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Shin SC, Vickman RE, Filimon B, Yang Y, Hu Z, Mangold KA, Prabhakar BS, Schreiber H, Xu W. The safety and efficacy of systemic delivery of a new liver-de-targeted TGFβ signaling inhibiting adenovirus in an immunocompetent triple negative mouse mammary tumor model. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:574-585. [PMID: 38267626 PMCID: PMC11016465 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Aberrant TGFβ signaling is linked to metastasis and tumor immune escape of many cancers including metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Previously, we have found that oncolytic adenoviruses expressing a TGFβ signaling inhibitory protein (sTGFβRIIFc) induced immune activation in a mouse TNBC (4T1) immunocompetent subcutaneous model with intratumoral injection. Systemic administration of adenoviruses can be a superior route to treat mTNBC but faces the challenges of increased toxicity and viral clearance. Thus, we created a liver-de-targeted sTGFβRIIFc- and LyP-1 peptide-expressing adenovirus (mHAdLyp.sT) with enhanced breast cancer cell tropism. Its safety and immune response features were profiled in the 4T1 model. Our data showed that the systemic administration of mHAdLyp.sT resulted in reduced hepatic and systemic toxicity. mHAdLyp.sT was also effective in increasing Th1 cytokines and anti-tumor cell populations by cytokine analysis, spleen/tumor qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry. We further tested the therapeutic effects of mHAdLyp.sT alone and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). mHAdLyp.sT alone and with all ICI combinations elicited significant inhibition of lung metastasis by histological analysis. When mHAdLyp.sT was combined with both anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, primary 4T1 tumor growth was also significantly inhibited. We are confident in advancing this new treatment option for mTNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Cheon Shin
- Cancer Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Renee E Vickman
- Center for Personalized Cancer Care, Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Beniamin Filimon
- Cancer Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yuefeng Yang
- Cancer Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Experimental Medical Science and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, China
| | - Zebin Hu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Kathy A Mangold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hans Schreiber
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Weidong Xu
- Cancer Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Endeavor Health Medical Group, Evanston, IL, USA.
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2
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Xu W, Shin SC, Vickman R, Filimon B, Yang Y, Hu Z, Mangold K, Prabhakar B, Schreiber H. The Safety and Efficacy of Systemic Delivery of a New Liver-de-targeted TGFβ Signaling Inhibiting Adenovirus in an Immunocompetent Triple Negative Mouse Mammary Tumor Model. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3317863. [PMID: 37790556 PMCID: PMC10543255 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3317863/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant TGFβ signaling is linked to metastasis and tumor immune escape of many cancers including metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC). Previously, we have found that oncolytic adenoviruses expressing a TGFβ signaling inhibitory protein (sTGFβRIIFc) induced immune activation in a mouse TNBC (4T1) immunocompetent subcutaneous model with intratumoral injection. Systemic administration of adenoviruses can be a superior route to treat mTNBC but faces the challenges of increased toxicity and viral clearance. Thus, we created a liver-de-targeted sTGFβRIIFc- and LyP-1 peptide-expressing adenovirus (mHAdLyp.sT) with enhanced breast cancer cell tropism. Its safety and immune response features were profiled in the 4T1 model. Our data showed that the systemic administration of mHAdLyp.sT resulted in reduced hepatic and systemic toxicity. mHAdLyp.sT was also effective in increasing Th1 cytokines and anti-tumor cell populations by cytokine analysis, spleen/tumor qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry. We further tested the therapeutic effects of mHAdLyp.sT alone and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). mHAdLyp.sT alone and with all ICI combinations elicited significant inhibition of lung metastasis by histological analysis. When mHAdLyp.sT was combined with both anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, primary 4T1 tumor growth was also significantly inhibited. We are confident in advancing this new treatment option for mTNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xu
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, an Academic Affiliate of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
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3
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Hosseini SM, Mohammadi MK, Bagheri A, Arvandi S, Shahbazian H, Mohammadian F. The comparison of transforming growth factor beta-1 serum levels in early-stage breast cancer patients treated with external beam whole breast irradiation plus boost versus interstitial brachytherapy accelerated partial breast irradiation. Brachytherapy 2022; 21:748-753. [PMID: 36167654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brachy.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) is a profibrotic cytokine used as an early biomarker to develop radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF). This study aimed to compare TGF-β1 serum levels in early-stage breast cancer patients treated with whole-breast radiation therapy (WBRT) plus boost versus accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) using multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS This clinical trial study was conducted on 20 women with early-stage breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery candidate for adjuvant radiotherapy in Golestan hospital, Ahvaz, in 2021. In one group APBI with high-dose-rate brachytherapy (n = 10), the other group WBRT with external beam radiation plus boost (n = 10) was performed. Serum level of TGF-β1 was evaluated before radiotherapy, immediately after the end of radiotherapy and three months after the end of radiotherapy by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). RESULTS Median serum TGF-β1 level before radiotherapy was not significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.971). In both APBI and WBRT groups, serum TGF-β1 levels significantly decreased immediately after radiotherapy compared to before treatment (p = 0.005 and p = 0.007, respectively); But three months after radiotherapy, serum TGF-β1 levels increased significantly in the WBRT group (40.50 to 77.41 pg/mL; p = 0.017), while no significant change was observed in the APBI group (24.75 to 30.50 pg/mL; p = 0.332). CONCLUSIONS Higher TGF-β1 values in the WBRT group after radiotherapy can be used as an early and vital biomarker in this treatment, and this data may corroborate links between TGF-beta1 and fibrosis and fibrosis rates between APBI and WBRT; It also shows the preference for using the brachytherapy technique in this group of patients. However, due to the small number of samples, definitive conclusions require further prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Hosseini
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marjan Kouhzad Mohammadi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Interventional Radiotherapy Ward, Department of Radiation Oncology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran..
| | - Ali Bagheri
- Interventional Radiotherapy Ward, Department of Radiation Oncology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shole Arvandi
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hojattollah Shahbazian
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadian
- Department of Radiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Shukla N, Naik A, Moryani K, Soni M, Shah J, Dave H. TGF-β at the crossroads of multiple prognosis in breast cancer, and beyond. Life Sci 2022; 310:121011. [PMID: 36179816 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), a pluripotent cytokine and a multifunctional growth factor has a crucial role in varied biological mechanisms like invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis, wound healing, and immunosuppression. Moreover, it also has an imperative role both in normal mammary gland development as well as breast carcinogenesis. TGF-β has shown to have a paradoxical role in breast carcinogenesis, by transitioning from a growth inhibitor to a growth promoter with the disease advancement. The inter-communication and crosstalk of TGF-β with different signaling pathways has strengthened the likelihood to explore it as a comprehensive biomarker. In the last two decades, TGF-β has been studied extensively and has been found to be a promising biomarker for early detection, disease monitoring, treatment selection, and tumor progression making it beneficial for disease management. In this review, we focus on the signaling pathways and biological activities of the TGF-β family in breast cancer pathogenesis and its role as a circulatory and independent biomarker for breast cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, this review highlights TGF-β as a drug target, and the underlying mechanisms through which it is involved in tumorigenesis that will aid in the development of varied therapies targeting the different stages of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirali Shukla
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Ankit Naik
- Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 390009, India
| | - Kamlesh Moryani
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Molisha Soni
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Jigna Shah
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India
| | - Heena Dave
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382481, India.
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Xing Y, Ren ZQ, Jin R, Liu L, Pei JP, Yu K. Therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of CD73-TGFβ dual-blockade in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2410-2418. [PMID: 35082394 PMCID: PMC9433380 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although chemotherapy and recently approved immunotherapies have improved treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the clinical outcome for this deadly disease remains unsatisfactory. We found that both cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73) and transforming growth factor (TGF)β were elevated in TNBC and correlated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), fibrotic stroma, an immune-tolerant tumor environment, and poor prognosis. To explore the efficacy of CD73-TGFβ dual-blockade, we generated a bifunctional anti-CD73-TGFβ construct consisting of the CD73 antibody MEDI9447 fused with the TGFβRII extracellular-domain (termed MEDI-TGFβR). MEDI-TGFβR retained full and simultaneous blocking efficiency for CD73 and TGFβ. Compared with MEDI9447 activity alone, MEDI-TGFβR demonstrated superior inhibitory activity against CD73-dependent cell migration and the EMT in CD73-high TNBC cells and effectively reduced lung metastasis in a syngeneic mouse model of TNBC. Mechanistically, the CD73-TGFβ dual-blockade reverted the EMT and stromal fibrosis and induced tumor cell death, which was accompanied by the accumulation of M1-macrophages and production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). The CD73-TGFβ dual-blockade promoted a multifaceted inflammatory tumor microenvironment, as shown by the diminished levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and M2-macrophages, and substantially increased levels of activated dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and B cells. Collectively, our results have highlighted a novel strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jin-Peng Pei
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Kang E, Kim K, Jeon SY, Jung JG, Kim HK, Lee HB, Han W. Targeting CLK4 inhibits the metastasis and progression of breast cancer by inactivating TGF-β pathway. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1168-1180. [PMID: 35046528 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer that is highly resistant to current therapeutic options. According to the public databases Oncomine and KM plotter, the CLK4 expression is correlated with poor patient survival in TNBC, especially in mesenchymal-like TNBC (MES-TNBC) that has strong metastatic potential. Therefore, we investigated the potential involvement of CLK4 in the metastasis and progression of MES-TNBC. In the MES-TNBC cell lines, the CLK4 expression was elevated. Notably, the RNAi-mediated silencing of CLK4 reduced the expression of multiple epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes that mediate metastasis. Furthermore, CLK4 silencing reduced both the invasive behaviors of the cultured cells and tumor metastasis in the mouse xenograft model. It is also noteworthy that CLK4 silencing repressed the invasive and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties that are induced by the TGF-β signaling. Importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of CLK4 potently repressed the invasion and proliferation of MES-TNBC cell lines and patient-derived cells, which demonstrates its clinical applicability. Collectively, our results suggest that CLK4 plays a crucial role in invasion and proliferation of MES-TNBC, especially in the processes that are induced by TGF-β. Also, this study characterizes CLK4 as a novel therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kanggeon Kim
- Department of Oncology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sook Young Jeon
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Gwang Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Byoel Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonshik Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Närvä E, Taskinen ME, Lilla S, Isomursu A, Pietilä M, Weltner J, Isola J, Sihto H, Joensuu H, Zanivan S, Norman J, Ivaska J. MASTL is enriched in cancerous and pluripotent stem cells and influences OCT1/OCT4 levels. iScience 2022; 25:104459. [PMID: 35677646 PMCID: PMC9167974 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
MASTL is a mitotic accelerator with an emerging role in breast cancer progression. However, the mechanisms behind its oncogenicity remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a previously unknown role and eminent expression of MASTL in stem cells. MASTL staining from a large breast cancer patient cohort indicated a significant association with β3 integrin, an established mediator of breast cancer stemness. MASTL silencing reduced OCT4 levels in human pluripotent stem cells and OCT1 in breast cancer cells. Analysis of the cell-surface proteome indicated a strong link between MASTL and the regulation of TGF-β receptor II (TGFBR2), a key modulator of TGF-β signaling. Overexpression of wild-type and kinase-dead MASTL in normal mammary epithelial cells elevated TGFBR2 levels. Conversely, MASTL depletion in breast cancer cells attenuated TGFBR2 levels and downstream signaling through SMAD3 and AKT pathways. Taken together, these results indicate that MASTL supports stemness regulators in pluripotent and cancerous stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Närvä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria E. Taskinen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Aleksi Isomursu
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Pietilä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jere Weltner
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Isola
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Joensuu
- University of Helsinki and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Zanivan
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jim Norman
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Western Finnish Cancer Center (FICAN West), University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
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Xie X, Lee J, Iwase T, Kai M, Ueno NT. Emerging drug targets for triple-negative breast cancer: A guided tour of the preclinical landscape. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:405-425. [PMID: 35574694 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2077188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most fatal molecular subtype of breast cancer because of its aggressiveness and resistance to chemotherapy. FDA-approved therapies for TNBC are limited to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and trophoblast cell surface antigen 2-targeted antibody-drug conjugate. Therefore, developing a novel effective targeted therapy for TNBC is an urgent unmet need. AREAS COVERED In this narrative review, we discuss emerging targets for TNBC treatment discovered in early translational studies. We focus on cancer cell membrane molecules, hyperactive intracellular signaling pathways, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) based on their druggability, therapeutic potency, specificity to TNBC, and application in immunotherapy. EXPERT OPINION The significant challenges in the identification and validation of TNBC-associated targets are 1) application of appropriate genetic, molecular, and immunological approaches for modulating the target, 2) establishment of a proper mouse model that accurately represents the human immune TME, 3) TNBC molecular heterogeneity, and 4) failure translation of preclinical findings to clinical practice. To overcome those difficulties, future research needs to apply novel technology, such as single-cell RNA sequencing, thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing, and humanized mouse models. Further, combination treatment targeting multiple pathways in both the TNBC tumor and its TME is essential for effective disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xie
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jangsoon Lee
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Toshiaki Iwase
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Megumi Kai
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Section of Translational Breast Cancer Research, Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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10
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At the Intersection of Cardiology and Oncology: TGFβ as a Clinically Translatable Therapy for TNBC Treatment and as a Major Regulator of Post-Chemotherapy Cardiomyopathy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061577. [PMID: 35326728 PMCID: PMC8946238 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Specific/targeted therapies have been shown to be effective in the treatment of certain cancers. Unfortunately, there is currently no targeted therapy for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is why this subtype of breast cancer is associated with poor patient prognosis. While there is an immense focus on the development of new therapies, the issue of cardiotoxicity following chemotherapeutic treatment is commonly overlooked, despite its role as a leading cause of mortality in cancer survivors. This review aims to discuss the connection of TGF-β signaling and its role in modulating cardiac fibrosis and remodeling, as well as its role in TNBC tumor progression, cancer stem cell enrichment, chemoresistance and relapse. Together, we highlight the modulation of TGF-β as a method to target two of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients. Abstract Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that accounts for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths due to the lack of specific targets for effective treatments. While there is immense focus on the development of novel therapies for TNBC treatment, a persistent and critical issue is the rate of heart failure and cardiomyopathy, which is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity amongst cancer survivors. In this review, we highlight mechanisms of post-chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicity exposure, evaluate how this is assessed clinically and highlight the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-β) pathway and its significance as a mediator of cardiomyopathy. We also highlight recent findings demonstrating TGF-β inhibition as a potent method to prevent cardiac remodeling, fibrosis and cardiomyopathy. We describe how dysregulation of the TGF-β pathway is associated with negative patient outcomes across 32 types of cancer, including TNBC. We then highlight how TGF-β modulation may be a potent method to target mesenchymal (CD44+/CD24−) and epithelial (ALDHhigh) cancer stem cell (CSC) populations in TNBC models. CSCs are associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, relapse, resistance and diminished patient prognosis; however, due to plasticity and differential regulation, these populations remain difficult to target and continue to present a major barrier to successful therapy. TGF-β inhibition represents an intersection of two fields: cardiology and oncology. Through the inhibition of cardiomyopathy, cardiac damage and heart failure may be prevented, and through CSC targeting, patient prognoses may be improved. Together, both approaches, if successfully implemented, would target the two greatest causes of cancer-related morbidity in patients and potentially lead to a breakthrough therapy.
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Optical Redox Imaging Is Responsive to TGFβ Receptor Signalling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1395:269-274. [PMID: 36527648 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14190-4_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD(H) regulates hundreds of biochemical reactions within the cell. We previously reported that NAD(H) redox status may have prognostic value for predicting breast cancer metastasis. However, the mechanisms of NAD(H) involvement in metastasis remain elusive. Given the important roles of TGFβ signalling in metastatic processes, such as promoting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, we aimed to investigate the involvement of the mitochondrial NAD(H) redox status in TGFβ receptor signalling. Here we present the initial evidence that NAD(H) redox status is responsive to TGFβ receptor signalling in triple-negative breast cancer cells in culture. The mitochondrial NAD(H) redox status was determined by the optical redox imaging (ORI) technique. Cultured HCC1806 (less aggressive) and MDA-MB-231 (more aggressive) cells were subjected to ORI after treatment with exogenous TGFβ1 or LY2109761, which stimulates or inhibits TGFβ receptor signalling, respectively. Cell migration was determined with the transwell migration assay. Global averaging quantification of the ORI images showed that 1) TGFβ1 stimulation resulted in differential responses between HCC1806 and MDA-MB-231 lines, with HCC1806 cells having a significant change in the mitochondrial redox status, corresponding to a larger increase in cell migration; 2) HCC1806 cells acutely treated with LY2109761 yielded immediate increases in ORI signals. These preliminary data are the first evidence that suggests the existence of a cell line-dependent shift of the mitochondrial NAD(H) redox status in the TGFβ receptor signalling induced migratory process of breast cancer cells. Further research should be conducted to confirm these results as improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of metastatic process may contribute to the identification of prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Rohini M, Vairamani M, Selvamurugan N. TGF-β1-stimulation of NFATC2 and ATF3 proteins and their interaction for matrix metalloproteinase 13 expression in human breast cancer cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1325-1330. [PMID: 34687766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), an inducible stress gene, is stimulated by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) in a protracted and relentless manner in human mammary cancer cells (hBC cells; MDA-MB231). The molecular mechanism behind this stable expression of ATF3 via TGF-β1 in MDA-MB231 cells is unknown. This study found that TGF-β1 stimulated the expression of the nuclear factor of activated T Cells 2 (NFATC2) in MDA-MB231 cells and provided evidence of its interaction with ATF3. The functional characterization of NFATC2 in association with ATF3 was determined by silencing of NFATC2 using siRNA. Knock-down of NFATC2 decreased the expression of both ATF3 and its target gene MMP13 (matrix metalloproteinase 13, a critical invasive gene) in hBC cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that TGF-β1 promoted NFATC2 binding and NFATC2-ATF3 complex binding at the MMP13 promoter region, whereas silencing of NFATC2 decreased their binding in hBC cells. Thus, we uncovered the mechanism of interaction between NFATC2 and ATF3 regulated by TGF-β1, and NFATC2 acted as a pivotal factor in providing ATF3 stability and further drove MMP13 transcription. Targeting NFATC2 and blocking its association with ATF3 could therefore help to slow the progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rohini
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Vairamani
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Liu WL, Guan Q, Wen D, Ma B, Xu WB, Hu JQ, Wei WJ, Li DS, Wang Y, Xiang J, Liao T, Ji QH. PRDM16 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration via Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Directly Targeting Pyruvate Carboxylase in Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:723777. [PMID: 34796170 PMCID: PMC8593917 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.723777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDM16 (known as MEL1), a member of the PR domain zinc finger family, has been implicated in multiple biological processes, including cancers. It is not clear yet whether PRDM16 is involved in tumor progress of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We identified the PRDM16 expression level in PTC tissues by qRT-PCR and analyzed its relationship with clinical characteristics in both Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and TCGA cohorts. We tested the function of PRDM16 in PTC cells both in vivo and in vitro. We found a direct downstream target of PRDM16, pyruvate carboxylase (PC), by RNA-sequencing, rescue experiments, luciferase assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. PRDM16 was downregulated in papillary thyroid cancer tissues and was significantly related with lymph node metastases and extrathyroidal extension in both FUSCC and TCGA cohorts. Overexpression of PRDM16 could attenuate proliferation and migration of PTC cells via inhibiting the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process. PC was upregulated in papillary thyroid cancer tissues. Knockdown of PC could inhibit proliferation and migration in TPC-1 and K1 cells. The repression effect on cell proliferation and migration from PRDM16 was PC dependent. PRDM16 could directly bind to the PC promoter and inhibit its expression at the transcription level. Moreover, the mRNA expression level of PRDM16 and PC was negatively related in human PTC tissues. In conclusion, PRDM16 exhibited an antitumor effect and EMT inhibition function in PTC by directly binding with the PC promoter. PRDM16 may be a novel therapeutic target in papillary thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Guan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duo Wen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Bo Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Qian Hu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Duan-Shu Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Liao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Hai Ji
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Sulaiman A, McGarry S, Chilumula SC, Kandunuri R, Vinod V. Clinically Translatable Approaches of Inhibiting TGF-β to Target Cancer Stem Cells in TNBC. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101386. [PMID: 34680503 PMCID: PMC8533357 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer that disproportionally accounts for the majority of breast cancer-related deaths due to the lack of specific targets for effective treatments. In this review, we highlight the complexity of the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF-β) pathway and discuss how the dysregulation of the TGF-β pathway promotes oncogenic attributes in TNBC, which negatively affects patient prognosis. Moreover, we discuss recent findings highlighting TGF-β inhibition as a potent method to target mesenchymal (CD44+/CD24-) and epithelial (ALDHhigh) cancer stem cell (CSC) populations. CSCs are associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, relapse, resistance, and diminished patient prognosis; however, due to differential signal pathway enrichment and plasticity, these populations remain difficult to target and persist as a major barrier barring successful therapy. This review highlights the importance of TGF-β as a driver of chemoresistance, radioresistance and reduced patient prognosis in breast cancer and highlights novel treatment strategies which modulate TGF-β, impede cancer progression and reduce the rate of resistance generation via targeting the CSC populations in TNBC and thus reducing tumorigenicity. Potential TGF-β inhibitors targeting based on clinical trials are summarized for further investigation, which may lead to the development of novel therapies to improve TNBC patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sulaiman
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
- Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-816-726-2293
| | - Sarah McGarry
- Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Sai Charan Chilumula
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Rohith Kandunuri
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
| | - Vishak Vinod
- Department of Basic Science, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA; (S.C.C.); (R.K.); (V.V.)
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15
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Synthesis, In Silico Study, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101375. [PMID: 34680491 PMCID: PMC8533299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones are known for their biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-MBTSc) and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (4-NBTSc) using IR, 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The compound’s in vitro anticancer activities against different cell lines were evaluated. Molecular docking, Insilco ADMET, and drug-likeness prediction were also done. The test compounds showed a comparative IC50 and growth inhibition with the standard drug Doxorubicin. The IC50 ranges from 2.82 µg/mL to 14.25 µg/mL in 3-MBTSc and 2.80 µg/mL to 7.59 µg/mL in 4-NBTSc treated cells. The MTT assay result revealed, 3-MBTSc inhibits 50.42 and 50.31 percent of cell growth in B16-F0 and EAC cell lines, respectively. The gene expression showed that tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and BRCA1 are significantly upregulated in 7.42 and 5.33 folds, and oncogenes, PKC, and RAS are downregulated −7.96 and −7.64 folds, respectively in treated cells. The molecular docking performed on the four targeted proteins (PARP, VEGFR-1, TGF-β1, and BRAFV600E) indicated that both 4-NBTSc and 3-MBTSc potentially bind to TGF-β1 with the best binding energy of −42.34 Kcal/mol and −32.13 Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the test compound possesses desirable ADMET and drug-likeness properties. Overall, both 3-MBTSc and 4-NBTSc have the potential to be multitargeting drug candidates for further study. Moreover, 3-MBTSc showed better activity than 4-NBTSc.
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16
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Armitage JD, Newnes HV, McDonnell A, Bosco A, Waithman J. Fine-Tuning the Tumour Microenvironment: Current Perspectives on the Mechanisms of Tumour Immunosuppression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010056. [PMID: 33401460 PMCID: PMC7823446 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of cancers by harnessing the power of the immune system to eradicate malignant tissue. However, it is well recognised that some cancers are highly resistant to these therapies, which is in part attributed to the immunosuppressive landscape of the tumour microenvironment (TME). The contexture of the TME is highly heterogeneous and contains a complex architecture of immune, stromal, vascular and tumour cells in addition to acellular components such as the extracellular matrix. While understanding the dynamics of the TME has been instrumental in predicting durable responses to immunotherapy and developing new treatment strategies, recent evidence challenges the fundamental paradigms of how tumours can effectively subvert immunosurveillance. Here, we discuss the various immunosuppressive features of the TME and how fine-tuning these mechanisms, rather than ablating them completely, may result in a more comprehensive and balanced anti-tumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Armitage
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Hannah V. Newnes
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
| | - Alison McDonnell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- National Centre for Asbestos Related Diseases, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Waithman
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (J.D.A.); (H.V.N.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (J.W.)
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17
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Tang X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang W, Liu C, Yan C. Potentiation of cancerous progression by LISCH7 via direct stimulation of TGFB1 transcription in triple-negative breast cancer. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:4642-4653. [PMID: 32048750 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As an aggressive breast cancer (BCa) subtype, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) responses poorly to chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, and usually has a worse prognosis. This is largely due to the lack of specific therapeutic targets, laying claim to an imperious demand to clarify the key signaling pathways potentiating TNBC progression. Herein, we report that expression levels of the liver-specific bHLH-Zip transcription factor (LISCH7), a recently identified key player in cancerous progression, preferentially enriched in TNBC in comparison with other BCa subtypes, and this upregulation was observed to be correlated to a poor survival outcome in patients with TNBC. Ablation of LISCH7 in TNBC cells impaired cell proliferation, reduced cell invasiveness, and enhanced sensitivity to the first-line chemotherapeutic drug docetaxel at both in vitro and in vivo levels. Importantly, concurrent induction of TGFB1, the gene encoding transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), an essential multipluripotent regulator of TNBC, was accompanied with these alterations in cancerous properties. We further showed that LISCH7 could directly bind to the TGFB1 promoter and stimulate TGFB1 transcription in TNBC cells. The recruitment of LISCH7 onto the TGFB1 chromatin and transactivation of TGFB1 were substantially augmented by treatment with the exogenous TGF-β1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Collectively, these findings suggest that LISCH7 and TGF-β1 form a reciprocal positive regulatory loop and cooperatively regulate cancerous progression in TNBC cells. Thus, simultaneous inhibition of both LISCH7 and TGF-β1 signaling may represent a more effective approach to counteract advanced TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuhui Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changyou Yan
- Compositive Sector, Health and Family Planning Commission of Chengcheng County, Weinan, China
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Establishment and Verification of Synchronous Metastatic Nomogram for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs): A Population-Based Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:8493707. [PMID: 32411204 PMCID: PMC7204200 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8493707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Assess the risk of synchronous metastasis and establish a nomogram in patients with GISTs. Methods Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database (2004-2014) was accessed. With the logistic regression model as the basis, a nomogram was constructed. Results 7,256 target patients were contained in our study. The nomogram discrimination for mGIST prediction revealed that tumor size contributed most to synchronous metastasis, followed by lymph nodes, extension, pathologic grade, tumor location, and mitotic count. C-index values of predictions were 0.821 (95% CI, 0.805-0.836) and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.800-0.831), and Brier score were 0.109 and 0.112 in training and validation group, respectively. The value of area under the ROCs were 0.813 (p < 0.001) in the primary cohort and 0.819 (p < 0.001) in the validation cohort. Through the calibration curves (as seen in the figures), nomogram prediction proved to have excellent agreement with actual metastatic diseases. Conclusion A new nomogram was created that can evaluate synchronous metastatic diseases in patients with GISTs.
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19
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Nieto Gutierrez A, McDonald PH. GPCRs: Emerging anti-cancer drug targets. Cell Signal 2017; 41:65-74. [PMID: 28931490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse protein family in the human genome with over 800 members identified to date. They play critical roles in numerous cellular and physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, neurotransmission, development and apoptosis. Consequently, aberrant receptor activity has been demonstrated in numerous disorders/diseases, and as a result GPCRs have become the most successful drug target class in pharmaceuticals treating a wide variety of indications such as pain, inflammation, neurobiological and metabolic disorders. Many independent studies have also demonstrated a key role for GPCRs in tumourigenesis, establishing their involvement in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Given the growing appreciation of the role(s) that GPCRs play in cancer pathogenesis, it is surprising to note that very few GPCRs have been effectively exploited in pursuit of anti-cancer therapies. The present review provides a broad overview of the roles that various GPCRs play in cancer growth and development, highlighting the potential of pharmacologically modulating these receptors for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Nieto Gutierrez
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| | - Patricia H McDonald
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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