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Harding KG, Lowik AJ, Guinard CA, Wiseman SM. Exploring Gender Diversity in Canadian Surgical Residency Leadership. JOURNAL OF SURGICAL EDUCATION 2024; 81:103282. [PMID: 39368322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies in the United States demonstrate a low proportion of cisgender women in medical leadership. No research exists about the prevalence of transgender people in medical leadership. The objective of this study was to evaluate gender representation within Canadian surgical training leadership. DESIGN This study represents a survey based exploratory analysis and literature review. Associations between gender and leadership position, surgical subspecialty, years in practice and leadership role, province of work, and age were calculated using Chi squared goodness of fit and independence tests. SETTING The study was based out of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver and included all Canadian surgical training programs. PARTICIPANTS Participants were identified using the Canadian Resident Matching Service and program websites. All prospective respondents (359) were emailed an encrypted survey link. RESULTS The survey response rate was 65/359 responses (18%). The overall gender distribution was cis men (n = 36, 56.5%), cis women (n = 26, 40%), nonbinary (n = 1, 1.5%), agender (n = 1, 1.5%) and nonresponse (n = 1, 1.5%). Sixty-three percent of program directors were cis men, 33% were cis women and 4% were agender. Sixty-seven percent of associate program directors were cis women and 33% were cis men. Sixty-five percent of division leads were cis men, 29% were cis women, and 6% were nonbinary. There were more cis women in general surgery leadership than expected (df = 1, N = 20, x2 = 11.05, p ≤ 0.001). No statistically significant associations between gender identity/modality, leadership role, province, or age were found using chi squared tests. CONCLUSIONS Cis men continue to outnumber all others in surgical training leadership. More cis women than expected work in general surgery training leadership. However, these findings must be interpreted with caution considering the low survey response rate and the greater proportion of cis women respondents compared to cis women surgeons. There is a marked absence of binary-identified trans people in surgical training leadership in Canada, however a small number of nonbinary and agender people are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G Harding
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Surgery, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - A J Lowik
- Centre for Gender and Sexual Health Equity, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caroline A Guinard
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sam M Wiseman
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital & University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Shahzad M, Jamil B, Bushra M, Mahboob U, Elmigdadi F. Gender-based differences in the representation and experiences of academic leaders in medicine and dentistry: a mixed method study from Pakistan. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:885. [PMID: 39152420 PMCID: PMC11330139 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research evidence suggests gender-based differences in the extent and experiences of academic leaders across the globe even in developed countries like USA, UK, and Canada. The under-representation is particularly common in higher education organizations, including medical and dental schools. The current study aimed to investigate gender-based distribution and explore leaders' experiences in the medical and dental institutes in a developing country, Pakistan. METHODS A mixed-method approach was used. Gender-based distribution data of academic leaders in 28 colleges including 18 medical and 10 dental colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan were collected. Qualitative data regarding the experiences of academic leaders (n = 10) was collected through semi-structured interviews followed by transcription and thematic analysis using standard procedures. RESULTS Gender-based disparities exist across all institutes with the greatest differences among the top-rank leadership level (principals/deans) where 84.5% of the positions were occupied by males. The gender gap was relatively narrow at mid-level leadership positions reaching up to as high as > 40% of female leaders in medical/dental education. The qualitative analysis found gender-based differences in the experiences under four themes: leadership attributes, leadership journey, challenges, and support. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that women are not only significantly under-represented in leadership positions in medical and dental colleges in Pakistan, they also face gender-based discrimination and struggling to maintain a decent work life balance. These findings are critical and can have important implications for government, organizations, human resource managers, and policymakers in terms of enacting laws, proposing regulations, and establishing support mechanisms to improve gender-based balance and help current and aspiring leaders in their leadership journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Brekhna Jamil
- Institute of Health Professions Education and Research, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Bushra
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peshawar Dental College, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Usman Mahboob
- Institute of Health Professions Education and Research, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
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Miao X, Sarsour R, Givant M, Spartz H. Exploring the gender gap: A nationwide comparative analysis of general surgery residency program leadership. Surg Open Sci 2024; 20:57-61. [PMID: 38911054 PMCID: PMC11190743 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The gender disparity in surgery leadership roles is well-reported. However, the effect of program type and region on mean number of men or women occupying a particular leadership role has yet to be explored. This study aims to investigate the gender disparity of leadership positions in different types of General Surgery Residency Programs (GSRPs). Methods Leadership roles of the general surgery departments were collected from the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database Access System (FREIDA) database. Each GSRP was categorized by region and program type using FRIEDA. Analysis of the mean number of men and women holding various leadership positions by program type and region was conducted using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests. Results A total of 345 GSRPs were analyzed. The mean number of women occupying various leadership roles was significantly higher at university-based programs when compared to community-based programs. No significant difference in mean number of women leaders was observed by region. Conclusions Women consistently occupy a lower number of GSRP leadership positions when compared to men, regardless of program type or region. University-based GSRP leadership positions have significantly greater gender inclusion compared to community-based GSRPs. Key messages University-based general surgery residency programs had a higher mean number of women in all leadership roles compared to other program types. In comparison, region did not appear to be a significant factor impacting the leadership gender disparity. Improvement is needed in community-based general surgery residency programs to bridge the gender gap in leadership roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfei Miao
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet St, Colton, CA, United States of America
| | - Reem Sarsour
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet St, Colton, CA, United States of America
| | - Madeleine Givant
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet St, Colton, CA, United States of America
| | - Helena Spartz
- California University of Science and Medicine, 1501 Violet St, Colton, CA, United States of America
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Dias R, Herzog I, Alomary S, Beebe KS. Is Program Director Gender Associated With Gender Diversity Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2024; 482:1351-1357. [PMID: 39031037 PMCID: PMC11272353 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women remain underrepresented in leadership roles, faculty roles, and among residents in orthopaedic surgery. It has been suggested that having women in leadership positions in orthopaedic surgery may help to increase the gender diversity of residency programs. However, to our knowledge, no study has explored the relationship, if any, between the gender of the residency program director and the percentage of women in the residency program. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) Is the program director's gender associated with differences in the percentage of women orthopaedic surgery residents? (2) Do women and men differ in the time to appointment of program director? METHODS A list of 207 orthopaedic surgery residencies was obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) website for the academic year 2021 to 2022. The study excluded 6% (13) of programs; 4% (8) were those without ACGME accreditation and those with initial accreditation, and 2% (5) did not have updated 2021 to 2022 resident lists. Descriptive information on 194 programs was obtained from publicly accessible resources from July 2021 through July 2022. The institution's website and the American Medical Association's (AMA) Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) was used to collect residency program characteristics and resident demographics [ 2 ]. Doximity, Healthgrades, and LinkedIn were used to further collect current orthopaedic surgery residency program director demographics, including gender, age, and education/training history. To determine gender, photographs and pronouns (she/her/hers or he/him/hers) used in their biographies were used first. To confirm this, secondary sources were used including their NPI profile, which lists gender; Doximity; and their LinkedIn profile. Scopus was used to analyze research output by the program directors-using the Hirsch index (h-index) as the primary bibliometric metric. A total of 194 program directors were identified, of whom of 12% (23) were women and 88% (171) were men. Of the 4421 total residents among these programs, 20% (887) were women and 80% (3534) were men. A univariate analysis comparing program directors was conducted, with continuous variables analyzed using an independent-sample t-test and categorical variables analyzed using a Pearson chi-square test. With the numbers available, a post hoc statistical power calculation indicated that we could detect an 32% difference in the percentage of women in a program as significant with 80% power at the p < 0.05 level, whereas we might have been underpowered to discern smaller differences than that. RESULTS With the numbers available, we found no difference in the percentage of women in residency programs run by women program directors than in programs in which the program director was a man (22% [125 of 558] versus 20% [762 of 3863], mean difference 2% [95% CI -1.24% to 7.58%]; p = 0.08). Comparing women to men program directors, women had fewer years between residency completion and appointment to the position of program director (8 ± 2 years versus 12 ± 7 years, mean difference 4 years [95% CI 2.01 to 7.93 years]; p = 0.02) and had a lower mean h-index (7 ± 4 versus 11 ± 11, mean difference 4 [95% CI 1.70 to 6.56]; p = 0.03) and number of publications (24 ± 23 versus 41 ± 62, mean difference 17 [95% CI 3.98 to 31.05]; p = 0.01), although they did not differ in terms of their advanced degrees, duration of training, or likelihood of having taken a fellowship. CONCLUSION Orthopaedic residency programs that were run by women did not contain a higher percentage of women residents, suggesting that the gender of the individual in that role may not be as important as has been speculated by others. Future studies should investigate the intersectionality of gender, race, and ethnicity of residents, program directors, and current faculty. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The fact that women were placed in program director roles earlier in career may also carry special jeopardy for them. Those roles are difficult and can impair a faculty member's ability to conduct individual research, which often is key to further academic promotions. Given that and the fact that the gender of the program director was not associated with differences in gender composition of residency programs, we believe that increasing mentorship and access to pipeline programs will help promote diversity in residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Dias
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Isabel Herzog
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Simona Alomary
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kathleen S. Beebe
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Bellomo TR, Reikersdorfer K, Grobman B, Lella SK, Zacharias N, Abai B, Slaw K, Garcia-Toca M. A comprehensive analysis of leadership attributes, discrepancies, and implications for gender equity in vascular surgery. J Vasc Surg 2024:S0741-5214(24)01236-9. [PMID: 38838967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2024.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Well-developed leadership skills have been associated with a better understanding of health care context, increased team performance, and improved patient outcomes. Surgeons, in particular, stand to benefit from leadership development. Although studies have focused on investigating knowledge gaps and needs of surgeons in leadership roles, there is a noticeable gap in the literature concerning leadership in vascular surgery. The goal of this study was to characterize current leadership attributes of vascular surgeons and understand demographic influences on leadership patterns. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was a descriptive analysis of vascular surgeons and their observers who took the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) from 2020 to 2023. The LPI is a 30-question inventory that measures the frequency of specific leadership behaviors across five practices of leadership. RESULTS A total of 110 vascular surgeons completed the LPI. The majority of participants were White (56%) and identified as male (60%). Vascular surgeons most frequently observed the "enabling others to act" leadership practice style (8.90 ± 0.74) by all evaluators. Vascular surgeons were most frequently above the 70th percentile in the "challenge the process" leadership practice style (49%) compared with the average of other leaders worldwide. Observers rated vascular surgeons as displaying significantly more frequent leadership behaviors than vascular surgeons rated themselves in every leadership practice style (P < .01). The only demographic variable associated with a significantly increased occurrence of achieving 70th percentile across all five leadership practice styles was the male gender: a multivariable model adjusting for objective experience showed that men were at least 3.5 times more likely to be rated above the 70th percentile than women. CONCLUSIONS Vascular surgeons under-report the frequency at which they practice leadership skills across all five leadership practice styles and should recognize their strengths of enabling others to act and challenging the process. Men are recognized as exhibiting all five leadership practices more frequently than women, regardless of current position or experience level. This observation may reflect the limited leadership positions available for women, thereby restricting their opportunities to demonstrate leadership practices as frequently or recognizably as their male counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Bellomo
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
| | | | - Benjamin Grobman
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Srihari K Lella
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Nikolaos Zacharias
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Babak Abai
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ken Slaw
- Society for Vascular Surgery, Rosemont, IL
| | - Manuel Garcia-Toca
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Ali Farhan S, Hasnain N, Moorpani M, Sajid EUD, Shahid I, Anand T, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Academic Trauma Surgery: The Current State of Affairs. Am Surg 2024:31348241256080. [PMID: 38822562 DOI: 10.1177/00031348241256080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the increasing number of female surgeons in general surgery programs, women are still inadequately represented in leadership positions. This study aims to investigate the magnitude of gender bias in university-based trauma surgery fellowship programs and leadership positions in the United States of America. MATERIAL AND METHODS FRIEDA was used to identify trauma surgery programs. A thorough website review of each program obtained further information on faculty members, including their name, age, gender, and faculty rank. Trauma surgeons with an MD or DO qualification and a faculty rank of Professor, Associate Professor, or Assistant Professor were selected for inclusion in this study. SCOPUS was used to assess the H-index and the number of publications and citations of surgeons. RESULTS The total number of programs included was 136, consisting of 715 faculty members. Less than a quarter (n = 166; 23.2%) comprised females and less than one-fifth (n = 30; 19%) of female surgeons were Professors. The difference in the research productivity of male and female trauma surgeons was statistically significant (P < .05), with the average H-index being 10 vs 7.5, respectively, amongst the top 50 surgeons of both genders. Based on a multiple regression analysis, academic rank was significantly associated (P < .05), and gender was not significantly associated (P > .05) with H-index. CONCLUSION Gender disparity exists in the field of trauma surgery, as noted in senior faculty ranks and leadership positions. Female-inclusive state policies, appropriate mentorship, and supportive institutions can help to bridge this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ali Farhan
- Department of General Surgery, Harlem Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nimra Hasnain
- Department of Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Manpreet Moorpani
- Department of Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Emad-Ud-Din Sajid
- Department of Surgery, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Izza Shahid
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tanya Anand
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Faria I, Montalvan A, Kazimi M, Martins PN, Eckhoff D. Representation of Women Authorship in the Top 5 Transplantation Journals in the United States. Transplantation 2024; 108:802-812. [PMID: 37917944 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, only 13% of transplant surgeons are women. We evaluated gender distribution and trends of American authorship over the past 10 y in high-impact solid organ transplantation journals to gain insight into the current status of women authorship in transplantation. METHODS Original articles from 2012 to 2021 from the 5 highest-impact solid organ transplantation journals were extracted from Scopus. First and last author's gender was predicted using Genderize.io. Data of first and last authors, article type and topic, location, citation, and funding metrics were analyzed. Chi-square, logistic regression, and trend tests were performed where appropriate. Statistical significance was set at <0.05. RESULTS Women's first and last authorship increased over time among all journals. There was an increase in women first authors in the American Journal of Transplantation and in senior women authors in Liver Transplantation and Transplantation . Significant differences in gender authorship in lung, intestine, pancreas, general, and islet cell transplantation were found. Women's last authorship was associated with 1.69 higher odds of having a woman first author when adjusting for year and journal. There was an increase in the rate of women's first and last author collaborations over the years. Women last authors had 1.5 higher odds of being funded by the National Institutes of Health over the years. CONCLUSIONS Despite an increase in women transplant surgeons and physicians, the gap in women authorship in transplantation persists. Women's last authorship was associated with higher odds of having a woman first author, pointing to the importance of mentorship for women joining the transplant academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Faria
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adriana Montalvan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marwan Kazimi
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA
| | - Devin Eckhoff
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Dawood MH, Roshan M, Daniyal M, Sohail S, Perveen H, Islam UU. Gender Inequity in Clinical Clerkships and its Influence on Career Selection: A Cross-Sectional Survey. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AND CURRICULAR DEVELOPMENT 2024; 11:23821205241257401. [PMID: 38799175 PMCID: PMC11128173 DOI: 10.1177/23821205241257401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to identify the frequency, form, and underlying factors contributing to gender inequity experienced by medical undergraduates and assess its influence on their career choices. Method This was a cross-sectional, retrospective survey with a 100% response rate. This survey was distributed among medical students of clinical years in Karachi's private and government medical colleges from September 10th, 2021-March 30th, 2022. 430 participants were enrolled using a simple-random-sampling-technique. Chi-square/Fisher's Exact tests are employed to assess the relationships between gender and gender-based inequity in various specialties, including their characteristics, influence on career choices, adverse psychological effects, and potential mitigation strategies. Results Among 430 respondents, 28.6% were male, and 71.4% were female. 89.1% reported gender inequity, evenly distributed in government (80.4%) and private institutions (88.1%). The general surgery and gynecology disciplines stood out, each with a 56% prevalence. In gynecology and surgery clinical-clerkships, both genders experienced similar rates, with females at 54.5% and 42.3%, and males at 56.7% and 61.6%, respectively (P-value = .000*). Disrespect from staff/professors/patients (48.8%) was the most common manifestation, driven by factors like preferences (73.7%), gender superiority (62.6%), societal attitudes (54%), and cultural norms (50.9%). Furthermore, 82.6% of students reported that gender inequity had a negative impact on their career decision (Male = 82.9%;Female = 82.4%, P-value = .899). Additionally, gender inequity also caused demotivation (78.1%), poor self-esteem (67.2%), helplessness/hopelessness (48.6%), and frustration (45.8%). Conclusions Gender inequity is widely prevalent in the clinical-clerkships, affecting medical students' career decisions and mental health, stressing the need to prioritize and implement solutions at the undergraduate clinical-clerkship level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza Dawood
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mavra Roshan
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheza Sohail
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Haseefa Perveen
- United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University in Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Umair Ul Islam
- Head of Department of Surgery at United Medical and Dental College, affiliated with Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Farmer DL. The Future of Health Care Is Female. JAMA Surg 2024; 159:50. [PMID: 37851437 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.5131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Farmer
- Department of Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, California
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Iwai Y, Yu AYL, Daniels NC, Manik R, Thomas SM, Sudan R, Beasley GM, Fayanju OM. Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity Among Academic Surgical Leaders in the US. JAMA Surg 2023; 158:1328-1334. [PMID: 37819633 PMCID: PMC10568440 DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.4777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Importance Surgical department chairs remain conspicuously nondiverse despite the recognized importance of diverse physician workforces. However, the extent of diversity among non-chair leadership remains underexplored. Objective To evaluate racial, ethnic, and gender diversity of surgical department chairs, vice chairs (VCs), and division chiefs (DCs) in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants For this cross-sectional study, publicly accessible medical school and affiliated hospital websites in the US and Puerto Rico were searched from January 15 to July 15, 2022, to collect demographic and leadership data about surgical faculty. Two independent reviewers abstracted demographic data, with up to 2 additional reviewers assisting with coding resolution as necessary. In all, 2165 faculty were included in the analyses. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportions of racial, ethnic, and gender diversity among chairs, VCs, and DCs in general surgery and 5 surgical specialties (neurosurgery, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, orthopedics, and otolaryngology). Results A total of 2165 faculty (1815 males [83.8%] and 350 females [16.2%]; 109 [5.0%] African American or Black individuals; 347 [16.0%] Asian individuals; 83 [3.8%] Hispanic, Latino, or individuals of Spanish origin; and 1624 [75.0%] White individuals as well as 2 individuals [0.1%] of other race or ethnicity) at 154 surgical departments affiliated with 146 medical schools in the US and Puerto Rico were included in the analysis. There were more males than females in leadership positions at all levels-chairs (85.9% vs 14.1%), VCs (68.4% vs 31.6%), and DCs (87.1% vs 12.9%)-and only 192 leaders (8.9%) were from racial or ethnic groups that are underrepresented in medicine (URiM). Females occupied more VC than chair or DC positions both overall (31.6% vs 14.1% and 12.9%, respectively) and within racial and ethnic groups (African American or Black females, 4.0% VC vs 1.5% chair and 0.6% DC positions; P < .001). URiM individuals were most commonly VCs of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI, 51.6%) or faculty development (17.9%). Vice chairs of faculty development were split equally between males and females, while 64.5% of VCs for DEI were female. All other VCs were predominantly male. Among DC roles, URiM representation was greatest in transplant surgery (13.8%) and lowest in oral and maxillofacial surgery (5.0%). Except for breast and endocrine surgery (63.6% female), females comprised less than 20% of DC roles. Nearly half of DCs (6 of 13 [46.2%]) and VCs (4 of 9 [44.4%]) had no female URiM leaders, and notably, no American Indian, Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander individuals were identified in any surgical leadership positions. Conclusions and Relevance While it is unclear whether promotion from VC to chair or from DC to chair is more likely, these findings of similar gender distribution between chairs and DCs suggest the latter and may partially explain persistent nondiversity among surgical chairs. Female and URiM surgical leaders are disproportionately clustered in roles (eg, VCs of DEI or faculty development) that may not translate into future promotion to department chairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Iwai
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill
| | - Alice Yunzi L. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | | | - Samantha M. Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ranjan Sudan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia M. Beasley
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Oluwadamilola M. Fayanju
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Penn Center for Cancer Care Innovation, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Reghunathan M, Thompson N, Sendek G, Butler PD, Reid CM, Gosman AA. A Practical Guide to Implementing Holistic Review during Surgery Resident Selection. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2023; 11:e5459. [PMID: 38098951 PMCID: PMC10721126 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Provider workforce diversity is a key component of improving healthcare quality and addressing healthcare disparities. Furthermore, the traditional approach of "score-centered" application metrics do not consistently correlate with meeting milestones in surgery, nor do they adequately predict a surgical resident's clinical strength and operative abilities. We present here an adaptable process by which surgical residency programs can identify their values and incorporate holistic review into their resident selection process to improve resident selection and physician workforce diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Reghunathan
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif
| | - Noelle Thompson
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Gabriela Sendek
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif
| | - Paris D Butler
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Chris M Reid
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif
| | - Amanda A Gosman
- From the Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, UC San Diego, San Diego, Calif
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Felton JM, Staub M, Otegbeye E, Kandagatla P, Mirza K, Mutch M, Smith RK. Gender and Racial Diversity Among Colon and Rectal Surgery Trainees and Leaders. Dis Colon Rectum 2023; 66:1212-1222. [PMID: 37339340 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent changes in women and underrepresented minorities in medicine, there still exists large gender and racial gaps in surgical training and leadership. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that gender and racial representation have improved among general and colorectal surgical trainees and leadership over the past 20 years. DESIGN This cross-sectional study examines gender and racial representation of general and colorectal surgery residents, colorectal faculty members, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. SETTINGS We extracted data from the Journal of the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education yearly reports for information on surgical residents. We used the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons website and publicly available practice websites to obtain information regarding colon and rectal surgery residents, faculty members, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We primarily focused on the gender and underrepresented minority breakdowns of general surgery residents, colorectal surgery residents, and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council. RESULTS We found that between 2001 and 2021, the number of women and people identifying as underrepresented minorities increased within general surgery programs. In addition, there has been a similar increase in underrepresented minorities and women entering colorectal surgery residency programs. Finally, there has been a steady, significant increase in women representation in the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons Executive Council, with a slower increase in underrepresented minorities on the council. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by using previously collected data and relying on publicly available profiles for gender and race information. CONCLUSIONS General and colon and rectal surgery have significantly increased gender and racial diversity at the training and leadership levels. DIVERSIDAD RACIAL Y DE GNERO ENTRE LOS APRENDICES Y LDERES DE CIRUGA DE COLON Y RECTO ANTECEDENTES: A pesar de los cambios recientes en las mujeres y las minorías subrepresentadas en la medicina, todavía existen grandes brechas de género y raza en la capacitación y el liderazgo quirúrgico.OBJETIVO: Presumimos que la representación racial y de género ha mejorado entre los pasantes y el liderazgo en cirugía general y colorrectal en los últimos 20 años.DISEÑO: Este es un estudio transversal que examina la representación racial y de género de los residentes de cirugía general y colorrectal, miembros de la facultad colorrectal y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.CONFIGURACIÓN: Extrajimos datos de los informes anuales de Educación Médica para Graduados del Journal of the American Medical Association para obtener información sobre los residentes quirúrgicos. Utilizamos el sitio web de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto, así como los sitios web de práctica disponibles públicamente para obtener información sobre los residentes de cirugía de colon y recto, miembros de la facultad y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.MEDIDAS PRINCIPALES DE RESULTADO: Nos enfocamos principalmente en los desgloses de género y minorías subrepresentadas de residentes de cirugía general, residentes de cirugía colorrectal y el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto.RESULTADOS: Encontramos que entre 2001 y 2021, la cantidad de mujeres y personas que se identificaron como minorías subrepresentadas aumentó dentro de los programas de cirugía general. Además, ha habido un aumento similar en minorías subrepresentadas y mujeres que ingresan a programas de residencia en cirugía colorrectal. Finalmente, ha habido un aumento constante y significativo en la representación de mujeres en el Consejo Ejecutivo de la Sociedad Estadounidense de Cirujanos de Colon y Recto con un aumento más lento en las minorías subrepresentadas en el consejo.LIMITACIONES: El estudio está limitado por el uso de datos recopilados previamente y por confiar en perfiles disponibles públicamente para la información de género y raza.CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía general y de colon y recto han hecho algunos avances significativos en el aumento de la diversidad racial y de género en los niveles de formación y liderazgo. (Traducción-Yesenia.Rojas-Khalil ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Felton
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Melinda Staub
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Pridvi Kandagatla
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Kasim Mirza
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Mutch
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Radhika K Smith
- Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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Gajic E, Aleksa E, Dzioba A, Strychowsky JE, Hu A, Chan Y, Graham ME. Understanding Gender Differences in Research Productivity of Canadian Otolaryngologists-A Comprehensive National Audit. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023:1455613231190272. [PMID: 37534754 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231190272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To understand the factors contributing to gender disparities in the research productivity of Canadian academic otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons. Methods: Publicly available sources including departmental websites, SCOPUS, and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada were accessed between February and April 2022 to analyze gender differences in the academic productivity of otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons across Canada. Gender differences in research productivity metrics, including h-index, i10-index, publication number, and number of first and senior authorships were assessed. Demographic data, including gender, institution, years in practice, and leadership roles were assessed for correlation with increased research productivity. Subgroup analyses were used to evaluate gender differences in productivity metrics, and univariable and multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate predictors of research productivity. Results: Data were collected for 316 academic otolaryngologists (252 men, 64 women, P < .001). Men had significantly more years of publishing [mean (standard deviation, SD), 15.64 (9.45) vs 12.44 (8.28), P = .014], higher h-indices [12.22 (11.47) vs 7.33 (5.36), P < .001], i10-indices [22.61 (37.88) vs 8.17 (9.14), P > .001], publication numbers [46.63 (65.18) vs 19.59 (23.40), P < .001], and first [8.18 (9.95) vs 4.89 (6.18), P = .001] and senior authorships [12.98 (22.72) vs 3.83 (6.89), P < .001]. Gender differences were most pronounced in head and neck oncology, pediatrics, and the late career stage. Gender disparities in productivity were absent in the early career stage. Multivariate analysis identified only the number publications and number of senior author publications as being significantly influenced by gender. Conclusion: Canadian female otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeons appear to have equivalent research productivity to their male counterparts in the early career stage. This mirrors the recent findings in the United States, and demonstrates progress compared to earlier studies that found women to have lower research productivity in the early career stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gajic
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily Aleksa
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Agnieszka Dzioba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie E Strychowsky
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Hu
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yvonne Chan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Elise Graham
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
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He S, Gong J. Female authorship trends in the field of colorectal surgery: A retrospective bibliometric study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17247. [PMID: 37383188 PMCID: PMC10293712 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gender disparity and hidden discrimination remained in the surgical subspecialties. This study aimed to explore the authorship gender composition in four high-impact colorectal surgery journals over the past two decades. Method This cross-sectional study queried the Web of Science Core Collection database and PubMed (MEDLINE) for articles published in four high-impact colorectal surgery specialty journals between 2000 and 2021 (Database accessed at July 2022). Extracted data included authors' full names, institutions, year of publication and total citation numbers. Authors' genders were assigned via gendrize.io, a third-party name predictor tool. Results 100,325 authorship records were included in the final analysis. 21.8% of writers were identified as female, an increase from 11.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-13.3%) in 2000 to 26.5% (95% CI, 25.6%-27.4%) in 2021. Female authorship has risen in all authorship types, but women physicians were less likely to be the last authors than the first (OR, 0.63; 95%CI, 0.6-0.67) or middle authors (OR, 0.57; 95%CI, 0.55-0.60). Female authorship has also increased substantially in different document types, but female authorships were less likely in editorials than original articles (OR, 0.76; 95%CI, 0.7-0.83) and reviews (OR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.74-0.94). Compared with male physicians, females were more likely to author in publications with reportable funding, either as first authors (OR, 1.46; 95%CI, 1.12-1.78) or last authors (OR, 1.51; 95%CI, 1.22-1.89). Authorship varied geographically, and countries with the highest female authorship percentage were mainly in Europe and North America. Conclusion Female authorship has grown substantially in colorectal surgery literature. However, female physicians were still underrepresented and less likely to assume senior or leading authorship roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianping Gong
- Corresponding author. No.288 Tianwen Avenue, Nanan District of Chongqing 400061, China.
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Tien CW, Tao B, Khosa F. Gender disparity among ophthalmologists awarded Canadian institute of health research grants. Women Health 2023; 63:143-149. [PMID: 36593567 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2022.2164113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite efforts toward equity, diversity, and inclusion in academic ophthalmology faculties, gender disparity continues to exist. Current evidence indicates that female ophthalmologists consistently hold lower academic ranks and receive less funding from the National Institutes of Health compared to their male colleagues. The extent of this disparity is unknown in the Canadian context. We sought to characterize the gender gap in Canadian Institutes of Health Research funding among ophthalmologists. From inception, funding decision data were collected from the official Canadian Institutes of Health Research website database hosted by the Government of Canada. Measures including gender, number of grants held over the study period, number of simultaneous grants, and total funding were collected. Female ophthalmologists were consistently awarded fewer grants (21.43 percent) compared to male counterparts and were less likely to hold multiple grants since 2008. An over five-fold disparity was found in total funding for female compared to male ophthalmologists. As well, females were less likely than males to hold a grant in each particular year except in 2020. Female ophthalmologists continue to face barriers to attaining academic support from Canadian Institute of Health Research funds. Continued action to mitigate this gender gap may improve gender-based parity in federal research funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Tien
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brendan Tao
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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A descriptive analysis of general surgery residency program directors in the United States. Am J Surg 2022; 224:1247-1251. [PMID: 35780075 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women remain underrepresented in surgery. We analyzed the demographics of general surgery program directors (PDs) and compared gender differences. METHODS A search of online resources was conducted, including 344 general surgery residencies. RESULTS 340 residencies were included. 261 PDs (76.8%) were male and 79 (23.2%) were female. Females were appointed at a younger age (p < 0.0001), were appointed sooner after residency (p < 0.0001) and have served similar term lengths compared to males (p = 0.556). There was no difference in academic position, fellowship training, or scholarly output between genders. Residencies with a female PD had a greater percentage of female residents (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION General surgery PDs are predominately male with fellowship training; however the percentage of female PDs is similar to the percentage of practicing female general surgeons in the US. Gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of general surgery PDs can aid female surgeons in attaining academic leadership positions.
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Booth LE, Lo FJ, Davis MA, Spalluto LB, Yee J, Yong-Hing CJ, Murray N, Alwazzan AB, Khosa F. Gender Disparity in Surgical Device Patents: A 5-year Trend From Canada and the United States. J Surg Res 2022; 280:248-257. [PMID: 36027658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite an increasing number of women pursuing careers in science, engineering, and medicine, gender disparities in patents persist. This study sought to analyze trends in inventor's gender for surgical device patents filed and granted in Canada and the United States from 2015 to 2019. METHODS This study analyzed patents filed and granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) in the category of "Diagnosis; Surgery; Identification" and the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) in the category of "Surgery" from 2015 to 2019. The gender of the patent applicants was determined using a gender algorithm that predicts gender based on first names. Gender matches with names having a probability of less than 95% were excluded. RESULTS We identified 14,312 inventors on patents filed and 12,737 inventors on patents granted by the CIPO for "Diagnosis; Surgery; Identification". In the USPTO category of "Surgery," we identified 75,890 inventors on patents filed and 44,842 inventors on patents granted. Female inventors accounted for 7%-10% of inventors from 2015 to 2019 for both patents filed and granted. The proportion of female inventors on patents granted was significantly lower than for patents filed for four of the 5 y analyzed for both the USPTO and CIPO. CONCLUSIONS Female representation in surgical device patenting has stagnated, between 7 and 10%, from 2015 to 2019 in Canada and the United States. This underrepresentation of female inventors in surgical device patenting represents sizable gender disparity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Booth
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fu Jorden Lo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Melissa A Davis
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lucy B Spalluto
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Veterans Health Administration-Tennessee Valley Healthcare System Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Judy Yee
- Professor and University Chair, Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Charlotte J Yong-Hing
- University of British Columbia Radiology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; BC Cancer Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicolas Murray
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ahmad B Alwazzan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Medicine, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Khosa
- Department of Radiology, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Selvakumar S, Zagales I, Newsome K, Spardy J, Santos R, Boneva D, Stein DM, Kornblith L, Bilski T, Elkbuli A. Gender Distribution & Rank of Authorship in Surgical Literature. Am Surg 2022:31348221121536. [PMID: 35976619 DOI: 10.1177/00031348221121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Authorship of surgical literature is important for the career advancement of surgeons, and gender disparities in authorship may hinder the representation and leadership of women within academic surgery. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the gender distribution of first, senior, and overall authorship in peer-reviewed surgical journal studies across all surgical specialties to determine if disparities exist. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies investigating the gender distribution of authorship of surgical literature published before December 10th, 2021. Meta-analysis was performed and Cohen's Q test for heterogenous effects was used to determine whether random or fixed-effects models were appropriate. RESULTS Fifteen studies investigating gender distribution of authorship met inclusion, which included a total of 136,627 pooled studies. The meta-analysis demonstrated the meta-proportion of first authorship for women to be 20.6% (95% CI: 13.9, 28.2), the meta-proportion of senior authorship for women to be 11.9% (95% CI: 6.6, 18.5), and the meta-proportion of overall authorship for women to be 23% (95% CI: 16.2, 30.7). In addition, the proportion of senior authorship for women was found to be significantly lower than the proportion of overall authorship for women (11.9% versus 23.0%, P = .0106). CONCLUSION There is a significantly smaller proportion of women who are first, senior, and overall authors in surgical literature compared to their colleagues who are men. Sustainable and effective solutions aimed at improving the representation of women surgeons in surgical research and research leadership are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Selvakumar
- 2814NSU NOVA Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran.C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Israel Zagales
- Universidad Iberoamericana (UNIBE) Escuela de Medicina, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Kevin Newsome
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey Spardy
- Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Radleigh Santos
- Department of Mathematics, 2814NSU NOVA Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Dessy Boneva
- 2814NSU NOVA Southeastern University, Dr. Kiran.C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Deborah M Stein
- 12264University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lucy Kornblith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital & Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tracy Bilski
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, 25105Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA.,Department of Surgical Education, 25105Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Adel Elkbuli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, 25105Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA.,Department of Surgical Education, 25105Orlando Regional Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
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Javed K, Altschul D, Albuquerque FC, Hirsch JA. Assessment of female authorship in Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery (JNIS) publications in 2016-2020. J Neurointerv Surg 2022; 14:636-639. [PMID: 35046086 PMCID: PMC8783970 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since female neurointerventionalists make up a minority of the work force, the contributions this group has made to academic scholarship should be highlighted. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this project was to identify all of the recent papers published in the Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery (JNIS) by female first authors or last authors over 5 years. METHODS The online issues of JNIS from January 2016 through December 2020 were reviewed. Data were collected on the number and types of articles published monthly. For each article, the gender of the first author and the senior author was evaluated. Bivariate analyses were performed to compare female authorship trends between 2016 and 2020. RESULTS In 2016, 38 (14.8%) of the 257 articles published had female involvement compared with 60 (22.8%) of 263 articles in 2020 (p=0.019). In 2016, 9.7% of all articles had a female first author only, 3.9% had a female last author only, and 1.2% had both a female first and last author. In 2020, the percentages increased to 14.5%, 6.5%, and 1.9% respectively. Over 80% of the articles published in 2016 and 2020 by female authors were original research articles. One editorial commentary and two special topic articles were published by female authors in 2020 compared with none in 2016. CONCLUSION More papers were published by female authors in JNIS in 2020 relative to 2016. Most of these papers had a female first author, and were original research articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainaat Javed
- Neurological Surgery, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Neurological Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Dorothea Altschul
- Neurosurgery, Valley Hospital, Neurosurgeons of NJ, Ridgewood, New Jersey, USA
- Neurology, NYU, New York, New York, USA
| | - Felipe C Albuquerque
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Joshua A Hirsch
- NeuroEndovascular Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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A Descriptive Analysis of Integrated Plastic Surgery Residency Program Directors in the United States. Ann Plast Surg 2022; 89:344-349. [PMID: 35703210 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000003239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role sex plays in surgical leadership positions is heavily discussed in the literature; however, there is an absence of research looking at plastic surgery program director (PD) demographics and the differences between male and female PDs. METHODS A cross sectional study of publicly available online resources of all integrated plastic surgery residency programs was performed. Demographic and academic data of integrated plastic surgery PDs was analyzed focusing on the differences in PDs based on sex. RESULTS Eighty-two integrated plastic surgery residencies were analyzed. Fifteen PDs (18.3%) were female. Fifty-six (68%) PDs completed general surgery residencies, whereas 24 (29%) completed an integrated plastics residency. All female PDs were fellowship trained, whereas only 46 (68%) male PDs pursued additional training after residency (P = 0.02). Research output among male PDs was greater with 49.9 publications and a higher average H-index, at 13.3, compared with women with an average of 27.5 publications (P = 0.008) and an H-index of 8.7 (P = 0.02). When comparing male to female PDs, there was no difference between age at PD appointment (P = 0.15), or in the amount of time between completion of plastic surgery training to PD appointment (P = 0.29). Male PDs were older (52.2) compared with female PDs (46.5) (P = 0.02). Male PDs served longer terms (4.98 years) than female PDs (2.87 years) (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS The majority of integrated plastic surgery PDs are men with a Doctor of Medicine degree who completed a general surgery residency and a plastic surgery fellowship. Most PDs also completed fellowship in a plastic subspecialty. Male PDs had higher research output, which may be attributed to their older age on average. Although women make up only 18.3% of plastic surgery PDs, this percentage is similar to the 17.2% of active female plastic surgeons in the United States. As more women train in plastic surgery, it is possible that the percentage of women serving academic leadership roles will increase. By gaining a better understanding of the demographics and diversity in plastic surgery residency program leadership, efforts can be made to increase the representation of minority groups in academic leadership roles.
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Das D, Geynisman-Tan J, Mueller M, Kenton K. The Leadership Landscape: The Role of Gender in Current Leadership Positions in Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2022; 29:952-960. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias towards women in surgery has been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and prevents equality. OBJECTIVE The aim of our scoping review is to summarize the different forms of discrimination towards women in surgery. METHODS The database search consisted of original studies regarding discrimination towards female surgeons. RESULTS Of 3,615 studies meeting research criteria, 63 were included. Of these articles, 11 (18%) were focused on gender-based discrimination, 14 (22%) on discrimination in authorship, research productivity and research funding, 21 (33%) on discrimination in academic surgery, 7 (11%) on discrimination in surgical leadership positions and 10 (16%) on discrimination during conferences and in surgical societies. The majority (n = 53, 84%) of the included studies were conducted in the U.S.A. According to our analysis, female surgeons experience discrimination from male colleagues, healthcare workers, but also from patients and trainees. Possible solutions may include acknowledgement of the problem, increased education of diversity and integration for the younger generations, mentorship, coaching and more active engagement by male and female partners to support women in the surgical field. CONCLUSIONS Gender-based discrimination toward women in the field of surgery has evolved over the past twenty years, from an explicit to a more subtle attitude. A work-environment where diversity and flexibility are valued would allow female surgeons to better realize their full potential.
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Le Boedec A, Anthony N, Vigneau C, Hue B, Laine F, Laviolle B, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Bacle A, Allain JS. Gender inequality among medical, pharmaceutical and dental practitioners in French hospitals: Where have we been and where are we now? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254311. [PMID: 34242351 PMCID: PMC8270123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women are under-represented in senior academic and hospital positions in many countries. The authors aim to assess the place and the evolution of all appointed female and male health practitioners' working in French public Hospitals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data of this observational study were collected from the National Management Centre (Centre National de Gestion) from 2015 up to January 1, 2020. First, the authors described demographic characteristics and specialties of all appointed medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry doctors' working as Hospital Practitioners, Associate Professors, and Full Professors in French General and University-affiliated Hospitals in 2020. Then, they retrospectively reported the annual incidence of new entrance according to gender and professional status from 1999 to 2019 thanks to the appointment date of all practitioners in activity between 2015 and 2020. RESULTS In 2020, 51 401 appointed practitioners (49.7% of female) were in activity in French public hospitals with a large majority being medical doctors (92.4%) compared to pharmacists (6%) and dentists (1.6%). Women represented 52.5% of the Hospital Practitioners, 48.6% of the Associate Professors, and 22.0% of the Full Professors (p < 0.001). There were disparities between the rates of female Full Professors in medicine (20.6%), pharmacy (36.1%), and dentistry (44.3%, p < 0.001). Women were appointed Hospital Practitioners and Associate Professors earlier than men (respectively 37.1 versus 38.8 years, p < 0.001 and 36.1 versus 36.5 years, p = 0.04), and at a later age among Full Professors (43.7 versus 41.9 years, p < 0.001). Compared to men, the annual proportion of appointed women varied significantly between 1999 and 2019 from 47.6% to 60.4% for Hospital Practitioners, from 50.0% to 44.6% for Associate Professors, and from 11.2% to 33.3% for Full Professors (p < 0.001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS Although more and more women occupy positions in French hospitals, there is still a gender gap regarding access to Full Professor status in medicine and pharmacy, but not in dentistry. The disparity in numbers makes comparison difficult. Despite a trend towards gender equality during the last twenty years, it has not yet been achieved regarding access to the highest positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Le Boedec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- Rennes 1 University, France
| | - Norah Anthony
- Methodological Support and Biostatistics Unit, University Hospital, Saint Denis, Reunion Island, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center 1410 Saint Pierre, Reunion Island, France
| | - Cécile Vigneau
- Rennes 1 University, France
- Department of Nephrology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France
| | - Benoit Hue
- Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Laine
- Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- Department of Hepatology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France
| | - Bruno Laviolle
- Rennes 1 University, France
- Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France
| | - Martine Bonnaure-Mallet
- Rennes 1 University, France
- Department of Dental Surgery, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), U1241 NuMeCAn, France
| | - Astrid Bacle
- Rennes 1 University, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), IRSET-UMR_S 1085, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Allain
- Clinical Investigation Unit, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Clinical Investigation Center1414, France
- Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolism Division, Saint Malo Hospital, Saint Malo, France
- * E-mail:
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