or in vivo before they become fully functional. Recent developments include a scalable protocol for isolation of clinically relevant batches of NPIs and a stepwise differentiation protocol for directed maturation of NPIs. In addition, different sources of mesenchymal stem cells were shown to support survival and functional maturation of NPIs in vitro and in various transplantation models in vivo. SUMMARY A plethora of different culture media and supplements have been tested; however, a unique best culture system for NPIs is still missing. New insights, for example from single-cell analyses of islets or from stem cell differentiation toward β cells may help to optimize culture of porcine islets for xenotransplantation in an evidence-based manner.
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20
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Cho B, Lee EJ, Ahn SM, Kim G, Lee SH, Ji DY, Kang JT. Production of genetically modified pigs expressing human insulin and C-peptide as a source of islets for xenotransplantation. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:549-559. [PMID: 31473874 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Islet xenotransplantation is a promising treatment for type I diabetes. Numerous studies of islet xenotransplantation have used pig-to-nonhuman primate transplantation models. Some studies reported long-term survival and successful function of porcine islets in diabetic monkeys. Genetic engineering techniques may improve the survival and function of porcine islets. A recent study reported the generation of transgenic pigs expressing human insulin rather than porcine insulin by changing one amino acid at the end of the β-chain in insulin. However, C-peptide from pigs still existed. In this study, we generated transgenic pigs expressing human proinsulin to express human insulin and C-peptide using fibroblasts from proinsulin knockout pigs as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer. Eleven live piglets were delivered from three surrogates and characterized to confirm the genotype and phenotype of the generated piglets. Genotype analysis of the generated piglets showed that five of the eleven piglets contained the human proinsulin gene. Insulin expression was confirmed in the serum and pancreas in two of the five piglets. C-peptide derived from human proinsulin was also confirmed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Non-fasting blood glucose level was measured to verify the function of the insulin derived from the human proinsulin. Two piglets expressing insulin showed normal glucose levels similar to that in the wild-type control. In conclusion, human insulin- and C-peptide-expressing pigs without porcine insulin and C-peptide were successfully established. These pigs can be used as a source of islets for islet xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumrae Cho
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Ahn
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Ghangyong Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal-Young Ji
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Taek Kang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Mgenplus Co., Ltd., Mgenplus Bldg., 83, Hyoryeong-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06688, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Yoon I, Chung H, Kim H, Nam H, Shin J, Kim Y, Park C. Peri‐graft porcine‐specific CD4
+
FoxP3
+
regulatory T cells by CD40‐CD154 blockade prevented the rejection of porcine islet graft in diabetic mice. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12533. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Il‐Hee Yoon
- VHS Veterans Medical Research Institute VHS Medical Center Seoul Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Seoul National University Graduate School Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun‐Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Seoul National University Graduate School Seoul Korea
| | - Hye‐Young Nam
- Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jun‐Seop Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Cancer Research Institute Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Yong‐Hee Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Seoul National University Graduate School Seoul Korea
| | - Chung‐Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Seoul National University Graduate School Seoul Korea
- Cancer Research Institute Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
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22
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Vanderschelden R, Sathialingam M, Alexander M, Lakey JRT. Cost and Scalability Analysis of Porcine Islet Isolation for Islet Transplantation: Comparison of Juvenile, Neonatal and Adult Pigs. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:967-972. [PMID: 31037984 PMCID: PMC6719497 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719847460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited availability of human islets has led to the examination of porcine islets as a source of clinically suitable tissue for transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Islets from porcine donors are commonly used in both in vitro and in vivo experiments studying diabetes mellitus. However, there are significant differences in quality and quantity of islet yield depending on donor pig age, as well as substantial differences in the costs of pancreas procurement in adult versus neonatal and juvenile pigs. In this study, we compared the total cost per islet of juvenile pig pancreata with that of neonatal and adult pigs. Although adult porcine pancreata yield, on average, more than five times the amount of islets than do juvenile and neonatal pancreata, we found that the high price of adult pigs led to the cost per islet being more than twice that of juvenile and neonatal islets (US $0.09 vs $0.04 and $0.02, respectively). In addition, neonatal and juvenile islets are advantageous in their scalability and retention of viability after culture. Our findings indicate that isolating neonatal and juvenile porcine islets is more cost-effective and scalable than isolating adult porcine islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Vanderschelden
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, USA.,2 Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | - Michael Alexander
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, USA.,2 Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- 1 Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, USA.,2 Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, USA.,3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Montanari E, Gonelle-Gispert C, Seebach JD, Knoll MF, Bottino R, Bühler LH. Immunological aspects of allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation: a comparison between mouse and human. Transpl Int 2019; 32:903-912. [PMID: 31033036 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic islet allotransplantation is a treatment for patients with severe forms of type 1 diabetes. As long-term graft function and survival are not yet optimal, additional studies are warranted in order to continue improving transplant outcomes. The mechanisms of islet graft loss and tolerance induction are often studied in murine diabetes models. Despite numerous islet transplantation studies successfully performed over recent years, translation from experimental mouse models to human clinical application remains elusive. This review aims at critically discussing the strengths and limitations of current mouse models of diabetes and experimental islet transplantation. In particular, we will analyze the causes leading to diabetes and compare the immunological mechanisms responsible for rejection between mouse and human. A better understanding of the experimental mouse models should facilitate translation to human clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Montanari
- Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jörg D Seebach
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael F Knoll
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leo H Bühler
- Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Phillips BE, Garciafigueroa Y, Engman C, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and T-Regulatory Cells at the Clinical Trials Crossroad for the Treatment of Autoimmune Disease; Emphasis on Type 1 Diabetes Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:148. [PMID: 30787930 PMCID: PMC6372505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells and T-regulatory cells are two immune cell populations with the potential to prevent the onset of clinical stage type 1 diabetes, and manage the beginning of underlying autoimmunity, at the time-at-onset and onwards. Initial phase I trials demonstrated that the administration of a number of these cell populations, generated ex vivo from peripheral blood leukocytes, was safe. Outcomes of some of these trials also suggested some level of autoimmunity regulation, by the increase in the numbers of regulatory cells at different points in a network of immune regulation in vivo. As these cell populations come to the cusp of pivotal phase II efficacy trials, a number of questions still need to be addressed. At least one mechanism of action needs to be verified as operational, and through this mechanism biomarkers predictive of the underlying autoimmunity need to be identified. Efficacy in the regulation of the underlying autoimmunity also need to be monitored. At the same time, the absence of a common phenotype core among the different dendritic cell and T-regulatory cell populations, that have completed phase I and early phase II trials, necessitates a better understanding of what makes these cells tolerogenic, especially if a uniform phenotypic core cannot be identified. Finally, the inter-relationship of tolerogenic dendritic cells and T-regulatory cells for survival, induction, and maintenance of a tolerogenic state that manages the underlying diabetes autoimmunity, raises the possibility to co-administer, or even to serially-administer tolerogenic dendritic cells together with T-regulatory cells as a cellular co-therapy, enabling the best possible outcome. This is currently a knowledge gap that this review aims to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Eugene Phillips
- Allegheny Health Network Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Allegheny Health Network Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carl Engman
- Allegheny Health Network Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Allegheny Health Network Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Allegheny Health Network Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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25
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Park CG, Shin JS, Min BH, Kim H, Yeom SC, Ahn C. Current status of xenotransplantation in South Korea. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12488. [PMID: 30697818 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Su-Cheong Yeom
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Daewha, Pyeongchang, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Shin JS, Kim JM, Min BH, Chung H, Park CG. Absence of spontaneous regeneration of endogenous pancreatic β-cells after chemical-induced diabetes and no effect of GABA on α-to-β cell transdifferentiation in rhesus monkeys. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 508:1056-1061. [PMID: 30553443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
β-cell deficiency is common feature of type 1 and late-stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, β-cell replacement therapy has been the focus of regenerative medicine past several decades. Particularly, evidences suggest that β-cell regeneration via transdifferentiation from sources including α-cells is promising. However, data using higher mammals besides rodents are scarce. Here, we examined whether endogenous pancreatic β-cells could regenerate spontaneously or under normoglycemia following porcine islet transplantation for varied periods up to 1197 days after streptozotocin-induced diabetes, and remaining α-cells transdifferentiate into β-cells by GABA treatment in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that endogenous β-cells rarely regenerate in both conditions as evidenced by stagnant serum C-peptide levels and β-cell number in the pancreas, and the remaining α-cells did not transdifferentiate into β-cells by GABA treatment. Collectively, we concluded that monkey β-cells had relatively low regenerative potential compared with rodent counterpart and GABA treatment could not induce α-to-β-cell transdifferentitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seop Shin
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Chung
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 110-79, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-799, South Korea.
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27
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Wenk RE. A review of the biology and classification of human chimeras. Transfusion 2018; 58:2054-2067. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Wenk
- Relationship Testing Accreditation Program Unit; Baltimore Maryland
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28
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Kawamoto K, Ohashi T, Konno M, Nishida N, Koseki J, Matsui H, Sakai D, Kudo T, Eguchi H, Satoh T, Doki Y, Mori M, Ishii H. Cell-free culture conditioned medium elicits pancreatic β cell lineage-specific epigenetic reprogramming in mice. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:3255-3259. [PMID: 30127922 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several obstacles to overcome prior to achieving cellular reprogramming of pancreatic β cells in vitro and in vivo. The present study demonstrated that the transfer of epigenetic phenotypes was achieved in the cell-free conditioned medium (CM) of pancreatic insulinoma MIN6 cell cultures. The comparison of a subpopulation of MIN6, m14 and m9 cells indicated that MIN6-m14 cells were more prone to cellular reprogramming. Epigenetic profiling revealed that the transcription factor pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1 (Pdx1) was differentially associated among the clones. The culture of differentiated adipocytes in the CM of MIN6-m14 cells resulted in the induction of insulin mRNA expression, and was accompanied by epigenetic events of Pdx1 binding. The epigenetic profiling indicated that Pdx1 is preferentially associated with a previously uncharacterized region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) disulfide oxidase, ER oxidoreductin 1 gene. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that the CM of MIN6 cells was able to induce a pancreatic β cell-like phenotype in differentiated adipocytes. These data provide additional support for the utility of cell-free CM for cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Ohashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Matsui
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kudo
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Taroh Satoh
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Cancer Frontier Science, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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29
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Samy KP, Davis RP, Gao Q, Martin BM, Song M, Cano J, Farris AB, McDonald A, Gall EK, Dove CR, Leopardi FV, How T, Williams KD, Devi GR, Collins BH, Kirk AD. Early barriers to neonatal porcine islet engraftment in a dual transplant model. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:998-1006. [PMID: 29178588 PMCID: PMC5878697 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Porcine islet xenografts have the potential to provide an inexhaustible source of islets for β cell replacement. Proof-of-concept has been established in nonhuman primates. However, significant barriers to xenoislet transplantation remain, including the poorly understood instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction and a thorough understanding of early xeno-specific immune responses. A paucity of data exist comparing xeno-specific immune responses with alloislet (AI) responses in primates. We recently developed a dual islet transplant model, which enables direct histologic comparison of early engraftment immunobiology. In this study, we investigate early immune responses to neonatal porcine islet (NPI) xenografts compared with rhesus islet allografts at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 7 days. Within the first 24 hours after intraportal infusion, we identified greater apoptosis (caspase 3 activity and TUNEL [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling])-positive cells) of NPIs compared with AIs. Macrophage infiltration was significantly greater at 24 hours compared with 1 hour in both NPI (wild-type) and AIs. At 7 days, IgM and macrophages were highly specific for NPIs (α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout) compared with AIs. These findings demonstrate an augmented macrophage and antibody response toward xenografts compared with allografts. These data may inform future immune or genetic manipulations required to improve xenoislet engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- KP Samy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - RP Davis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Q Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - BM Martin
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - M Song
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - J Cano
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - AB Farris
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - A McDonald
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - EK Gall
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - CR Dove
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - T How
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - KD Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - GR Devi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - BH Collins
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - AD Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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30
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Abstract
The role of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in inhibiting immune rejection and prolonging islet allograft survival has been identified in islet allotransplantation. This study aims to explore the role of As2O3 in islet xenotransplantation and the action mechanism. The streptozotocin (STZ) was used in C57BL/6 mice to induce the type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) for xenotransplantation models establishment. Donor islets were isolated by digesting. The flow cytometry (FCM) was used to analyze lymphocyte types. The blood sugar level was detected by using intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT). The serum level of cytokines was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA). The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The mRNA levels were quantified with qRT-PCR. As2O3 prolonged the survival of the recipient mice but had no influence on body weight. As2O3 protected the function of xenograft in insulin secretion and suppressed immune rejection of recipient. As2O3 inhibited proliferation of T lymphocyte and increased the proportion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in recipient mice. As2O3 inhibited activation and promoted clonal anergy of T lymphocyte. As2O3 decreased total number of B cells and reduced partial antibody levels in recipient mice. As2O3 and leflunomide showed a synergistic effect in suppressing islet xenotransplant rejection. As2O3 prolongs islet xenograft survival by inhibiting cellular immune response, and increasing Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, while decreasing partial antibody levels in serum.
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31
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Kim JS, Chung H, Byun N, Kang SJ, Lee S, Shin JS, Park CG. Construction of EMSC-islet co-localizing composites for xenogeneic porcine islet transplantation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:506-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cooper DKC, Gaston R, Eckhoff D, Ladowski J, Yamamoto T, Wang L, Iwase H, Hara H, Tector M, Tector AJ. Xenotransplantation-the current status and prospects. Br Med Bull 2018; 125:5-14. [PMID: 29228112 PMCID: PMC6487536 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldx043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction There is a continuing worldwide shortage of organs from deceased human donors for transplantation into patients with end-stage organ failure. Genetically engineered pigs could resolve this problem, and could also provide tissues and cells for the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease and corneal blindness. Sources of data The current literature has been reviewed. Areas of agreement The pathobiologic barriers are now largely defined. Research progress has advanced through the increasing availability of genetically engineered pigs and novel immunosuppressive agents. Life-supporting pig kidneys and islets have functioned for months or years in nonhuman primates. Areas of controversy The potential risk of transfer of a pig infectious microorganism to the recipient continues to be debated. Growing points Increased attention is being paid to selection of patients for initial clinical trials. Areas timely for developing research Most of the advances required to justify a clinical trial have now been met.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K C Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R Gaston
- Department of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - D Eckhoff
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Ladowski
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T Yamamoto
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L Wang
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Iwase
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M Tector
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - A J Tector
- Xenotransplantation Program, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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33
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Shin JS, Kim JM, Min BH, Yoon IH, Kim HJ, Kim JS, Kim YH, Kang SJ, Kim J, Kang HJ, Lim DG, Hwang ES, Ha J, Kim SJ, Park WB, Park CG. Pre-clinical results in pig-to-non-human primate islet xenotransplantation using anti-CD40 antibody (2C10R4)-based immunosuppression. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:10.1111/xen.12356. [PMID: 29057561 PMCID: PMC5809197 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet transplantation is an effective therapy for selected patients with type 1 diabetes with labile glycemic control and hypoglycemic unawareness, but donor organs are limited. Islet xenotransplantation using porcine islets will potentially solve this problem. Although successful proof of concept studies using clinically inapplicable anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in pig-to-non-human primate (NHP) islet xenotransplantation has been demonstrated by several groups worldwide, potentially clinically applicable anti-CD40 (2C10R4) mAb-based studies have not been reported. METHODS Nine streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rhesus monkeys were transplanted with adult porcine islets isolated from designated pathogen-free (DPF) miniature pigs. They were treated with anti-CD40 mAb-based immunosuppressive regimen and were divided into 3 groups: anti-CD40 only group (n = 2), belatacept group (anti-CD40 mAb+belatacept, n = 2), and tacrolimus group (anti-CD40 mAb+tacrolimus, n = 5). All monkeys received anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), cobra venom factor (CVF), adalimumab, and sirolimus. Blood glucose levels (BGL) and serum porcine C-peptide concentrations were measured. Humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISA and ELISPOT, respectively. Liver biopsy and subsequent immunohistochemistry were conducted. RESULTS All animals restored normoglycemia immediately after porcine islet transplantation and finished the follow-up without any severe adverse effects except for one animal (R092). Most animals maintained their body weight. Median survival, as defined by a serum porcine C-peptide concentration of >0.15 ng/mL, was 31, 27, and 60 days for anti-CD40 only, belatacept, and tacrolimus groups, respectively. Anti-αGal IgG levels in serum and the number of interferon-γ secreting T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not increase in most animals. CONCLUSION These results showed that anti-CD40 mAb combined with tacrolimus was effective in prolonging porcine islet graft survival, but anti-CD40 mAb was not as effective as anti-CD154 mAb in terms of preventing early islet loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seop Shin
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Byoung-Hoon Min
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Il Hee Yoon
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyun Je Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jung-Sik Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | | | - Eung-Soo Hwang
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Myong-Ji Hospital, Koyang-si, Kyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 136-799, Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Xenotransplantation Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 136-799, Korea
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Lee JI, Kim J, Choi YJ, Park HJ, Park HJ, Wi HJ, Yoon S, Shin JS, Park JK, Jung KC, Lee EB, Kang HJ, Hwang ES, Kim SJ, Park CG, Park SH. The effect of epitope-based ligation of ICAM-1 on survival and retransplantation of pig islets in nonhuman primates. Xenotransplantation 2017; 25. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Il Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Graduate Course of Translational Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hi-Jung Park
- Graduate Course of Translational Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Transplantation Research Institute; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Hae Joo Wi
- Transplantation Research Institute; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Sunok Yoon
- Transplantation Research Institute; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Jun-Seop Shin
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Kyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Transplantation Research Institute; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Eun Bong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Hallym University College of Medicine; Anyang Korea
| | - Eung Soo Hwang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Chung-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
- Xenotransplantation Research Center; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Seong Hoe Park
- Transplantation Research Institute; Seoul National University Medical Research Center; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
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Pancreatic islet macroencapsulation using microwell porous membranes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9186. [PMID: 28835662 PMCID: PMC5569024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation into the liver in combination with immune suppressive drug therapy is widely regarded as a potential cure for type 1 diabetes. However, the intrahepatic system is suboptimal as the concentration of drugs and nutrients there is higher compared to pancreas, which negatively affects islet function. Islet encapsulation within semipermeable membranes is a promising strategy that allows for the islet transplantation outside the suboptimal liver portal system and provides environment, where islets can perform their endocrine function. In this study, we develop a macroencapsulation device based on thin microwell membranes. The islets are seeded in separate microwells to avoid aggregation, whereas the membrane porosity is tailored to achieve sufficient transport of nutrients, glucose and insulin. The non-degradable, microwell membranes are composed of poly (ether sulfone)/polyvinylpyrrolidone and manufactured via phase separation micro molding. Our results show that the device prevents aggregation and preserves the islet’s native morphology. Moreover, the encapsulated islets maintain their glucose responsiveness and function after 7 days of culture (stimulation index above 2 for high glucose stimulation), demonstrating the potential of this novel device for islet transplantation.
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Cooper DK, Pierson RN, Hering BJ, Mohiuddin MM, Fishman JA, Denner J, Ahn C, Azimzadeh AM, Buhler LH, Cowan PJ, Hawthorne WJ, Kobayashi T, Sachs DH. Regulation of Clinical Xenotransplantation-Time for a Reappraisal. Transplantation 2017; 101:1766-1769. [PMID: 28737658 PMCID: PMC5702547 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The continual critical shortage of organs and cells from deceased human donors has stimulated research in the field of cross-species transplantation (xenotransplantation), with the pig selected as the most suitable potential source of organs. Since the US Food and Drug Administration concluded a comprehensive review of xenotransplantation in 2003, considerable progress has been made in the experimental laboratory to improve cell and organ xenograft survival in several pig-to-nonhuman primate systems that offer the best available models to predict clinical outcomes. Survival of heart, kidney, and islet grafts in nonhuman primates is now being measured in months or even years. The potential risks associated with xenotransplantation, for example, the transfer of an infectious microorganism, that were highlighted in the 2003 Food and Drug Administration guidance and subsequent World Health Organization consensus documents have been carefully studied and shown to be either less likely than previously thought or readily manageable by donor selection or recipient management strategies. In this context, we suggest that the national regulatory authorities worldwide should re-examine their guidelines and regulations regarding xenotransplantation, so as to better enable design and conduct of safe and informative clinical trials of cell and organ xenotransplantation when and as supported by the preclinical data. We identify specific topics that we suggest require reconsideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K.C. Cooper
- Thomas E Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Richard N. Pierson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bernhard J. Hering
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Muhammad M. Mohiuddin
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jay A. Fishman
- MGH Transplantation Center and Transplant Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Agnes M. Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leo H. Buhler
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. Cowan
- Immunology Research Center, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Hawthorne
- Department of Surgery, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takaaki Kobayashi
- Department of Renal Transplant Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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Mourad NI, Gianello P. Gene Editing, Gene Therapy, and Cell Xenotransplantation: Cell Transplantation Across Species. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2017; 4:193-200. [PMID: 28932650 PMCID: PMC5577055 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-017-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell xenotransplantation has the potential to provide a safe, ethically acceptable, unlimited source for cell replacement therapies. This review focuses on genetic modification strategies aimed to overcome remaining hurdles standing in the way of clinical porcine islet transplantation and to develop neural cell xenotransplantation. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to previously described genetic modifications aimed to mitigate hyperacute rejection, instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction, and cell-mediated rejection, new data showing the possibility of increasing porcine islet insulin secretion by transgenesis is an interesting addition to the array of genetically modified pigs available for xenotransplantation. Moreover, combining multiple modifications is possible today thanks to new, improved genomic editing tools. SUMMARY Genetic modification of large animals, pigs in particular, has come a long way during the last decade. These modifications can help minimize immunological and physiological incompatibilities between porcine and human cells, thus allowing for better tolerance and function of xenocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar I. Mourad
- Pôle de chirurgie expérimentale et transplantation, Université catholique de Louvain, SSS/IREC/CHEX, Avenue Hippocrate, 55 – Bte B1.55.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Gianello
- Pôle de chirurgie expérimentale et transplantation, Université catholique de Louvain, SSS/IREC/CHEX, Avenue Hippocrate, 55 – Bte B1.55.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Liu Z, Hu W, He T, Dai Y, Hara H, Bottino R, Cooper DKC, Cai Z, Mou L. Pig-to-Primate Islet Xenotransplantation: Past, Present, and Future. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:925-947. [PMID: 28155815 PMCID: PMC5657750 DOI: 10.3727/096368917x694859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet allotransplantation results in increasing success in treating type 1 diabetes, but the shortage of deceased human donor pancreata limits progress. Islet xenotransplantation, using pigs as a source of islets, is a promising approach to overcome this limitation. The greatest obstacle is the primate immune/inflammatory response to the porcine (pig) islets, which may take the form of rapid early graft rejection (the instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction) or T-cell-mediated rejection. These problems are being resolved by the genetic engineering of the source pigs combined with improved immunosuppressive therapy. The results of pig-to-diabetic nonhuman primate islet xenotransplantation are steadily improving, with insulin independence being achieved for periods >1 year. An alternative approach is to isolate islets within a micro- or macroencapsulation device aimed at protecting them from the human recipient's immune response. Clinical trials using this approach are currently underway. This review focuses on the major aspects of pig-to-primate islet xenotransplantation and its potential for treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhao Liu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbao Hu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Tian He
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program/Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program/Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zhiming Cai
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Yum SY, Yoon KY, Lee CI, Lee BC, Jang G. Transgenesis for pig models. J Vet Sci 2017; 17:261-8. [PMID: 27030199 PMCID: PMC5037292 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2016.17.3.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models, particularly pigs, have come to play an important role in translational biomedical research. There have been many pig models with genetically modifications via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, because most transgenic pigs have been produced by random integration to date, the necessity for more exact gene-mutated models using recombinase based conditional gene expression like mice has been raised. Currently, advanced genome-editing technologies enable us to generate specific gene-deleted and -inserted pig models. In the future, the development of pig models with gene editing technologies could be a valuable resource for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Yum
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ki-Young Yoon
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Department of Biotechnology & Laboratory Animals, Shingu College, Seongnam 13174, Korea
| | - Choong-Il Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Byeong-Chun Lee
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Emergence Center for Food-Medicine Personalized Therapy System, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Korea.,Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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Cooper DKC. The White House Organ Summit. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:576. [PMID: 27647663 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Steffen A, Kiss T, Schmid J, Schubert U, Heinke S, Lehmann S, Bornstein S, Ludwig B, Ludwig S. Production of high-quality islets from goettingen minipigs: Choice of organ preservation solution, donor pool, and optimal cold ischemia time. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28130838 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transplantation of porcine islets into man might soon become reality for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, porcine islets of high quality and quantity, and a scalable isolation process with strict quality control will be an unconditional prerequisite to enable the best possible transplantation graft. In this study, we provide a comparative study evaluating islet isolation outcome and in vitro survival based upon donor age, organ preservation solution (OPS), and cold ischemia time (CIT). METHODS Goettingen minipigs of younger age (1 year) and retired breeder animals (3.5 years) were studied. Pancreata were harvested according to the standards of human organ retrieval including in situ cold perfusion with either Custodiol® -HTK or Belzer® UW solution. Pancreatic tissue was characterized by quantification of apoptotic cells. Islet isolations were performed according to a modified Ricordi method, and isolation outcome was assessed by determining islet particle numbers (IP), islet equivalents (IEQ), and isolation factor (IF). Isolated islets were cultured for 24 and 48 h for the assessment of in vitro survival. RESULTS Islet viability was significantly higher in Custodiol® -HTK preserved pancreas organs compared to Belzer® UW. Furthermore, organs harvested from retired breeder preserved in Custodiol® -HTK resulted in stable islet isolation yields even after prolonged CIT and showed superior survival rates of islets in vitro compared to the Belzer® UW group. Younger porcine donor organs resulted generally in lower islet yield and survival rates. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Custodiol® -HTK solution should be preferred over Belzer® UW solution for the preservation of pancreata from porcine origin. Custodiol® -HTK allows for maintaining islet viability and promotes reproducible isolation outcome and survival even after longer CIT. The usage of retired breeder animals over young animals for islet isolation is highly advisable to yield high quality and quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Steffen
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kiss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janine Schmid
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Undine Schubert
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Heinke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susann Lehmann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Ludwig
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, DZD-German Centre for Diabetes Research, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ludwig
- Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Bottino R, Knoll MF, Graeme-Wilson J, Klein EC, Ayares D, Trucco M, Cooper DK. Safe use of anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody in pig islet xenotransplantation in monkeys. Xenotransplantation 2017; 24:10.1111/xen.12283. [PMID: 28058735 PMCID: PMC5332295 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD154mAb is a powerful co-stimulation blockade agent that is efficacious in preventing rejection, even in xenogeneic settings. It has been used in the majority of successful long-term pig-to-non-human primate islet transplantation models. However, its clinical use was halted as a result of thromboembolic complications that were also observed in preclinical and clinical organ transplantation models. An anti-CD154mAb was administered to 14 streptozotocin-induced diabetic cynomolgus monkey recipients of porcine islets, some of which received the agent for many months. Monkeys were monitored for complications, and blood monitoring was carried out frequently. After euthanasia, multiple biopsies of all organs were examined for histological features of thromboembolism. Anti-CD154mAb prevented rejection of genetically engineered pig islets in all monkeys. No significant complications were attributable specifically to anti-CD154mAb. There was no evidence of thromboembolism in multiple histological sections from all major organs, including the brain. Our data suggest that in diabetic monkeys with pig islet grafts, anti-CD154mAb would appear to be an effective and safe therapy, and is not associated with thromboembolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bottino
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael F. Knoll
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Edwin C. Klein
- Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA
| | | | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David K.C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cooper DK, Matsumoto S, Abalovich A, Itoh T, Mourad NI, Gianello PR, Wolf E, Cozzi E. Progress in Clinical Encapsulated Islet Xenotransplantation. Transplantation 2016; 100:2301-2308. [PMID: 27482959 PMCID: PMC5077652 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
At the 2015 combined congress of the Cell Transplant Society, International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association, and International Xenotransplantation Association, a symposium was held to discuss recent progress in pig islet xenotransplantation. The presentations focused on 5 major topics - (1) the results of 2 recent clinical trials of encapsulated pig islet transplantation, (2) the inflammatory response to encapsulated pig islets, (3) methods to improve the secretion of insulin by pig islets, (4) genetic modifications to the islet-source pigs aimed to protect the islets from the primate immune and/or inflammatory responses, and (5) regulatory aspects of clinical pig islet xenotransplantation. Trials of microencapsulated porcine islet transplantation to treat unstable type 1 diabetic patients have been associated with encouraging preliminary results. Further advances to improve efficacy may include (1) transplantation into a site other than the peritoneal cavity, which might result in better access to blood, oxygen, and nutrients; (2) the development of a more biocompatible capsule and/or the minimization of a foreign body reaction; (3) pig genetic modification to induce a greater secretion of insulin by the islets, and/or to reduce the immune response to islets released from damaged capsules; and (4) reduction of the inflammatory response to the capsules/islets by improvements in the structure of the capsules and/or in genetic engineering of the pigs and/or in some form of drug therapy. Ethical and regulatory frameworks for islet xenotransplantation are already available in several countries, and there is now a wider international perception of the importance of developing an internationally harmonized ethical and regulatory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K.C. Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shinichi Matsumoto
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Tateiwa, Muya-cho, Naruto Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Itoh
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka City, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nizar I. Mourad
- Laboratory of Surgery and Transplantation, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre R Gianello
- Laboratory of Surgery and Transplantation, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Gene Center, LMU Munich and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Emanuele Cozzi
- Transplantation Immunology Unit, Padua University Hospital, and the Consortium for Research in Organ Transplantation (CORIT), Padua, Italy
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Ekser B, Bottino R, Cooper DKC. Clinical Islet Xenotransplantation: A Step Forward. EBioMedicine 2016; 12:22-23. [PMID: 27693105 PMCID: PMC5078620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Ekser
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Rita Bottino
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David K C Cooper
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Matsumoto S, Tomiya M, Sawamoto O. Current status and future of clinical islet xenotransplantation. J Diabetes 2016; 8:483-93. [PMID: 26987992 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell replacement therapy, including allogeneic pancreas and islet transplantation, can normalize HbA1c levels in unstable type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, but a donor shortage is a serious issue. To overcome this problem, xenotransplantation is an attractive option. In fact, islet transplantation from porcine pancreata was performed in the 1990s, which opened the door for islet xenotransplantation, but the possibility of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection was raised, which has restricted progress in this field. The International Xenotransplantation Association published a consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in T1D to restart islet xenotransplantation safely. Clinical porcine islet xenotransplantation was restarted under comprehensive regulations in New Zealand. In addition, newly emerged gene-editing technologies have activated the xenotransplantation field. Islet xenotransplantation is becoming a clinical reality, with the results of recent studies showing promise to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Matsumoto
- Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc, Naruto, Japan
- Islet Transplantation Project National Institute for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tomiya
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Naruto, Japan
| | - Osamu Sawamoto
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Naruto, Japan
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Optimizing Porcine Islet Isolation to Markedly Reduce Enzyme Consumption Without Sacrificing Islet Yield or Function. Transplant Direct 2016; 2:e86. [PMID: 27830180 PMCID: PMC5087567 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human allogeneic islet transplantation for treatment of type 1 diabetes provides numerous clinical benefits, such as fewer episodes of hypoglycemic unawareness and tighter control of blood glucose levels. Availability of human pancreas for clinical and research use, however, is severely limited. Porcine pancreas offers an abundant source of tissue for optimization of islet isolation methodology and future clinical transplantation, thereby increasing patient access to this potentially lifesaving procedure. METHODS Porcine islet isolations were performed using varying amounts of collagenase (7.5, 3.75, or 2.5 Wunsch units per gram tissue) and neutral protease activity (12 000, 6000, or 4000 neutral protease units per gram tissue) and perfusion volumes (1.7 or 0.85 mL/g tissue) to assess their effects on isolation outcomes. Retention of dissociative enzymes within the pancreas during perfusion and digestion was evaluated, along with distribution of the perfusion solution within the tissue. RESULTS Reducing enzyme usage by as much as 67% and perfusion volume by 50% led to equally successful islet isolation outcomes when compared with the control group (48 ± 7% of tissue digested and 1088 ± 299 islet equivalents per gram of pancreas vs 47 ± 11% and 1080 ± 512, respectively). Using margin-marking dye in the perfusion solution to visualize enzyme distribution demonstrated that increasing perfusion volume did not improve tissue infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Current protocols for porcine islet isolation consume excessive amounts of dissociative enzymes, elevating cost and limiting research and development. These data demonstrate that islet isolation protocols can be optimized to significantly reduce enzyme usage while maintaining yield and function and thus accelerating progress toward clinical application.
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Current Concepts of Using Pigs as a Source for Beta-Cell Replacement Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40610-016-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hayek A, King CC. Brief review: cell replacement therapies to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 2:4. [PMID: 28702240 PMCID: PMC5471705 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-016-0023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) have the potential to differentiate into any somatic cell, making them ideal candidates for cell replacement therapies to treat a number of human diseases and regenerate damaged or non-functional tissues and organs. Key to the promise of regenerative medicine is developing standardized protocols that can safely be applied in patients. Progress towards this goal has occurred in a number of fields, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). During the past 10 years, significant technological advances in hESC/iPSC biochemistry have provided a roadmap to generate sufficient quantities of glucose-responsive, insulin-producing cells capable of eliminating diabetes in rodents. Although many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of these cells remain to be elucidated, the field of cell-based therapeutics to treat T1D has advanced to the point where the first Phase I/II trials in humans have begun. Here, we provide a concise review of the history of cell replacement therapies to treat T1D from islet transplantations and xenotranplantation, to current work in hESC/iPSC. We also highlight the latest advances in efforts to employ insulin-producing, glucose-responsive β-like cells derived from hESC as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hayek
- Scripps Whittier Diabetes Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Charles C King
- Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
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