1
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Smith CT, Wang Z, Lewis JS. Engineering antigen-presenting cells for immunotherapy of autoimmunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115329. [PMID: 38729265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are burdensome conditions that affect a significant fraction of the global population. The hallmark of autoimmune disease is a host's immune system being licensed to attack its tissues based on specific antigens. There are no cures for autoimmune diseases. The current clinical standard for treating autoimmune diseases is the administration of immunosuppressants, which weaken the immune system and reduce auto-inflammatory responses. However, people living with autoimmune diseases are subject to toxicity, fail to mount a sufficient immune response to protect against pathogens, and are more likely to develop infections. Therefore, there is a concerted effort to develop more effective means of targeting immunomodulatory therapies to antigen-presenting cells, which are involved in modulating the immune responses to specific antigens. In this review, we highlight approaches that are currently in development to target antigen-presenting cells and improve therapeutic outcomes in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton T Smith
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jamal S Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Netravali IA, Sockler PG, Heimall J, Treat JR. Rapid resolution of diffuse warts following initiation of dupilumab for severe atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 2024; 41:275-278. [PMID: 37680146 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous warts are an exceedingly common cutaneous viral infection for which existing treatment options are often painful, expensive, and only marginally effective. Extensive warts may occur in the setting of primary immunodeficiencies, wherein they can co-occur with other diseases of immune dysfunction, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). Dupilumab, an IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα)-blocking monoclonal antibody, is a biologic agent recently approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe eczema. Here, we report a case of a young girl with both severe AD and diffuse filiform warts, which resolved shortly after initiating treatment for AD with dupilumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Arun Netravali
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick G Sockler
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Heimall
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Treat
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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R P, Shanmugam G, Rakshit S, Sarkar K. Role of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein in haematological malignancies: genetics, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155026. [PMID: 38118219 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
As patients continue to suffer from lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative diseases known as haematopoietic malignancies can affect the bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic and non-lymphatic organs. Despite advances in the current treatment, there is still a significant challenge for physicians to improve the therapy of HMs. WASp is an important regulator of actin polymerization and the involvement of WASp in transcription is thought to be linked to the DNA damage response and repair. In some studies, severe immunodeficiency and lymphoid malignancy are caused by WASp mutations or the absence of WASp and these mutations in WAS can alter the function and/or expression of the intracellular protein. Loss-of-function and Gain-of-function mutations in WASp have an impact on cancer malignancies' incidence and onset. Recent studies suggest that depending on the clinical or experimental situation, WASPs and WAVEs can operate as a suppressor or enhancers for cancer malignancy. These dual functions of WASPs and WAVEs in cancer likely arose from their multifaceted role in cells that could be targeted for anticancer drug development. The significant role and their association of WASp in Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia and T-cell lymphoma is discussed. In this review, we described the structure and function of WASp and its family mechanism, analysing major regulatory effectors and summarising the clinical relevance and drugs that specifically target WASp in disease treatment in various hematopoietic malignancies by different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Sudeshna Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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4
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Liang F, Peng C, Luo X, Wang L, Huang Y, Yin L, Yue L, Yang J, Zhao X. A single-cell atlas of immunocytes in the spleen of a mouse model of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Cell Immunol 2023; 393-394:104783. [PMID: 37944382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2023.104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a disorder characterized by rare X-linked genetic immune deficiency with mutations in the Was gene, which is specifically expressed in hematopoietic cells. The spleen plays a major role in hematopoiesis and red blood cell clearance. However, to date, comprehensive analyses of the spleen in wild-type (WT) and WASp-deficient (WAS-KO) mice, especially at the transcriptome level, have not been reported. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was adopted to identify various types of immune cells and investigate the mechanisms underlying immune deficiency. We identified 30 clusters and 10 major cell subtypes among 11,269 cells; these cell types included B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, stem cells and erythrocytes. Moreover, we evaluated gene expression differences among cell subtypes, identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and performed enrichment analyses to identify the reasons for the dysfunction in these different cell populations in WAS. Furthermore, some key genes were identified based on a comparison of the DEGs in each cell type involved in specific and nonspecific immune responses, and further analysis showed that these key genes were previously undiscovered pathology-related genes in WAS-KO mice. In summary, we present a landscape of immune cells in the spleen of WAS-KO mice based on detailed data obtained at single-cell resolution. These unprecedented data revealed the transcriptional characteristics of specific and nonspecific immune cells, and the key genes were identified, laying a foundation for future studies of WAS, especially studies into novel and underexplored mechanisms that may improve gene therapies for WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Liang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianze Luo
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Le Yin
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luming Yue
- Singleron Biotechnologies, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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5
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Campellone KG, Lebek NM, King VL. Branching out in different directions: Emerging cellular functions for the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family actin nucleation factors. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151301. [PMID: 36907023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton impacts practically every function of a eukaryotic cell. Historically, the best-characterized cytoskeletal activities are in cell morphogenesis, motility, and division. The structural and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton are also crucial for establishing, maintaining, and changing the organization of membrane-bound organelles and other intracellular structures. Such activities are important in nearly all animal cells and tissues, although distinct anatomical regions and physiological systems rely on different regulatory factors. Recent work indicates that the Arp2/3 complex, a broadly expressed actin nucleator, drives actin assembly during several intracellular stress response pathways. These newly described Arp2/3-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements are coordinated by members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation-promoting factors. Thus, the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family proteins are emerging as crucial players in cytoplasmic and nuclear activities including autophagy, apoptosis, chromatin dynamics, and DNA repair. Characterizations of the functions of the actin assembly machinery in such stress response mechanisms are advancing our understanding of both normal and pathogenic processes, and hold great promise for providing insights into organismal development and interventions for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Nadine M Lebek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Virginia L King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
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6
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Inadequate Activation of γδT- and B-cells in Patient with Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) Portrayed by TRG and IGH Repertoire Analyses. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:109-122. [PMID: 36044170 PMCID: PMC9840590 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) harbor mutations in the WAS gene and suffer from immunodeficiency, microthrombocytopenia, and eczema. T-cells play an important role in immune response in the skin and the γδT-cells have an important role in skin homeostasis. Since WAS patients often present with eczema, we wanted to examine whether the T-cell receptor gamma (TRG) repertoire of the γδT-cells is affected in these patients. In addition, the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) repertoire from genomic DNA of WAS patients was not yet studied. Thus, we sought to determine the effects that specific WAS mutations from our patients have in shaping the TRG and IGH immune repertoires. We collected clinical and genetic data on four WAS patients, each harboring a different mutation in the WAS gene. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we analyzed their TRG and IGH repertoires using genomic DNA isolated from their peripheral blood. We analyzed the TRG and IGH repertoire sequences to show repertoire restriction, clonal expansions, preferential utilization of specific V genes, and unique characteristics of the antigen binding region in WAS patients with eczema compared to healthy controls. Both the TRG and IGH repertoire showed diverse repertoire comparable to healthy controls on one the hand, and on the other hand, the IGH repertoire showed increased diversity, more evenly distributed repertoire and immaturity of the antigen binding region. Thus, we demonstrate by analyzing the repertoire based on genomic DNA, the various effect that WAS mutations have in shaping the TRG and IGH adaptive immune repertoires.
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7
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Luo J, Peng J, Zhao PQ, Fei P. CMV Retinitis in Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:134-141. [PMID: 34878956 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1995762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked recessive disease whose optimal curative treatment is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients with WAS may suffer from cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) which can cause vision loss. This study is to report the progression and prognosis of patients with WAS and CMVR. METHODS A retrospective case series of ten patients with WAS and CMVR before and after HSCT who were referred to the Ophthalmology Department of Xinhua Hospital from June 2018 to February 2021. Progression and prognosis were recorded. RESULTS Five patients were diagnosed with CMVR before receiving HSCT at a median age of 10.5 months (range: 4-23 months). Eight patients developed CMVR post-transplantation with a median interval from HSCT of 3.5 months (range: 1-9 months). CONCLUSION Regular fundus examinations and prompt treatments in patients with WAS are therefore crucial before they receiving HSCT or approximately 3.5 months after HSCT until complete reconstitution of immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Quan Zhao
- Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Fei
- Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Confirmed diagnosis of classic Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in East Africa: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:301. [PMID: 35897083 PMCID: PMC9327242 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency that mostly presents with a classic triad of eczema, microthrombocytopenia, recurrent infections, and increased risk of autoimmunity/malignancies. Case presentation We present an 8-month-old African male, born from nonconsanguineous parents and who presented with a history of eczematous skin rash since day 9 of life, with recurrent sinus infections, otitis media, and skin abscesses. An elder male sibling who had similar symptoms passed away during infancy. Investigations were consistent with microthrombocytopenia and significantly raised immunoglobulin E, while immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G were moderately elevated with normal immunoglobulin M. Genetic testing revealed the patient to be hemizygous for a pathogenic Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome gene variant (NM_000377.2:c.403C>T). He was managed conservatively with supportive treatment until he died a year later. Conclusion Despite Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome being a rare disease, it should be considered as a differential in any male child who presents with microthrombocytopenia and recurrent infections, especially in low-resource settings where genetic testing is not routinely available.
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9
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Herman KE, Yoshida T, Hughson A, Grier A, Gill SR, Beck LA, Fowell DJ. IL-17-Dependent Dysregulated Cutaneous Immune Homeostasis in the Absence of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:817427. [PMID: 35265075 PMCID: PMC8900519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.817427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is characterized by recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia, and eczema. Here, we show that WASp-deficient mice on a BALB/c background have dysregulated cutaneous immune homeostasis with increased leukocyte accumulation in the skin, 1 week after birth. Increased cutaneous inflammation was associated with epithelial abnormalities, namely, altered keratinization, abnormal epidermal tight junctional morphology and increased trans-epidermal water loss; consistent with epidermal barrier dysfunction. Immune and physical barrier disruption was accompanied by progressive skin dysbiosis, highlighting the functional significance of the disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. Interestingly, the dysregulated immunity in the skin preceded the systemic elevation in IgE and lymphocytic infiltration of the colonic lamina propria associated with WASp deficiency. Mechanistically, the enhanced immune cell accumulation in the skin was lymphocyte dependent. Elevated levels of both Type 2 (IL-4, IL-5) and Type 17 (IL-17, IL-22, IL-23) cytokines were present in the skin, as well as the 'itch' factor IL-31. Unexpectedly, the canonical WAS-associated cytokine IL-4 did not play a role in the immune dysfunction. Instead, IL-17 was critical for skin immune infiltration and elevation of both Type 2 and Type 17 cytokines. Our findings reveal a previously unrecognized IL-17-dependent breakdown in immune homeostasis and cutaneous barrier integrity in the absence of WASp, targeting of which may provide new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of skin pathologies in WAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Herman
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Angela Hughson
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Alex Grier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steven R. Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Lisa A. Beck
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Deborah J. Fowell
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Deborah J. Fowell,
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10
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Gaertner F, Reis-Rodrigues P, de Vries I, Hons M, Aguilera J, Riedl M, Leithner A, Tasciyan S, Kopf A, Merrin J, Zheden V, Kaufmann WA, Hauschild R, Sixt M. WASp triggers mechanosensitive actin patches to facilitate immune cell migration in dense tissues. Dev Cell 2022; 57:47-62.e9. [PMID: 34919802 PMCID: PMC8751638 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When crawling through the body, leukocytes often traverse tissues that are densely packed with extracellular matrix and other cells, and this raises the question: How do leukocytes overcome compressive mechanical loads? Here, we show that the actin cortex of leukocytes is mechanoresponsive and that this responsiveness requires neither force sensing via the nucleus nor adhesive interactions with a substrate. Upon global compression of the cell body as well as local indentation of the plasma membrane, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) assembles into dot-like structures, providing activation platforms for Arp2/3 nucleated actin patches. These patches locally push against the external load, which can be obstructing collagen fibers or other cells, and thereby create space to facilitate forward locomotion. We show in vitro and in vivo that this WASp function is rate limiting for ameboid leukocyte migration in dense but not in loose environments and is required for trafficking through diverse tissues such as skin and lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gaertner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | | | - Ingrid de Vries
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miroslav Hons
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Aguilera
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Riedl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Leithner
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Saren Tasciyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aglaja Kopf
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jack Merrin
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | | | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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11
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He Y, Gallman AE, Xie C, Shen Q, Ma J, Wolfreys FD, Sandy M, Arsov T, Wu X, Qin Y, Zhang P, Jiang S, Stanley M, Wu P, Tan J, Ding H, Xue H, Chen W, Xu J, Criswell LA, Nititham J, Adamski M, Kitching AR, Cook MC, Cao L, Shen N, Cyster JG, Vinuesa CG. P2RY8 variants in lupus patients uncover a role for the receptor in immunological tolerance. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211004. [PMID: 34889940 PMCID: PMC8669517 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell self-tolerance is maintained through multiple checkpoints, including restraints on intracellular signaling and cell trafficking. P2RY8 is a receptor with established roles in germinal center (GC) B cell migration inhibition and growth regulation. Somatic P2RY8 variants are common in GC-derived B cell lymphomas. Here, we identify germline novel or rare P2RY8 missense variants in lupus kindreds or the related antiphospholipid syndrome, including a "de novo" variant in a child with severe nephritis. All variants decreased protein expression, F-actin abundance, and GPCR-RhoA signaling, and those with stronger effects increased AKT and ERK activity and cell migration. Remarkably, P2RY8 was reduced in B cell subsets from some SLE patients lacking P2RY8 gene variants. Low P2RY8 correlated with lupus nephritis and increased age-associated B cells and plasma cells. By contrast, P2RY8 overexpression in cells and mice restrained plasma cell development and reinforced negative selection of DNA-reactive developing B cells. These findings uncover a role of P2RY8 in immunological tolerance and lupus pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome/genetics
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome/immunology
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome/metabolism
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Lupus Nephritis/genetics
- Lupus Nephritis/immunology
- Lupus Nephritis/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mutation, Missense/genetics
- Mutation, Missense/immunology
- Pedigree
- Plasma Cells/immunology
- Plasma Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y/immunology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antonia E. Gallman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chengmei Xie
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jianyang Ma
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Finn D. Wolfreys
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Moriah Sandy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Todor Arsov
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Qin
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pingjing Zhang
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Simon Jiang
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Maurice Stanley
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Philip Wu
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jingjing Tan
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Huihua Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Joanne Nititham
- Russell/Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Marcin Adamski
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - A. Richard Kitching
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Lanfang Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jason G. Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Carola G. Vinuesa
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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12
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Targeting the actin nucleation promoting factor WASp provides a therapeutic approach for hematopoietic malignancies. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5581. [PMID: 34552085 PMCID: PMC8458504 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25842-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on actin cytoskeleton rearrangement to carry out hallmark malignant functions including activation, proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp) is an actin nucleation-promoting factor and is a key regulator of actin polymerization in hematopoietic cells. The involvement of WASp in malignancies is incompletely understood. Since WASp is exclusively expressed in hematopoietic cells, we performed in silico screening to identify small molecule compounds (SMCs) that bind WASp and promote its degradation. We describe here one such identified molecule; this WASp-targeting SMC inhibits key WASp-dependent actin processes in several types of hematopoietic malignancies in vitro and in vivo without affecting naïve healthy cells. This small molecule demonstrates limited toxicity and immunogenic effects, and thus, might serve as an effective strategy to treat specific hematopoietic malignancies in a safe and precisely targeted manner. Cancer cells proliferate and invade via cytoskeletal proteins such as WASp, exclusively expressed in hematopoietic cells. Here the authors show a specific small molecule compound inhibiting cancer cell activity by WASp degradation and demonstrating its therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo.
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13
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Dadwal N, Mix C, Reinhold A, Witte A, Freund C, Schraven B, Kliche S. The Multiple Roles of the Cytosolic Adapter Proteins ADAP, SKAP1 and SKAP2 for TCR/CD3 -Mediated Signaling Events. Front Immunol 2021; 12:703534. [PMID: 34295339 PMCID: PMC8290198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.703534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are the key players of the adaptive immune response. They coordinate the activation of other immune cells and kill malignant and virus-infected cells. For full activation T cells require at least two signals. Signal 1 is induced after recognition of MHC/peptide complexes presented on antigen presenting cells (APCs) by the clonotypic TCR (T-cell receptor)/CD3 complex whereas Signal 2 is mediated via the co-stimulatory receptor CD28, which binds to CD80/CD86 molecules that are present on APCs. These signaling events control the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, triggering of the TCR/CD3 complex induces the activation of the integrin LFA-1 (leukocyte function associated antigen 1) leading to increased ligand binding (affinity regulation) and LFA-1 clustering (avidity regulation). This process is termed "inside-out signaling". Subsequently, ligand bound LFA-1 transmits a signal into the T cells ("outside-in signaling") which enhances T-cell interaction with APCs (adhesion), T-cell activation and T-cell proliferation. After triggering of signal transducing receptors, adapter proteins organize the proper processing of membrane proximal and intracellular signals as well as the activation of downstream effector molecules. Adapter proteins are molecules that lack enzymatic or transcriptional activity and are composed of protein-protein and protein-lipid interacting domains/motifs. They organize and assemble macromolecular complexes (signalosomes) in space and time. Here, we review recent findings regarding three cytosolic adapter proteins, ADAP (Adhesion and Degranulation-promoting Adapter Protein), SKAP1 and SKAP2 (Src Kinase Associated Protein 1 and 2) with respect to their role in TCR/CD3-mediated activation, proliferation and integrin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirdosh Dadwal
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlie Mix
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annegret Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Witte
- Coordination Center of Clinical Trials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kliche
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty of the Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Gao WJ, Liu JX, Liu MN, Yao YD, Liu ZQ, Liu L, He HH, Zhou H. Macrophage 3D migration: A potential therapeutic target for inflammation and deleterious progression in diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105563. [PMID: 33746053 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have different physiological functions, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, endocytosis, and secretion of various factors. All physiological functions of macrophages are integral to homeostasis, immune defense and tissue repair. However, in several diseases, macrophages are recruited from the blood towards inflammatory sites. This process is called macrophage migration, which promotes deleterious disease progression. Macrophage migration is a key player in many inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancers because it contributes to the accumulation of proinflammatory factors, the destruction of tissues and the development of tumors. Therefore, macrophage migration is proposed to be a potential therapeutic target. Macrophages migrate between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) environments, implying that distinct migratory features and mechanisms are involved. Compared with the 2D migration of macrophages, 3D migration involves more complex variations in cellular morphology and dynamics. The structure of the extracellular matrix, a key factor, is modified in diseases that influence macrophage 3D migration. Macrophage 3D migration relates to disease pathology. Research that focuses on macrophage 3D migration is an emerging field and was reviewed in this article to indicate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of macrophage migration in 3D environments and to provide potential targets for controlling disease progression associated with this migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jiao Gao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua City, Hunan Province, PR China
| | - Meng-Nan Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yun-Da Yao
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China
| | - Zhong-Qiu Liu
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huan-Huan He
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province 519000, PR China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, PR China; Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China; Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province 519000, PR China.
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15
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Sprenkeler EGG, Guenther C, Faisal I, Kuijpers TW, Fagerholm SC. Molecular Mechanisms of Leukocyte Migration and Its Potential Targeting-Lessons Learned From MKL1/SRF-Related Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615477. [PMID: 33692789 PMCID: PMC7938309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 (MKL1) deficiency is one of the most recently discovered primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) caused by cytoskeletal abnormalities. These immunological “actinopathies” primarily affect hematopoietic cells, resulting in defects in both the innate immune system (phagocyte defects) and adaptive immune system (T-cell and B-cell defects). MKL1 is a transcriptional coactivator that operates together with serum response factor (SRF) to regulate gene transcription. The MKL/SRF pathway has been originally described to have important functions in actin regulation in cells. Recent results indicate that MKL1 also has very important roles in immune cells, and that MKL1 deficiency results in an immunodeficiency affecting the migration and function of primarily myeloid cells such as neutrophils. Interestingly, several actinopathies are caused by mutations in genes which are recognized MKL(1/2)-dependent SRF-target genes, namely ACTB, WIPF1, WDR1, and MSN. Here we summarize these and related (ARPC1B) actinopathies and their effects on immune cell function, especially focusing on their effects on leukocyte adhesion and migration. Furthermore, we summarize recent therapeutic efforts targeting the MKL/SRF pathway in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien G G Sprenkeler
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carla Guenther
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imrul Faisal
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AUMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanna C Fagerholm
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Mawalla WF, Iddy H, Kindole CA, Nasser A, Schuh A. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with normal platelet volume in a low-income setting: a case report. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211009905. [PMID: 37181115 PMCID: PMC10032462 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211009905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare immunodeficiency X-linked genetic disorder. It is often featured with a clinical triad of thrombocytopenia with low mean platelet volume, eczematoid dermatitis and recurrent infections. The clinical manifestation of WAS, depending on the underlying variant, shows wide heterogeneity. We present a case of a 10-month-old boy who came in with a history of recurrent fever, skin lesions since birth and episodes of bloody diarrhoea. He had severe anaemia and thrombocytopenia (with normal mean platelet volume). Genetic analysis revealed the patient to be hemizygous for a pathogenic WAS gene splice variant (NM_000377.2:c.360+1G>A). He was managed with supportive treatment and regular follow up, but died 4 months later. As it is a rare genetic disease, the diagnosis of WAS can easily be missed, especially in settings with scarce healthcare resources that do not have easy access to genetic testing. Thus, a high index of suspicion is needed when a male child presents with recurrent infections and bleeding tendencies. Plain language summary Management challenges of a rare genetic disorder in a resource-limited country: a case report of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome in TanzaniaWiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare inherited disease that mainly affects boys. Patients will typically present with low levels of a single line of little particles of cells that clot the blood called platelets, whole-body skin rashes and recurrent infections. Nevertheless, the clinical presentation can vary between individuals. We present a case of a 10-month-old boy who came in with a history of recurrent fever, skin rash since birth and episodes of bloody diarrhoea. He had very low levels of red blood cells and platelets. Genetic analysis confirmed the patient to have WAS. He was managed with supportive treatment, followed up on a regular clinic but unfortunately died 4 months later. Being a rare genetic disease, the diagnosis of WAS can easily be missed, especially in regions with scarce healthcare resources that do not have easy access to genetic testing. Thus, doctors should suspect WAS in boys presenting with recurrent infections and bleeding problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Frank Mawalla
- Department of Haematology and Blood
Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science (MUHAS), P.O.
Box 65001, Upanga, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hamisa Iddy
- Department of Haematology and Blood
Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Christine Aloyce Kindole
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health,
Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ahlam Nasser
- Department of Haematology and Blood
Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Anna Schuh
- Department of Haematology and Blood
Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania
- Oxford Molecular Diagnostic Centre, Department
of Oncology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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17
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Molecular assessment and transcriptome profiling of wild fish populations of Oryzias mekongensis and O. songkhramensis (Adrianichthyidae: Beloniformes) from Thailand. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242382. [PMID: 33211755 PMCID: PMC7676673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the fish of the genus Oryzias, two species are frequently used as model animals in biological research. In Thailand, Oryzias mekongensis is usually found in natural freshwater near the Mekong Basin in the northeast region, while O. songkhramensis inhabits the Songkhram Basin. For differential morphological identification, the coloured bands on the dorsal and ventral margins of the caudal fin are used to distinguish O. mekongensis from O. songkhramensis. However, these characteristics are insufficient to justify species differentiation, and little molecular evidence is available to supplement them. This study aimed to investigate the molecular population and transcriptome profiles of adult O. mekongensis and O. songkhramensis. In the molecular tree based on cytochrome b sequences, O. mekongensis exhibited four clades that were clearly distinguished from O. songkhramensis. Clade 1 of the O. mekongensis population was close to the Mekong River and lived in the eastern portion of the upper northeast region. Clade 2 was far from the Mekong River and inhabited the middle region of the Songkhram River. Clade 3 was positioned to the west of the Songkhram River, and clade 4 was to the south of the Songkhram River Basin. After RNA sequencing using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, the gene category annotations hardly differentiated the species and were discussed in the text. Based on the present findings, population dispersal of these Oryzias species might be associated with geographic variations of the upper northeast region. Molecular genetics and transcriptome profiling might advance our understanding of the evolution of teleost fish.
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18
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Glanzmann B, Möller M, Schoeman M, Urban M, van Helden PD, Frigati L, Grewal R, Pieters H, Loos B, Hoal EG, Glashoff RH, Cornelissen H, Rabie H, Esser MM, Kinnear CJ. Identification of a novel WAS mutation in a South African patient presenting with atypical Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:124. [PMID: 32503528 PMCID: PMC7275612 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The X-linked recessive primary immunodeficiency disease (PIDD) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is identified by an extreme susceptibility to infections, eczema and thrombocytopenia with microplatelets. The syndrome, the result of mutations in the WAS gene which encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich protein (WASp), has wide clinical phenotype variation, ranging from classical WAS to X-linked thrombocytopaenia and X-linked neutropaenia. In many cases, the diagnosis of WAS in first affected males is delayed, because patients may not present with the classic signs and symptoms, which may intersect with other thrombocytopenia causes. Case presentation Here, we describe a three-year-old HIV negative boy presenting with recurrent infections, skin rashes, features of autoimmunity and atopy. However, platelets were initially reported as normal in numbers and morphology as were baseline immune investigations. An older male sibling had died in infancy from suspected immunodeficiency. Uncertainty of diagnosis and suspected severe PIDD prompted urgent further molecular investigation. Whole exome sequencing identified c. 397 G > A as a novel hemizygous missense mutation located in exon 4 of WAS. Conclusion With definitive molecular diagnosis, we could target treatment and offer genetic counselling and prenatal diagnostic testing to the family. The identification of novel variants is important to confirm phenotype variations of a syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Glanzmann
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Marlo Möller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Mardelle Schoeman
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Michael Urban
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Lisa Frigati
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ravnit Grewal
- Division of Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hermanus Pieters
- Division of Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Richard H Glashoff
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Cornelissen
- Department of Haematopathology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monika M Esser
- Immunology Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Craig J Kinnear
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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19
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Saeed MB, Record J, Westerberg LS. Two sides of the coin: Cytoskeletal regulation of immune synapses in cancer and primary immune deficiencies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 356:1-97. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms account for differences in clinical manifestations or incidence of infectious or autoimmune diseases and malignancy between females and males. Females develop enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses than males and are less susceptible to many infections of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal origin and malignancies but in contrast, they are more prone to develop autoimmune diseases. The higher susceptibility to infections in males is observed from birth to adulthood, suggesting that sex chromosomes and not sex hormones have a major role in sexual dimorphism in innate immunity. Sex-based regulation of immune responses ultimately contributes to age-related disease development and life expectancy. Differences between males and females have been described in the expression of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune response and in the functional responses of phagocytes and antigen presenting cells. Different factors have been shown to account for the sex-based disparity in immune responses, including genetic factors and hormonal mediators, which contribute independently to dimorphism in the innate immune response. For instance, several genes encoding for innate immune molecules are located on the X chromosome. In addition, estrogen and/or testosterone have been reported to modulate the differentiation, maturation, lifespan, and effector functions of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. In this review, we will focus on differences between males and females in innate immunity, which represents the first line of defense against pathogens and plays a fundamental role in the activation, regulation, and orientation of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Jaillon
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. .,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Kevin Berthenet
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. .,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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21
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De la Fuente IM, Bringas C, Malaina I, Regner B, Pérez-Samartín A, Boyano MD, Fedetz M, López JI, Pérez-Yarza G, Cortes JM, Sejnowski T. The nucleus does not significantly affect the migratory trajectories of amoeba in two-dimensional environments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16369. [PMID: 31704992 PMCID: PMC6841717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For a wide range of cells, from bacteria to mammals, locomotion movements are a crucial systemic behavior for cellular life. Despite its importance in a plethora of fundamental physiological processes and human pathologies, how unicellular organisms efficiently regulate their locomotion system is an unresolved question. Here, to understand the dynamic characteristics of the locomotion movements and to quantitatively study the role of the nucleus in the migration of Amoeba proteus we have analyzed the movement trajectories of enucleated and non-enucleated amoebas on flat two-dimensional (2D) surfaces using advanced non-linear physical-mathematical tools and computational methods. Our analysis shows that both non-enucleated and enucleated amoebas display the same kind of dynamic migration structure characterized by highly organized data sequences, super-diffusion, non-trivial long-range positive correlations, persistent dynamics with trend-reinforcing behavior, and move-step fluctuations with scale invariant properties. Our results suggest that the presence of the nucleus does not significantly affect the locomotion of amoeba in 2D environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso M De la Fuente
- Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Carlos Bringas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Iker Malaina
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Statistics and Operational Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - María Dolores Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - María Fedetz
- Department of Cellular Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", CSIC, Granada, 18100, Spain
| | - José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
| | - Gorka Pérez-Yarza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Jesus M Cortes
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
- IKERBASQUE: The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Terrence Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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22
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De la Fuente IM, Bringas C, Malaina I, Fedetz M, Carrasco-Pujante J, Morales M, Knafo S, Martínez L, Pérez-Samartín A, López JI, Pérez-Yarza G, Boyano MD. Evidence of conditioned behavior in amoebae. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3690. [PMID: 31417086 PMCID: PMC6695432 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11677-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Associative memory is the main type of learning by which complex organisms endowed with evolved nervous systems respond efficiently to certain environmental stimuli. It has been found in different multicellular species, from cephalopods to humans, but never in individual cells. Here we describe a motility pattern consistent with associative conditioned behavior in the microorganism Amoeba proteus. We use a controlled direct-current electric field as the conditioned stimulus, and a specific chemotactic peptide as the unconditioned stimulus. The amoebae are capable of linking two independent past events, generating persistent locomotion movements that can prevail for 44 min on average. We confirm a similar behavior in a related species, Metamoeba leningradensis. Thus, our results indicate that unicellular organisms can modify their behavior during migration by associative conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso M De la Fuente
- Department of Nutrition, CEBAS-CSIC Institute, Espinardo University Campus, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Carlos Bringas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Iker Malaina
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - María Fedetz
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "López-Neyra", CSIC, Granada, 18016, Spain
| | - Jose Carrasco-Pujante
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Miguel Morales
- Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Shira Knafo
- Biophysics Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Luis Martínez
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Basque Center of Applied Mathematics (BCAM), Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - José I López
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barakaldo, 48903, Spain
| | - Gorka Pérez-Yarza
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - María Dolores Boyano
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
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Sun X, Wei Y, Lee PP, Ren B, Liu C. The role of WASp in T cells and B cells. Cell Immunol 2019; 341:103919. [PMID: 31047647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a form of primary immunodeficiency (PIDs) resulting from mutations of the gene that encodes Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). WASp is the first identified and most widely studied protein belonging to the actin nucleation-promoting factor family and plays significant role in integrating and transforming signals from critical receptors on the cell surface to actin remodeling. WASp functions in immune defense and homeostasis through the regulation of actin cytoskeleton-dependent cellular processes as well as processes uncoupled with actin polymerization like nuclear transcription programs. In this article, we review the mechanisms of WASp activation through an understanding of its structure. We further discuss the role of WASp in adaptive immunity, paying special attention to some recent findings on the crucial role of WASp in the formation of immunological synapse, the regulation of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and in the prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wei
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela P Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China; Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Edwards SS, Delgado MG, Nader GPDF, Piel M, Bellaïche Y, Lennon-Duménil AM, Glavic Á. An in vitro method for studying subcellular rearrangements during cell polarization in Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes. Mech Dev 2018; 154:277-286. [PMID: 30096416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the power of Drosophila genetics, this animal model has been a precious tool for scientists to uncover key processes associated to innate immunity. The fly immune system relies on a population of macrophage-like cells, also referred to as hemocytes, which are highly migratory and phagocytic, and can easily be followed in vivo. These cells have shown to play important roles in fly development, both at the embryonic and pupal stages. However, there is no robust assay for the study of hemocyte migration in vitro, which limits our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we contribute to fill this gap by showing that hemocytes adopt a polarized morphology upon ecdysone stimulation, allowing the study of the cytoskeleton rearrangements and organelle reorganization that take place during the first step of cell locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sofía Edwards
- Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - María Graciela Delgado
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Guilherme Pedreira de Freitas Nader
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Yohanns Bellaïche
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75005, France.
| | - Ana María Lennon-Duménil
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932 Immunité et Cancer, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Álvaro Glavic
- Centro de Regulación del Genoma, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
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Rottner K, Faix J, Bogdan S, Linder S, Kerkhoff E. Actin assembly mechanisms at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 130:3427-3435. [PMID: 29032357 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.206433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins provide the driving forces for establishing the astonishing morphological diversity and dynamics of mammalian cells. Aside from functions in protruding and contracting cell membranes for motility, differentiation or cell division, the actin cytoskeleton provides forces to shape and move intracellular membranes of organelles and vesicles. To establish the many different actin assembly functions required in time and space, actin nucleators are targeted to specific subcellular compartments, thereby restricting the generation of specific actin filament structures to those sites. Recent research has revealed that targeting and activation of actin filament nucleators, elongators and myosin motors are tightly coordinated by conserved protein complexes to orchestrate force generation. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the corresponding protein complexes and their modes of action in actin nucleation, elongation and force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klemens Rottner
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan Faix
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Kerkhoff
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Nano-scale microfluidics to study 3D chemotaxis at the single cell level. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198330. [PMID: 29879160 PMCID: PMC5991685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed migration of cells relies on their ability to sense directional guidance cues and to interact with pericellular structures in order to transduce contractile cytoskeletal- into mechanical forces. These biomechanical processes depend highly on microenvironmental factors such as exposure to 2D surfaces or 3D matrices. In vivo, the majority of cells are exposed to 3D environments. Data on 3D cell migration are mostly derived from intravital microscopy or collagen-based in vitro assays. Both approaches offer only limited controllability of experimental conditions. Here, we developed an automated microfluidic system that allows positioning of cells in 3D microenvironments containing highly controlled diffusion-based chemokine gradients. Tracking migration in such gradients was feasible in real time at the single cell level. Moreover, the setup allowed on-chip immunocytochemistry and thus linking of functional with phenotypical properties in individual cells. Spatially defined retrieval of cells from the device allows down-stream off-chip analysis. Using dendritic cells as a model, our setup specifically allowed us for the first time to quantitate key migration characteristics of cells exposed to identical gradients of the chemokine CCL19 yet placed on 2D vs in 3D environments. Migration properties between 2D and 3D migration were distinct. Morphological features of cells migrating in an in vitro 3D environment were similar to those of cells migrating in animal tissues, but different from cells migrating on a surface. Our system thus offers a highly controllable in vitro-mimic of a 3D environment that cells traffic in vivo.
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Abstract
Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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28
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Stewart-Hutchinson PJ, Szasz TP, Jaeger ER, Onken MD, Cooper JA, Morley SC. Technical Advance: New in vitro method for assaying the migration of primary B cells using an endothelial monolayer as substrate. J Leukoc Biol 2017. [PMID: 28637896 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1ta0117-008r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration of B cells supports their development and recruitment into functional niches. Therefore, defining factors that control B cell migration will lead to a better understanding of adaptive immunity. In vitro cell migration assays with B cells have been limited by poor adhesion of cells to glass coated with adhesion molecules. We have developed a technique using monolayers of endothelial cells as the substrate for B cell migration and used this technique to establish a robust in vitro assay for B cell migration. We use TNF-α to up-regulate surface expression of the adhesion molecule VCAM-1 on endothelial cells. The ligand VLA-4 is expressed on B cells, allowing them to interact with the endothelial monolayer and migrate on its surface. We tested our new method by examining the role of L-plastin (LPL), an F-actin-bundling protein, in B cell migration. LPL-deficient (LPL-/-) B cells displayed decreased speed and increased arrest coefficient compared with wild-type (WT) B cells, following chemokine stimulation. However, the confinement ratios for WT and LPL-/- B cells were similar. Thus, we demonstrate how the use of endothelial monolayers as a substrate will support future interrogation of molecular pathways essential to B cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip J Stewart-Hutchinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Taylor P Szasz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily R Jaeger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Onken
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; and
| | - John A Cooper
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; and
| | - Sharon Celeste Morley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Novel WASP mutation in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: Case report and review of the literature. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:450-4. [PMID: 26993433 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive immunodeficiency disorder, caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASP) gene and characterised by thrombocytopenia, small platelets, eczema, and recurrent infections associated with increased risk of autoimmunity and malignancy disorders. The gene for WAS has been mapped to the short arm of the X chromosome at Xp 11.22-23 and early detection of patients and diagnosis of new mutation might reduce related complications and increase their life expectancy. METHOD AND RESULT We found a novel mutation by sequence analysis of genomic DNA coding of a 9-month old boy suffering from WAS. The mutation was insertion G in exon 10 of WASP gene. The consequence of the G insertion is a premature stop immediately at amino acid 335 (N335X or p.G334GfsX1) and truncated protein. CONCLUSION The mutation analysis is helpful for the diagnosis of WAS patients and also expanding the spectrum of WASP mutations for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis.
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Baharin MF, Dhaliwal JS, Sarachandran SVV, Idris SZ, Yeoh SL. A rare case of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome with normal platelet size: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2016; 10:188. [PMID: 27356510 PMCID: PMC4928304 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-016-0944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by microthrombocytopenia, eczema, and recurrent infections. It is caused by mutations of the WAS gene. Microthrombocytopenia has been regarded as the key criteria in diagnosing this rare condition. However, in this case report, we describe a case of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome with normal platelet size. Case presentation We report the case of a 9-month-old Malay boy who presented with persistent thrombocytopenia from birth. Serial blood investigations at birth showed he had normal platelet size. His family history revealed two early neonatal deaths in maternal uncles. Spontaneous bleeding was only seen at the age of 3 months. He was initially treated for immune thrombocytopenic purpura and was started on intravenously administered immunoglobulin. His clinical deterioration and poor response to the immunoglobulin raised suspicion for a different underlying pathology. Molecular analysis of the WAS gene revealed a missense mutation in exon 10. His parents refused further interventions and defaulted on subsequent follow-up appointments. Conclusions A diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome should be considered in any male infant who presents with early onset thrombocytopenia despite an absence of small platelet size, a characteristic feature of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farid Baharin
- Allergy and Immunology Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Smrdhi V V Sarachandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6, Jalan Langgar, 05460, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Siti Zaharah Idris
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, KM 6, Jalan Langgar, 05460, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Seoh Leng Yeoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Jalan Residensi, 10450, George Town, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Krutetskaya ZI, Melnitskaya AV, Antonov VG, Nozdrachev AD. The inhibitors of Arp2/3 complex and WASP proteins modulate the effect of glutoxim on Na(+) transport in frog skin. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2016; 467:102-4. [PMID: 27193709 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672916020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Using voltage-clamp technique, the involvement of WASP proteins and Arp2/3 complex in the effect of immunomodulator drug glutoxim on Na(+) transport in frog skin was investigated. It was shown for the first time that preincubation of the skin with the N-WASP inhibitor wiskostatin or the Arp2/3 complex inhibitor CK-0944666 significantly decreases the stimulatory effect of glutoxim on Na(+) transport. The data suggest the involvement of actin filament polymerization and branching in the glutoxim effect on Na(+) transport in frog skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Krutetskaya
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - A V Melnitskaya
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - V G Antonov
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A D Nozdrachev
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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32
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Miller CL, Muthupalani S, Shen Z, Drees F, Ge Z, Feng Y, Chen X, Gong G, Nagar KK, Wang TC, Gertler FB, Fox JG. Lamellipodin-Deficient Mice: A Model of Rectal Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152940. [PMID: 27045955 PMCID: PMC4821566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During a survey of clinical rectal prolapse (RP) cases in the mouse population at MIT animal research facilities, a high incidence of RP in the lamellipodin knock-out strain, C57BL/6-Raph1tm1Fbg (Lpd-/-) was documented. Upon further investigation, the Lpd-/- colony was found to be infected with multiple endemic enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS). Lpd-/- mice, a transgenic mouse strain produced at MIT, have not previously shown a distinct immune phenotype and are not highly susceptible to other opportunistic infections. Predominantly male Lpd-/- mice with RP exhibited lesions consistent with invasive rectal carcinoma concomitant to clinically evident RP. Multiple inflammatory cytokines, CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations, and epithelial cells positive for a DNA damage biomarker, H2AX, were elevated in affected tissue, supporting their role in the neoplastic process. An evaluation of Lpd-/- mice with RP compared to EHS-infected, but clinically normal (CN) Lpd-/- animals indicated that all of these mice exhibit some degree of lower bowel inflammation; however, mice with prolapses had significantly higher degree of focal lesions at the colo-rectal junction. When Helicobacter spp. infections were eliminated in Lpd-/- mice by embryo transfer rederivation, the disease phenotype was abrogated, implicating EHS as a contributing factor in the development of rectal carcinoma. Here we describe lesions in Lpd-/- male mice consistent with a focal inflammation-induced neoplastic transformation and propose this strain as a mouse model of rectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Miller
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Frauke Drees
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Guanyu Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Karan K. Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frank B. Gertler
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Janssen WJM, Geluk HCA, Boes M. F-actin remodeling defects as revealed in primary immunodeficiency disorders. Clin Immunol 2016; 164:34-42. [PMID: 26802313 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are a heterogeneous group of immune-related diseases. PIDs develop due to defects in gene-products that have consequences to immune cell function. A number of PID-proteins is involved in the remodeling of filamentous actin (f-actin) to support the generation of a contact zone between the antigen-specific T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC): the immunological synapse (IS). IS formation is the first step towards T-cell activation and essential for clonal expansion and acquisition of effector function. We here evaluated PIDs in which aberrant f-actin-driven IS formation may contribute to the PID disease phenotypes as seen in patients. We review examples of such contributions to PID phenotypes from literature, and highlight cases in which PID-proteins were evaluated for a role in f-actin polymerization and IS formation. We conclude with the proposition that patient groups might benefit from stratifying them in distinct functional groups in regard to their f-actin remodeling phenotypes in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J M Janssen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H C A Geluk
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Boes
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Schachtner H, Weimershaus M, Stache V, Plewa N, Legler DF, Höpken UE, Maritzen T. Loss of Gadkin Affects Dendritic Cell Migration In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143883. [PMID: 26624014 PMCID: PMC4666629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration is crucial for the function of dendritic cells (DCs), which act as outposts of the immune system. Upon detection of pathogens, skin- and mucosa-resident DCs migrate to secondary lymphoid organs where they activate T cells. DC motility relies critically on the actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, a nucleator of branched actin networks. Consequently, loss of ARP2/3 stimulators and upstream Rho family GTPases dramatically impairs DC migration. However, nothing is known yet about the relevance of ARP2/3 inhibitors for DC migration. We previously demonstrated that the AP-1-associated adaptor protein Gadkin inhibits ARP2/3 by sequestering it on intracellular vesicles. Consistent with a role of Gadkin in DC physiology, we here report Gadkin expression in bone marrow-derived DCs and show that its protein level and posttranslational modification are regulated upon LPS-induced DC maturation. DCs derived from Gadkin-deficient mice were normal with regards to differentiation and maturation, but displayed increased actin polymerization. While the actin-dependent processes of macropinocytosis and cell spreading were not affected, loss of Gadkin significantly impaired DC migration in vitro, however, in vivo DC migration was unperturbed suggesting the presence of compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schachtner
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjana Weimershaus
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Stache
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Plewa
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg) at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Uta E. Höpken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Maritzen
- Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology Section, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Krutetskaya ZI, Milenina LS, Naumova AA, Butov SN, Antonov VG, Nozdrachev AD. Involvement of the Arp2/3 complex and WASP proteins in the effect of glutoxim and molixan on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in macrophages. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2015; 464:279-82. [PMID: 26518547 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672955050013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Fura-2AM fluorescent Ca(2+) probe was used to study the possibility that the Arp2/3 complex and WASP proteins are involved in the effects of glutoxim and molixan on the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in macrophages. It has been demonstrated that preincubation of macrophages with inhibitors of the Arp2/3 complex or WASP proteins (CK-0944666 or wiskostatin, respectively) results in a significant suppression of Ca(2+)-responses induced by glutoxim or molixan. This suggests that polymerization of actin filaments is a process involved in the effect of glutoxim or molixan on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z I Krutetskaya
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - L S Milenina
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Naumova
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - S N Butov
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - V G Antonov
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A D Nozdrachev
- St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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36
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Cardiovascular abnormalities in primary immunodeficiency diseases. LYMPHOSIGN JOURNAL-THE JOURNAL OF INHERITED IMMUNE DISORDERS 2015. [DOI: 10.14785/lpsn-2014-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing numbers of patients with primary immune deficiency (PID) are being recognized as also suffering from cardiovascular system (CVS) abnormalities. These CVS defects might be explained by infectious or autoimmune etiologies, as well as by the role of specific genes and the immune system in the development and function of CVS tissues. Here, we provide the first comprehensive review of the clinical, potentially pathogenic mechanisms, and the management of PID, as well as the associated immune and CVS defects. In addition to some well-known associations of PID with CVS abnormalities, such as DiGeorge syndrome and CHARGE anomaly, we describe the cardiac defects associated with Omenn syndrome, calcium channel deficiencies, DNA repair defects, common variable immunodeficiency, Roifman syndrome, various neutrophil/macrophage defects, FADD deficiency, and HOIL1 deficiency. Moreover, we detail the vascular abnormalities recognized in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, chronic granulomatous disease, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, Schimke immuno-osseus dysplasia, hyper-IgE syndrome, MonoMAC syndrome, and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. In conclusion, the expanding spectrum of PID requires increased alertness to the possibility of CVS involvement as an important contributor to the diagnosis and management of these patients.
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Vijayakumar V, Monypenny J, Chen XJ, Machesky LM, Lilla S, Thrasher AJ, Antón IM, Calle Y, Jones GE. Tyrosine phosphorylation of WIP releases bound WASP and impairs podosome assembly in macrophages. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:251-65. [PMID: 25413351 PMCID: PMC4294773 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Podosomes are integrin-containing adhesion structures commonly found in migrating leukocytes of the monocytic lineage. The actin cytoskeletal organisation of podosomes is based on a WASP- and Arp2/3-mediated mechanism. WASP also associates with a second protein, WIP (also known as WIPF1), and they co-localise in podosome cores. Here, we report for the first time that WIP can be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and that tyrosine phosphorylation of WIP is a trigger for release of WASP from the WIP-WASP complex. Using a knockdown approach together with expression of WIP phosphomimics, we show that in the absence of WIP-WASP binding, cellular WASP is rapidly degraded, leading to disruption of podosomes and a failure of cells to degrade an underlying matrix. In the absence of tyrosine phosphorylation, the WIP-WASP complex remains intact and podosome lifetimes are extended. A screen of candidate kinases and inhibitor-based assays identified Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) as a regulator of WIP tyrosine phosphorylation. We conclude that tyrosine phosphorylation of WIP is a crucial regulator of WASP stability and function as an actin-nucleation-promoting factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineetha Vijayakumar
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - James Monypenny
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Xing Judy Chen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Sergio Lilla
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Inés M Antón
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Calle
- Department of Haematological & Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Gareth E Jones
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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38
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Braun CJ, Boztug K, Paruzynski A, Witzel M, Schwarzer A, Rothe M, Modlich U, Beier R, Göhring G, Steinemann D, Fronza R, Ball CR, Haemmerle R, Naundorf S, Kühlcke K, Rose M, Fraser C, Mathias L, Ferrari R, Abboud MR, Al-Herz W, Kondratenko I, Maródi L, Glimm H, Schlegelberger B, Schambach A, Albert MH, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Klein C. Gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome--long-term efficacy and genotoxicity. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:227ra33. [PMID: 24622513 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is characterized by microthrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and susceptibility to malignancies. In our hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (GT) trial using a γ-retroviral vector, 9 of 10 patients showed sustained engraftment and correction of WAS protein (WASP) expression in lymphoid and myeloid cells and platelets. GT resulted in partial or complete resolution of immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and bleeding diathesis. Analysis of retroviral insertion sites revealed >140,000 unambiguous integration sites and a polyclonal pattern of hematopoiesis in all patients early after GT. Seven patients developed acute leukemia [one acute myeloid leukemia (AML), four T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), and two primary T-ALL with secondary AML associated with a dominant clone with vector integration at the LMO2 (six T-ALL), MDS1 (two AML), or MN1 (one AML) locus]. Cytogenetic analysis revealed additional genetic alterations such as chromosomal translocations. This study shows that hematopoietic stem cell GT for WAS is feasible and effective, but the use of γ-retroviral vectors is associated with a substantial risk of leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jörg Braun
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
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39
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Braun CJ, Witzel M, Paruzynski A, Boztug K, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Klein C. Gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome-Long-term reconstitution and clinical benefits, but increased risk for leukemogenesis. Rare Dis 2014; 2:e947749. [PMID: 26942098 PMCID: PMC4755244 DOI: 10.4161/21675511.2014.947749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich-Syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive disease caused by mutations of the WAS gene. It is characterized by immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, low numbers of small platelets (microthrombocytopenia) and a high risk of cancer, especially B cell lymphoma and leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Joerg Braun
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich ; Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Witzel
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich ; Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Paruzynski
- Department of Translational Oncology; National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg, Germany; New address: BioNTech AG; Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover, Germany; Present address: CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences/Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna; Vienna, Austria
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology; National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology; National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich ; Munich, Germany
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40
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Maridonneau-Parini I. Control of macrophage 3D migration: a therapeutic challenge to limit tissue infiltration. Immunol Rev 2014; 262:216-31. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- CNRS UMR 5089; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale; Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
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41
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Abstract
WIP plays an important role in the remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, which controls cellular activation, proliferation, and function. WIP regulates actin polymerization by linking the actin machinery to signaling cascades. WIP binding to WASp and to its homolog, N-WASp, which are central activators of the actin-nucleating complex Arp2/3, regulates their cellular distribution, function, and stability. By binding to WASp, WIP protects it from degradation and thus, is crucial for WASp retention. Indeed, most mutations that result in WAS, an X-linked immunodeficiency caused by defective/absent WASp activity, are located in the WIP-binding region of WASp. In addition, by binding directly to actin, WIP promotes the formation and stabilization of actin filaments. WASp-independent activities of WIP constitute a new research frontier and are discussed extensively in this article. Here, we review the current information on WIP in human and mouse systems, focusing on its associated proteins, its molecular-regulatory mechanisms, and its role as a key regulator of actin-based processes in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Fried
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Omri Matalon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Elad Noy
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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42
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Bouma G, Carter NA, Recher M, Malinova D, Adriani M, Notarangelo LD, Burns SO, Mauri C, Thrasher AJ. Exacerbated experimental arthritis in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein deficiency: modulatory role of regulatory B cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2692-702. [PMID: 24945741 PMCID: PMC4209796 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients deficient in the cytoskeletal regulator Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) are predisposed to varied autoimmunity, suggesting it has an important controlling role in participating cells. IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells are emerging as important mediators of immunosuppressive activity. In experimental, antigen-induced arthritis WASp-deficient (WASp knockout [WAS KO]) mice developed exacerbated disease associated with decreased Breg cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells, but increased Th17 cells in knee-draining LNs. Arthritic WAS KO mice showed increased serum levels of B-cell-activating factor, while their B cells were unresponsive in terms of B-cell-activating factor induced survival and IL-10 production. Adoptive transfer of WT Breg cells ameliorated arthritis in WAS KO recipients and restored a normal balance of Treg and Th17 cells. Mice with B-cell-restricted WASp deficiency, however, did not develop exacerbated arthritis, despite exhibiting reduced Breg- and Treg-cell numbers during active disease, and Th17 cells were not increased over equivalent WT levels. These findings support a contributory role for defective Breg cells in the development of WAS-related autoimmunity, but demonstrate that functional competence in other regulatory populations can be compensatory. A properly regulated cytoskeleton is therefore important for normal Breg-cell activity and complementation of defects in this lineage is likely to have important therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Bouma
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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43
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Abstract
The importance of the cytoskeleton in mounting a successful immune response is evident from the wide range of defects that occur in actin-related primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Studies of these PIDs have revealed a pivotal role for the actin cytoskeleton in almost all stages of immune system function, from hematopoiesis and immune cell development, through to recruitment, migration, intercellular and intracellular signaling, and activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The major focus of this review is the immune defects that result from mutations in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene (WAS), which have a broad impact on many different processes and give rise to clinically heterogeneous immunodeficiencies. We also discuss other related genetic defects and the possibility of identifying new genetic causes of cytoskeletal immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Moulding
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Center for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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44
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Rougerie P, Miskolci V, Cox D. Generation of membrane structures during phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages: role and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:222-39. [PMID: 24117824 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are best known for their protective search and destroy functions against invading microorganisms. These processes are commonly known as chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Both of these processes require actin cytoskeletal remodeling to produce distinct F-actin-rich membrane structures called lamellipodia and phagocytic cups. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate actin polymerization through initial receptor signaling and subsequent Arp2/3 activation by nucleation-promoting factors like the WASP/WAVE family, followed by remodeling of actin networks to produce these very distinct structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rougerie
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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45
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Phillippi J, Xie Y, Miller DR, Bell TA, Zhang Z, Lenarcic AB, Aylor DL, Krovi SH, Threadgill DW, de Villena FPM, Wang W, Valdar W, Frelinger JA. Using the emerging Collaborative Cross to probe the immune system. Genes Immun 2013; 15:38-46. [PMID: 24195963 PMCID: PMC4004367 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Collaborative Cross (CC) is an emerging panel of recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains. Each strain is genetically distinct but all descended from the same eight inbred founders. In 66 strains from incipient lines of the CC (pre-CC), as well as the 8 CC founders and some of their F1 offspring, we examined subsets of lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. We found significant variation among the founders, with even greater diversity in the pre-CC. Genome-wide association using inferred haplotypes detected highly significant loci controlling B-to-T cell ratio, CD8 T-cell numbers, CD11c and CD23 expression. Comparison of overall strain effects in the CC founders with strain effects at QTL in the pre-CC revealed sharp contrasts in the genetic architecture of two traits with significant loci: variation in CD23 can be explained largely by additive genetics at one locus, whereas variation in B-to-T ratio has a more complex etiology. For CD23, we found a strong QTL whose confidence interval contained the CD23 structural gene Fcer2a. Our data on the pre-CC demonstrate the utility of the CC for studying immunophenotypes and the value of integrating founder, CC and F1 data. The extreme immunophenotypes observed could have pleiotropic effects in other CC experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Phillippi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Y Xie
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D R Miller
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - T A Bell
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A B Lenarcic
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D L Aylor
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S H Krovi
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D W Threadgill
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - F Pardo-Manuel de Villena
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - W Wang
- Department of Computer Science, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Valdar
- 1] Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA [2] Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Frelinger
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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46
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Serrano-Pertierra E, Cernuda-Morollón E, López-Larrea C. NKG2D- and CD28-mediated costimulation regulate CD8+
T cell chemotaxis through different mechanisms: the role of Cdc42/N-WASp. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:487-95. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0613316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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47
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Matalon O, Reicher B, Barda-Saad M. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein - dynamic regulation of actin homeostasis: from activation through function and signal termination in T lymphocytes. Immunol Rev 2013; 256:10-29. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omri Matalon
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Barak Reicher
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan Israel
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48
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient patients and mice are immunodeficient and can develop inflammatory bowel disease. The intestinal microbiome is critical to the development of colitis in most animal models, in which Helicobacter spp. have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. We sought to determine the role of Helicobacter spp. in colitis development in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient (WKO) mice. METHODS Feces from WKO mice raised under specific pathogen-free conditions were evaluated for the presence of Helicobacter spp., after which a subset of mice were rederived in Helicobacter spp.-free conditions. Helicobacter spp.-free WKO animals were subsequently infected with Helicobacter bilis. RESULTS Helicobacter spp. were detected in feces from WKO mice. After rederivation in Helicobacter spp.-free conditions, WKO mice did not develop spontaneous colitis but were susceptible to radiation-induced colitis. Moreover, a T-cell transfer model of colitis dependent on Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein-deficient innate immune cells also required Helicobacter spp. colonization. Helicobacter bilis infection of rederived WKO mice led to typhlitis and colitis. Most notably, several H. bilis-infected animals developed dysplasia with 10% demonstrating colon carcinoma, which was not observed in uninfected controls. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous and T-cell transfer, but not radiation-induced, colitis in WKO mice is dependent on the presence of Helicobacter spp. Furthermore, H. bilis infection is sufficient to induce typhlocolitis and colon cancer in Helicobacter spp.-free WKO mice. This animal model of a human immunodeficiency with chronic colitis and increased risk of colon cancer parallels what is seen in human colitis and implicates specific microbial constituents in promoting immune dysregulation in the intestinal mucosa.
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49
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Morphological effects of autologous hsp70 on peritoneal macrophages in a murine T cell lymphoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3407-15. [PMID: 23784457 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 is highly conserved cytosolic protein which have important role in growth, development, and apoptosis. Hsp70 is well-known activator of macrophages and enhances the release of specific and non-specific effector molecules that have major role in tumor destruction and immunopotentiation of host. However, morphological effects of hsp 70 has not been carried out, therefore, morphological effects of hsp 70 on murine peritoneal macrophages were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Thioglycolate-induced peritoneal macrophages were prepared from BALB/c mice and cultured for 24 h in the presence of the hsp70. Tumor-associated macrophages treated with 10 μg/ml were varied in shape, mostly spindle shaped, i.e., stretched bidirectionally; surface ruffles were increased and their lamellipodia was prominent which suggest that hsp 70 treatment not only enhances the functional state of the peritoneal macrophages but also initiate immense morphological changes leading to increased endothelium adherence, increased antigen uptake, and increased migration to the inflammatory site.
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50
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Lang PA, Shaabani N, Borkens S, Honke N, Scheu S, Booth S, Brenner D, Meryk A, Barthuber C, Recher M, Mak TW, Ohashi PS, Häussinger D, Griffiths GM, Thrasher AJ, Bouma G, Lang KS. Reduced type I interferon production by dendritic cells and weakened antiviral immunity in patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 131:815-24. [PMID: 23141740 PMCID: PMC3757164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency caused by absence of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) expression, resulting in defective function of many immune cell lineages and susceptibility to severe bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Despite a significant proportion of patients with WAS having recurrent viral infections, surprisingly little is known about the effects of WASP deficiency on antiviral immunity. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the antiviral immune response in patients with WASP deficiency in vivo. METHODS Viral clearance and associated immunopathology were measured after infection of WASP-deficient (WAS KO) mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Induction of antiviral CD8(+) T-cell immunity and cytotoxicity was documented in WAS KO mice by means of temporal enumeration of total and antigen-specific T-cell numbers. Type I interferon (IFN-I) production was measured in serum in response to LCMV challenge and characterized in vivo by using IFN-I reporter mice crossed with WAS KO mice. RESULTS WAS KO mice showed reduced viral clearance and enhanced immunopathology during LCMV infection. This was attributed to both an intrinsic CD8(+) T-cell defect and defective priming of CD8(+) T cells by dendritic cells (DCs). IFN-I production by WAS KO DCs was reduced both in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These studies use a well-characterized model of persistence-prone viral infection to reveal a critical deficiency of CD8(+) T-cell responses in murine WASP deficiency, in which abrogated production of IFN-I by DCs might play an important contributory role. These findings might help us to understand the immunodeficiency of WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Lang
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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