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Hou W, Liu B, Xu H. Triptolide: Medicinal chemistry, chemical biology and clinical progress. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:378-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Castro-Falcón G, Hahn D, Reimer D, Hughes CC. Thiol Probes To Detect Electrophilic Natural Products Based on Their Mechanism of Action. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:2328-36. [PMID: 27294329 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
New methods are urgently needed to find novel natural products as structural leads for the development of new drugs against emerging diseases such as cancer and multiresistant bacterial infections. Here we introduce a reactivity-guided drug discovery approach for electrophilic natural products, a therapeutically relevant class of natural products that covalently modify their cellular targets, in crude extracts. Using carefully designed halogenated aromatic reagents, the process furnishes derivatives that are UV-active and highly conspicuous via mass spectrometry by virtue of an isotopically unique bromine or chlorine tag. In addition to the identification of high-value metabolites, the process facilitates the difficult task of structure elucidation by providing derivatives that are primed for X-ray crystallographic analysis. We show that a cysteine probe efficiently and chemoselectively labels enone-, β-lactam-, and β-lactone-based electrophilic natural products (parthenolide, andrographolide, wortmannin, penicillin G, salinosporamide), while a thiophenol probe preferentially labels epoxide-based electrophilic natural products (triptolide, epoxomicin, eponemycin, cyclomarin, salinamide). Using the optimized method, we were able to detect and isolate the epoxide-bearing natural product tirandalydigin from Salinispora and thereby link an orphan gene cluster to its gene product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Castro-Falcón
- Center for Marine Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Dongyup Hahn
- Center for Marine Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Daniela Reimer
- Center for Marine Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chambers C. Hughes
- Center for Marine Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Target identification of covalently binding drugs by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3291-303. [PMID: 27085673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the target proteins of drug molecules has become an important goal in understanding its mode of action and origin of side effects due to off-target binding. This is especially important for covalently binding drugs usually containing electrophilic moieties, which potentially can react with nucleophilic residues found in many proteins. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the use of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) as an efficient tool for the target identification of covalently binding drugs.
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4
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Kondo K, Kubo T, Kunieda T. Suggested Involvement of PP1/PP2A Activity and De Novo Gene Expression in Anhydrobiotic Survival in a Tardigrade, Hypsibius dujardini, by Chemical Genetic Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144803. [PMID: 26690982 PMCID: PMC4686906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon desiccation, some tardigrades enter an ametabolic dehydrated state called anhydrobiosis and can survive a desiccated environment in this state. For successful transition to anhydrobiosis, some anhydrobiotic tardigrades require pre-incubation under high humidity conditions, a process called preconditioning, prior to exposure to severe desiccation. Although tardigrades are thought to prepare for transition to anhydrobiosis during preconditioning, the molecular mechanisms governing such processes remain unknown. In this study, we used chemical genetic approaches to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of anhydrobiosis in the anhydrobiotic tardigrade, Hypsibius dujardini. We first demonstrated that inhibition of transcription or translation drastically impaired anhydrobiotic survival, suggesting that de novo gene expression is required for successful transition to anhydrobiosis in this tardigrade. We then screened 81 chemicals and identified 5 chemicals that significantly impaired anhydrobiotic survival after severe desiccation, in contrast to little or no effect on survival after high humidity exposure only. In particular, cantharidic acid, a selective inhibitor of protein phosphatase (PP) 1 and PP2A, exhibited the most profound inhibitory effects. Another PP1/PP2A inhibitor, okadaic acid, also significantly and specifically impaired anhydrobiotic survival, suggesting that PP1/PP2A activity plays an important role for anhydrobiosis in this species. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of the required activities of signaling molecules for desiccation tolerance in tardigrades. The identified inhibitory chemicals could provide novel clues to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying anhydrobiosis in tardigrades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyuki Kondo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Takeo Kubo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
- * E-mail:
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5
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Patil S, Lis LG, Schumacher RJ, Norris BJ, Morgan ML, Cuellar RAD, Blazar BR, Suryanarayanan R, Gurvich VJ, Georg GI. Phosphonooxymethyl Prodrug of Triptolide: Synthesis, Physicochemical Characterization, and Efficacy in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma and Ovarian Cancer Xenografts. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9334-44. [PMID: 26596892 PMCID: PMC4678411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A disodium phosphonooxymethyl
prodrug of the antitumor agent triptolide
was prepared from the natural product in three steps (39% yield) and
displayed excellent aqueous solubility at pH 7.4 (61 mg/mL) compared
to the natural product (17 μg/mL). The estimated shelf life
(t90) for hydrolysis of the prodrug at
4 °C and pH 7.4 was found to be two years. In a mouse model of
human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), the prodrug administered intraperitoneally
was effective in reducing or eliminating xenograft tumors at dose
levels as low as 0.3 mg/kg when given daily and at 0.9 mg/kg when
given less frequently. When given via intraperitoneal and oral routes
at daily doses of 0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg, the prodrug was also effective
and well tolerated in a mouse model of human ovarian cancer (A2780).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Lev G Lis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Robert J Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Beverly J Norris
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monique L Morgan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca A D Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vadim J Gurvich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota , 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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7
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Bauer RA. Covalent inhibitors in drug discovery: from accidental discoveries to avoided liabilities and designed therapies. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:1061-73. [PMID: 26002380 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that covalently bond to their biological targets have a long history in drug discovery. A look at drug approvals in recent years suggests that covalent drugs will continue to make impacts on human health for years to come. Although fraught with concerns about toxicity, the high potencies and prolonged effects achievable with covalent drugs may result in less-frequent drug dosing and in wide therapeutic margins for patients. Covalent inhibition can also dissociate drug pharmacodynamics (PD) from pharmacokinetics (PK), which can result in desired drug efficacy for inhibitors that have short systemic exposure. Evidence suggests that there is a reduced risk for the development of resistance against covalent drugs, which is a major challenge in areas such as oncology and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato A Bauer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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8
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Inhibitory effects of triptolide on titanium particle-induced osteolysis and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-mediated osteoclast differentiation. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 39:173-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2596-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Feng X, Ding S, Zheng W, Li J, Shen P. TAB1: A Target of Triptolide in Macrophages. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Huang M, Lu JJ, Huang MQ, Bao JL, Chen XP, Wang YT. Terpenoids: natural products for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1801-18. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.727395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Huang W, He T, Chai C, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Zhou P, Qiao X, Zhang B, Liu Z, Wang J, Shi C, Lei L, Gao K, Li H, Zhong S, Yao L, Huang ME, Lei M. Triptolide inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and down-regulates SUMO-specific protease 1 expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37693. [PMID: 22666381 PMCID: PMC3364364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, traditional Chinese medicine and medicinal herbs have attracted more attentions worldwide for its anti-tumor efficacy. Celastrol and Triptolide, two active components extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (known as Lei Gong Teng or Thunder of God Vine), have shown anti-tumor effects. Celastrol was identified as a natural 26 s proteasome inhibitor which promotes cell apoptosis and inhibits tumor growth. The effect and mechanism of Triptolide on prostate cancer (PCa) is not well studied. Here we demonstrated that Triptolide, more potent than Celastrol, inhibited cell growth and induced cell death in LNCaP and PC-3 cell lines. Triptolide also significantly inhibited the xenografted PC-3 tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, Triptolide induced PCa cell apoptosis through caspases activation and PARP cleavage. Unbalance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation was reported to play an important role in PCa progression. SUMO-specific protease 1 (SENP1) was thought to be a potential marker and therapeutical target of PCa. Importantly, we observed that Triptolide down-regulated SENP1 expression in both mRNA and protein levels in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners, resulting in an enhanced cellular SUMOylation in PCa cells. Meanwhile, Triptolide decreased AR and c-Jun expression at similar manners, and suppressed AR and c-Jun transcription activity. Furthermore, knockdown or ectopic SENP1, c-Jun and AR expression in PCa cells inhibited the Triptolide anti-PCa effects. Taken together, our data suggest that Triptolide is a natural compound with potential therapeutic value for PCa. Its anti-tumor activity may be attributed to mechanisms involving down-regulation of SENP1 that restores SUMOylation and deSUMOyaltion balance and negative regulation of AR and c-Jun expression that inhibits the AR and c-Jun mediated transcription in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- UMR3348 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Chengsen Chai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhong Shi
- State Key laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Lei
- Xi'an San-Yao Bio-pharmaceutical Corporation, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hewei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sue Zhong
- Xi'an San-Yao Bio-pharmaceutical Corporation, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Yao
- State Key laboratory of Tumor Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- UMR3348 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Curie, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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12
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Gersch M, Kreuzer J, Sieber SA. Electrophilic natural products and their biological targets. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:659-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np20012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Titov DV, Liu JO. Identification and validation of protein targets of bioactive small molecules. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:1902-9. [PMID: 22226983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification and validation of protein targets of bioactive small molecules is an important problem in chemical biology and drug discovery. Currently, no single method is satisfactory for this task. Here, we provide an overview of common methods for target identification and validation that historically were most successful. We have classified for the first time the existing methods into two distinct and complementary types, the 'top-down' and 'bottom-up' approaches. In a typical top-down approach, the cellular phenotype is used as a starting point and the molecular target is approached through systematic narrowing down of possibilities by taking advantage of the detailed existing knowledge of cellular pathways and processes. In contrast, the bottom-up approach entails the direct detection and identification of the molecular targets using affinity-based or genetic methods. A special emphasis is placed on target validation, including correlation analysis and genetic methods, as this area is often ignored despite its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Titov
- Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
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14
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Wang Y, Lu JJ, He L, Yu Q. Triptolide (TPL) inhibits global transcription by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II). PLoS One 2011; 6:e23993. [PMID: 21931633 PMCID: PMC3172214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TPL), a key biologically active component of the Chinese medicinal herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., has potent anti-inflammation and anti-cancer activities. Its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects have been reported to be related to the inhibition of Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB) and Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) mediated transcription and suppression of HSP70 expression. The direct targets and precise mechanisms that are responsible for the gene expression inhibition, however, remain unknown. Here, we report that TPL inhibits global gene transcription by inducing proteasome-dependent degradation of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Rpb1) in cancer cells. In the presence of proteosome inhibitor MG132, TPL treatment causes hyperphosphorylation of Rpb1 by activation of upstream protein kinases such as Positive Transcription Elongation Factor b (P-TEFb) in a time and dose dependent manner. Also, we observe that short time incubation of TPL with cancer cells induces DNA damage. In conclusion, we propose a new mechanism of how TPL works in killing cancer. TPL inhibits global transcription in cancer cells by induction of phosphorylation and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of Rpb1 resulting in global gene transcription, which may explain the high potency of TPL in killing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-jian Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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15
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The main anticancer bullets of the Chinese medicinal herb, thunder god vine. Molecules 2011; 16:5283-97. [PMID: 21701438 PMCID: PMC6264543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16065283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thunder god vine or Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. is a representative Chinese medicinal herb which has been used widely and successfully for centuries in treating inflammatory diseases. More than 100 components have been isolated from this plant, and most of them have potent therapeutic efficacy for a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In the past four decades, the anticancer activities of the extracts from this medicinal herb have attracted intensive attention by researchers worldwide. The diterpenoid epoxide triptolide and the quinone triterpene celastrol are two important bioactive ingredients that show a divergent therapeutic profile and can perturb multiple signal pathways. Both compounds promise to turn traditional medicines into modern drugs. In this review, we will mainly address the anticancer activities and mechanisms of action of these two agents and briefly describe some other antitumor components of the thunder god vine.
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Corson TW, Cavga H, Aberle N, Crews CM. Triptolide directly inhibits dCTP pyrophosphatase. Chembiochem 2011; 12:1767-73. [PMID: 21671327 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide is a potent natural product, with documented antiproliferative, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, antifertility, and antipolycystic kidney disease effects. Despite a wealth of knowledge about the biology of this compound, direct intracellular target proteins have remained elusive. We synthesized a biotinylated photoaffinity derivative of triptolide, and used it to identify dCTP pyrophosphatase 1 (DCTPP1) as a triptolide-interacting protein. Free triptolide interacts directly with recombinant DCTPP1, and inhibits the enzymatic activity of this protein. Triptolide is thus the first dCTP pyrophosphatase inhibitor identified, and DCTPP1 is a biophysically validated target of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Corson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P. O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA.
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Titov DV, Gilman B, He QL, Bhat S, Low WK, Dang Y, Smeaton M, Demain AL, Miller PS, Kugel JF, Goodrich JA, Liu JO. XPB, a subunit of TFIIH, is a target of the natural product triptolide. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:182-8. [PMID: 21278739 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (1) is a structurally unique diterpene triepoxide isolated from a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, contraceptive and antitumor activities. Its molecular mechanism of action, however, has remained largely elusive to date. We report that triptolide covalently binds to human XPB (also known as ERCC3), a subunit of the transcription factor TFIIH, and inhibits its DNA-dependent ATPase activity, which leads to the inhibition of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription and likely nucleotide excision repair. The identification of XPB as the target of triptolide accounts for the majority of the known biological activities of triptolide. These findings also suggest that triptolide can serve as a new molecular probe for studying transcription and, potentially, as a new type of anticancer agent through inhibition of the ATPase activity of XPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Titov
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Krysiak J, Breinbauer R. Activity-based protein profiling for natural product target discovery. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 324:43-84. [PMID: 22025071 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural products represent an important treasure box of biologically active molecules, from which many drug candidates have been sourced. The identification of the target proteins addressed by these natural products is a foremost goal for which new techniques are required. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), exploiting protein-reactive functional groups present in many natural products, offers unseen opportunities in this respect. This review article describes the current status of this field. Many examples are given for the annotation of biological target proteins of natural products containing epoxides, lactones, lactams, Michael acceptors, and other electrophilic groups. In addition, the development of probe molecules identified from biomimetic natural product libraries is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Krysiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Austria
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Li YD, Ren HL, Lu SY, Zhou Y, Han X, Gong BB, Zhang YY, Liu ZS. Cloning, expression, and genus-specificity analysis of 28-kDa OmpK from Vibrio alginolyticus. J Food Sci 2010; 75:M198-203. [PMID: 20546410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Some Vibrio species are universal marine pathogens and Vibrio infections are often encountered due to consumption of raw or uncooked seafood. The outer membrane proteins, playing a key role in interaction between bacteria and hosts, are potential candidates for development of vaccine and markers of the genus Vibrio. In this study, the ompK (outer membrane protein K) genes of Vibrio alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, and V. mimicu were cloned with 798 to 822 nucleotides encoding 266 to 274 amino acids. The ompK gene from V. alginolyticus was expressed in Escherichia coli using pET-22b expression vector. The recombinant fusion OmpK protein with 6xHis tag was purified with nickel chelate affinity chromatography. The polyclonal antibody (titer, 1:102400) against V. alginolyticus OmpK was developed in guinea pigs and it positively reacted with each of 5 Vibrio species but negative to other 18 Gram-negative bacterial strains. The result suggests that Vibrio OmpK protein could be a genus-specific antigen, which can be used for developing vaccines and rapid detection of multiple Vibrio species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Inst. of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Univ., Changchun 130062, PR China
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Pan J. RNA polymerase - an important molecular target of triptolide in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2010; 292:149-52. [PMID: 20045594 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a diterpenoid triepoxide, is the key biological component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. which was used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Triptolide has shown potent activity in not only anti-inflammation and immune modulation, but also antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity in many different types of cancer cells. However, for a long time, the precise molecular target(s) of triptolide have remained elusive. Recently, several groups discovered that triptolide inhibited the activity of RNA polymerase. This review will focus on these breakthrough findings about the molecular target of triptolide and its implications for targeted-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road II, Guangzhou 510089, People's Republic of China.
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Oral administration of triptolide ameliorates the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by induction of HSP70 and stabilization of NF-κB/IκBα transcriptional complex. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 217:28-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Vispé S, DeVries L, Créancier L, Besse J, Bréand S, Hobson DJ, Svejstrup JQ, Annereau JP, Cussac D, Dumontet C, Guilbaud N, Barret JM, Bailly C. Triptolide is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase I and II-dependent transcription leading predominantly to down-regulation of short-lived mRNA. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2780-90. [PMID: 19808979 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a natural product extracted from the Chinese plant Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses antitumor properties. Despite numerous reports showing the proapoptotic capacity and the inhibition of NF-kappaB-mediated transcription by triptolide, the identity of its cellular target is still unknown. To clarify its mechanism of action, we further investigated the effect of triptolide on RNA synthesis in the human non-small cell lung cancer cell line A549. Triptolide inhibited both total RNA and mRNA de novo synthesis, with the primary action being on the latter pool. We used 44K human pan-genomic DNA microarrays and identified the genes primarily affected by a short treatment with triptolide. Among the modulated genes, up to 98% are down-regulated, encompassing a large array of oncogenes including transcription factors and cell cycle regulators. We next observed that triptolide induced a rapid depletion of RPB1, the RNA polymerase II main subunit that is considered a hallmark of a transcription elongation blockage. However, we also show that triptolide does not directly interact with the RNA polymerase II complex nor does it damage DNA. We thus conclude that triptolide is an original pharmacologic inhibitor of RNA polymerase activity, affecting indirectly the transcription machinery, leading to a rapid depletion of short-lived mRNA, including transcription factors, cell cycle regulators such as CDC25A, and the oncogenes MYC and Src. Overall, the data shed light on the effect of triptolide on transcription, along with its novel potential applications in cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia, which is in part driven by the aforementioned oncogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vispé
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 3 rue des satellites, BP94244, Toulouse Cedex 4, 31432 France.
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Johnson SM, Wang X, Evers BM. Triptolide inhibits proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells by inhibition of cell cycle regulators and cytokine receptors. J Surg Res 2009; 168:197-205. [PMID: 19922946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytochemicals are an important source of emerging preventive and therapeutic agents for cancer. Triptolide/PG490, an extract of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that also possesses anticancer activity. While its antiproliferative effects are well-established, the potential antimigratory effects of triptolide have not been characterized. MATERIAL AND METHODS Effects of triptolide on the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells and expression of cancer-related genes and proteins were assessed. RESULTS Triptolide potently inhibited HT29 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth and reduced basal and stimulated HCT116 migration through collagen by 65% to 80%. Triptolide inhibited mRNA expression of the positive cell cycle regulatory genes c-myc, and A, B, C, and D-type cyclins in multiple colon cancer cell lines. Additionally, we show that triptolide treatment decreased expression of VEGF and COX-2, which promote cancer progression and invasion, and inhibited the expression of multiple cytokine receptors potentially involved in cell migration and cancer metastasis, including the thrombin receptor, CXCR4, TNF receptors, and TGF-β receptors. CONCLUSIONS Triptolide is a potent inhibitor of colon cancer proliferation and migration in vitro. The down-regulation of multiple cytokine receptors, in combination with inhibition of COX-2 and VEGF and positive cell cycle regulators, may contribute to the antimetastatic action of this herbal extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Leuenroth SJ, Crews CM. Triptolide-induced transcriptional arrest is associated with changes in nuclear substructure. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5257-66. [PMID: 18593926 PMCID: PMC2587069 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, an active component of the medicinal herb lei gong teng, is a potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory therapeutic. It potently inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional activation after DNA binding, although a precise mechanism is as yet unknown. Here, we report that triptolide also induces distinct nuclear substructural changes in HeLa cells. These changes in the nucleolus and nuclear speckles are reversible and dependent on both time and concentration. Furthermore, nuclear changes occurred within hours of triptolide treatment and were calcium and caspase independent. Rounding of nuclear speckles, an indication of transcriptional arrest, was evident and was associated with a decrease in RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) COOH-terminal domain Ser(2) phosphorylation. Additionally, the nucleolus disassembled and RNA Pol I activity declined after RNA Pol II inhibition. We therefore conclude that triptolide causes global transcriptional arrest as evidenced by inactivity of RNA Pol I and II and the subsequent alteration in nuclear substructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Leuenroth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Craig M. Crews
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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