Tricin, flavonoid from Njavara reduces inflammatory responses in hPBMCs by modulating the p38MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways and prevents inflammation associated endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs

Association between Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Soluble Biomarkers of Endothelial Function: A Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

The burden of cardiovascular diseases caused by ambient particulate air pollution is universal. An increasing number of studies have investigated the potential effects of exposure to particulate air pollution on endothelial function, which is one of the important mechanisms for the onset and development of cardiovascular disease. However, no previous study has conducted a summary analysis of the potential effects of particulate air pollution on endothelial function.

OBJECTIVES

To summarize the evidence for the potential effects of short-term exposure to ambient particulate air pollution on endothelial function based on existing studies.

METHODS

A systematic literature search on the relationship between ambient particulate air pollution and biomarkers of endothelial function including endothelin-1 (ET-1), E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to 20 May 2023. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model.

RESULTS

A total of 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis. A 10 μg/m3 increase in short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 was associated with a 1.55% (95% CI: 0.89%, 2.22%) increase in ICAM-1 and a 1.97% (95% CI: 0.86%, 3.08%) increase in VCAM-1. The associations of ET-1 (0.22%, 95% CI: -4.94%, 5.65%) and E-selectin (3.21%, 95% CI: -0.90% 7.49%) with short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 were statistically insignificant.

CONCLUSION

Short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution may significantly increase the levels of typical markers of endothelial function, including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, suggesting potential endothelial dysfunction following ambient air pollution exposure.

Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of the hull of γ-irradiated wheat mutant lines (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.; Poaceae) is the second most cultivated food crop among all global cereal crop production. The high carbohydrate content of its grains provides energy, multiple nutrients, and dietary fiber. After threshing, a substantial amount of wheat hull is produced, which serves as the non-food component of wheat. For the valorization of these by-products as a new resource from which functional components can be extracted, the hull from the seeds of cultivated wheat mutant lines bred after γ-irradiation were collected. Untargeted metabolite analysis of the hull of the original cultivar (a crossbreeding cultivar., Woori-mil × D-7) and its 983 mutant lines were conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique. A total of 55 molecules were tentatively identified, including 21 compounds found in the Triticum species for the first time and 13 compounds not previously described. Among them, seven flavonolignans with a diastereomeric structure, isolated as a single compound from the hull of T. aestivum in our previous study, were used as the standards in the metabolite analysis. The differences in their collision cross-section values were shown to contribute to the clear distinction between tricine-lignan stereoisomers. To select functionally active agents with anti-inflammatory activity among the identified compounds, the wheat hull samples were evaluated for their inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. As a result of multivariate analysis based on the results of chemical and biological profiles of the wheat hull samples, 10 metabolites were identified as key markers, contributing to the distinction between active and inactive mutant lines. Considering that one of the four key markers attributed to anti-inflammatory activity has been identified to be a flavonolignan, the wheat hull could be a valuable source of diverse tricin-lignan type compounds and used as a natural health-promoting product in food supplements.

Alleviate oxidative stress in diabetic retinopathy: antioxidant therapeutic strategies

OBJECTIVES

This review outlines the function of oxidative stress in DR and discusses therapeutic strategies to treat DR with antioxidants.

METHODS

Published papers on oxidative stress in DR and therapeutic strategies to treat DR with antioxidants were collected and reviewed via database searching on PubMed.

RESULTS

The abnormal development of DR is a complicated process. The pathogenesis of DR has been reported to involve oxidative stress, despite the fact that the mechanisms underlying this are still not fully understood. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation can damage retina, eventually leading to DR. Increasing evidence have demonstrated that antioxidant therapy can alleviate the degeneration of retinal capillaries in DR.

CONCLUSION

Oxidative stress can play an important contributor in the pathogenesis of DR. Furthermore, animal experiments have shown that antioxidants are a beneficial therapy for treating DR, but more clinical trial data is needed.

Mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Salidroside in the treatment of premature ventricular beats based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

To analyse the mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Salidroside in the treatment of Premature Ventricular Brats by using network pharmacology and molecular docking and to provide the basis for developing the use of experimental and clinical traditional Chinese medicine. The chemical compositions of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma and Salidroside were determined, and their related targets were predicted. The disease-related targets were obtained by searching the common disease databases Genecards, OMIM, Drugbank and DisGeNET, and the intersection between the predicted targets and the disease targets was determined. Then using the STRING database to set up the protein‒protein interactions (PPIs) network between Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Salidroside and the common targets of PVB. An "herb-ingredient-target" network was constructed and analyzed by Cytoscape3.7.2 software. Using the metascape database to analysis the predicted therapeutic targets based on the GO and KEGG. Finally, molecular docking technology was used toconfirm the capacity of the primary active ingredients of the 2 herbs to bind to central targets using the online CB-Dock2 database. 41 active components of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Salidroside were detected, with 420 potential targets of action, with a total of 1688 PVB targets, and the top 10 core targets of herb-disease degree values were AKT1, TNF, GAPDH, SRC, PPARG, EGFR, PTGS2, ESR1, MMP9, and STAT3. KEGG analysis indicated that its mechanism may be related to the calcium signalling pathway, cancer signalling pathway, AGE-RAGE signalling pathway and other pathways. Molecular docking suggested that main of the active ingredients of the Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Salidroside pairs were well bound to the core targets. Based on novel network pharmacology and molecular docking validation research methods, we revealed for the first time the potential mechanism of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Salidroside in PVB therapy.

Salinity Treatments Promote the Accumulations of Momilactones and Phenolic Compounds in Germinated Brown Rice

This is the first investigation, conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD), to determine the effects of different salinity levels (75 and 150 mM) and germination periods (3, 4, and 5 days) on momilactone and phenolic accumulations in germinated brown rice (GBR) var. Koshihikari. Particularly, the identification of bioactive compounds was confirmed using electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (¹H and ¹³C). Momilactone A (MA) and momilactone B (MB) amounts were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), whereas other compounds were quantified by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Accordingly, GBR under B2 treatment (75 mM salinity for 4 days) showed the greatest total phenolic and flavonoid contents (14.50 mg gallic acid and 11.06 mg rutin equivalents, respectively, per g dry weight). GBR treated with B2 also accumulated the highest quantities of MA, MB, ρ-coumaric, ferulic, cinnamic, salicylic acids, and tricin (18.94, 41.00, 93.77, 139.03, 46.05, 596.26, and 107.63 µg/g DW, respectively), which were consistent with the strongest antiradical activities in DPPH and ABTS assays (IC₅₀ = 1.58 and 1.78 mg/mL, respectively). These findings have implications for promoting the value of GBR consumption and rice-based products that benefit human health.

Natural flavones from edible and medicinal plants exhibit enormous potential to treat ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic aspecific gut inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the recta and colons. It mostly presents as a long course of repeated attacks. This disease, characterized by intermittent diarrhoea, fecal blood, stomachache, and tenesmus, severely decreases the living quality of sick persons. UC is difficult to heal, has a high recurrence rate, and is tightly related to the incidence of colon cancer. Although there are a number of drugs available for the suppression of colitis, the conventional therapy possesses certain limitations and severe adverse reactions. Thus, it is extremely required for safe and effective medicines for colitis, and naturally derived flavones exhibited huge prospects. This study focused on the advancement of naturally derived flavones from edible and pharmaceutical plants for treating colitis. The underlying mechanisms of natural-derived flavones in treating UC were closely linked to the regulation of enteric barrier function, immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, gut microflora, and SCFAs production. The prominent effects and safety of natural-derived flavones make them promising candidate drugs for colitis treatment.

Combinational study with network pharmacology, molecular docking and preliminary experiments on exploring common mechanisms underlying the effects of weijing decoction on various pulmonary diseases

Objective

'Homotherapy for heteropathy' is a theory by which different diseases with similar pathogenesis can be treated with one Chinese formula. We aimed to explore the key components and core targets of Weijing decoction (WJD) in treating various lung diseases, namely, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute lung injury (ALI), pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary tuberculosis and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), via network pharmacology, molecular docking and some experiments.

Significance

This is the first study on the mechanism of WJD in treating various lung diseases by 'homotherapy for heteropathy'. This study is helpful for the transformation of TCM formula and development of new drugs.

Methods

Active components and therapeutic targets of WJD were obtained via TCMSP and UniProt databases. Targets of the six pulmonary diseases were harvested from the GeneCards TTD, DisGeNet, UniProt and OMIM databases. Drug-disease intersection targets, corresponding Venn diagrams, herb-component-target networks and protein-protein interaction networks were established. Furthermore, GO biological function and KEGG enrichment analysis were completed. Moreover, the binding activity between main compounds and core targets was measured through molecular docking. Finally, the xenograft NSCLC mouse model was established. Immune responses were evaluated by flow cytometry and mRNA expression levels of critical targets were measured by real-time PCR.

Results

JUN, CASP3 and PTGS2 were the most critical targets in six pulmonary diseases. The active compounds beta-sitosterol, tricin and stigmasterol stably bound to many active sites on target proteins. WJD had extensive pharmacological regulation, involving pathways related to cancer, inflammation, infection, hypoxia, immunity and so on.

Conclusions

Effects of WJD against various lung diseases involve lots of compounds, targets and pathways. These findings will facilitate further research as well as clinical application of WJD.

Tumor-suppressing effects of miR-381-3p in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia via ROCK1 downregulation

MicroRNA (miR)-381-3p is the newly discovered tumor-associated miRNA, which is frequently associated with diverse human malignancies; but, it is still unknown about its effect on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children. This work focused on exploring miR-381-3p's effect on childhood AML and identifying the possible mechanisms facilitating new treatment development. Using qRT-PCR analysis, miR-381-3p expression remarkably reduced in pediatric AML patients and AML cell lines (HL-60 and U937). Following transfection of miR-381-3p mimic or inhibitor into HL-60 and U937 cells, we conducted MTT assay to evaluate cell proliferation, flow cytometry (FCM) to measured cell apoptosis and cell cycle, whereas Transwell assays to detect cell invasion and migration. Our results demonstrated that miR-381-3p overexpression remarkably repressed cell growth, invasion and migration; additionally, miR-381-3p overexpression resulted in arrest of cell cycle and enhanced cell apoptosis. In contrast, miR-381-3p knockdown led to an opposite effect. Moreover, we predicted miR-381's target gene and validated it by luciferase reporter assay and TargetScan, separately. We identified miR-381-3p's binding site in ROCK1 3'-UTR. As revealed by Western-blot (WB) assay, miR-381-3p overexpression notably suppressed ROCK1 level. Moreover, restoring ROCK1 expression abolished miR-381-3p's inhibition on cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Data in this work indicated the role of miR-381-3p as the tumor suppressor within pediatric AML by targeting ROCK1. Therefore, miR-381-3p might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pediatric AML.

Tricin attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting nerve cell autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway

To elucidate the effect of tricin in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and examine its possible underlying mechanisms. Rats were randomly divided into Sham (exposed the right internal carotid arteries), I/R, and tricin (administered at various doses) groups. After the cerebral I/R injury model was established, a Morris water maze test and a tetrazolium chloride assay were performed. Apoptosis and autophagy were assessed in the nerve cells of hippocampus tissue, and the levels of inflammatory markers within animal serum were detected. Proteins related to apoptosis and the PI3K/Akt pathway were evaluated. To further investigate the mechanisms by which tricin affects brain damage, mouse neuroblastoma cells N2a were divided into control, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R), tricin, PI3K/Akt activator, and tricin + PI3K/Akt inhibitor groups. The cell viability, apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and PI3K/Akt pathway related proteins in N2a cells were also detected. The results revealed that I/R-induced learning and memory dysfunction was improved by tricin treatment. The area of cerebral infarction, the levels of apoptosis and autophagy in nerve cells, and the serum inflammatory marker content were all decreased following tricin treatment. Additionally, the expression of Beclin-1 protein was downregulated, while the expression of Bcl-2 protein, p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt was upregulated after tricin treatment. Mechanistically, tricin or PI3K/Akt activator ameliorated OGD/R-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation. However, these effects were reversed following PI3K/Akt inhibitor treatment in OGD/R-induced N2a cells. In summary, this study suggested that tricin can against I/R-induced brain injury by inhibiting autophagy, apoptosis and inflammation, and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Prunetin 4'-O-Phosphate, a Novel Compound, in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activity via Suppression of MAP Kinases and the NFκB Pathway

Biorenovation, a microbial enzyme-assisted degradation process of precursor compounds, is an effective approach to unraveling the potential bioactive properties of the derived compounds. In this study, we obtained a new compound, prunetin 4′-O-phosphate (P4P), through the biorenovation of prunetin (PRN), and investigated its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The anti-inflammatory effect of P4P was evaluated by measuring the production of prostaglandin-E₂ (PGE₂), nitric oxide (NO), which is an inflammation-inducing factor, and related cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL1β), and interleukin-6 (IL6). The findings demonstrated that P4P was non-toxic to cells, and its inhibition of the secretion of NO—as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines—was concentration-dependent. A simultaneous reduction in the protein expression level of pro-inflammatory proteins such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was observed. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK (p38), and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) was downregulated. To conclude, we report that biorenovation-based phosphorylation of PRN improved its anti-inflammatory activity. Cell-based in vitro assays further confirmed that P4P could be applied in the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

Metabolomics and integrated network pharmacology analysis reveal Tricin as the active anti-cancer component of Weijing decoction by suppression of PRKCA and sphingolipid signaling

Currently, conventional methods of treating non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have many disadvantages. An alternative effective therapy with minimal adverse reactions is urgently needed. Weijing decoction (WJD), which is a classic ancient Chinese herbal prescription, has been used successfully to treat pulmonary system diseases containing lung cancer in the clinic. However, the key active component and target of Weijing decoction are still unexplored. Therefore, for the first time, our study aims to investigate the pharmacological treatment mechanism of Weijing decoction in treating NSCLC via an integrated model of network pharmacology, metabolomics and biological methods. Network pharmacology results conjectured that Tricin is a main bioactive component in this formula which targets PRKCA to suppress cancer cell growth. Metabolomics analysis demonstrated that sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is regulated by sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine kinase 2, is a differential metabolite in plasma between the WJD-treated group and the control group, participating in the sphingolipid signaling. In vitro experiments demonstrated that Tricin had vital effects on the proliferation, pro-apoptosis, migration and colony formation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Through a series of validation assays, Tricin inhibited the tumor growth mainly by suppressing PRKCA/SPHK/S1P signaling and antiapoptotic signaling. On the other hand, Weijing formula could inhibit the tumor growth and prolong the survival time. A high dosage of Tricin was much more potent in animal experiments. In conclusion, we confirmed that Weijing formula and its primary active compound Tricin are promising alternative treatments for NSCLC patients.

Tricin Biosynthesis and Bioengineering

Tricin (3',5'-dimethoxyflavone) is a specialized metabolite which not only confers stress tolerance and involves in defense responses in plants but also represents a promising nutraceutical. Tricin-type metabolites are widely present as soluble tricin O-glycosides and tricin-oligolignols in all grass species examined, but only show patchy occurrences in unrelated lineages in dicots. More strikingly, tricin is a lignin monomer in grasses and several other angiosperm species, representing one of the "non-monolignol" lignin monomers identified in nature. The unique biological functions of tricin especially as a lignin monomer have driven the identification and characterization of tricin biosynthetic enzymes in the past decade. This review summarizes the current understanding of tricin biosynthetic pathway in grasses and tricin-accumulating dicots. The characterized and potential enzymes involved in tricin biosynthesis are highlighted along with discussion on the debatable and uncharacterized steps. Finally, current developments of bioengineering on manipulating tricin biosynthesis toward the generation of functional food as well as modifications of lignin for improving biorefinery applications are summarized.

Flavonoids and cellular stress: a complex interplay affecting human health

Flavonoid consumption has beneficial effects on human health, however, clinical evidence remains often inconclusive due to high interindividual variability. Although this high interindividual variability has been consistently observed in flavonoid research, the potential underlying reasons are still poorly studied. Especially the knowledge on the impact of health status on flavonoid responsiveness is limited and merits more investigation. Here, we aim to highlight the bidirectional interplay between flavonoids and cellular stress. First, the state-of-the-art concerning inflammatory stress and mitochondrial dysfunction is reviewed and a comprehensive overview of recent in vitro studies investigating the impact of flavonoids on cellular stress, induced by tumor necrosis factor α, lipopolysaccharide and mitochondrial stressors, is given. Second, we critically discuss the influence of cellular stress on flavonoid uptake, accumulation, metabolism and cell responses, which has, to our knowledge, never been extensively reviewed before. Next, we advocate the innovative insight that stratification of the general population based on health status can reveal subpopulations that benefit more from flavonoid consumption. Finally, suggestions are given for the development of future cell models that simulate the physiological micro-environment, including interindividual variability, since more mechanistic research is needed to establish scientific-based personalized food recommendations for specific subpopulations.

The Multifaced Actions of Curcumin in Pregnancy Outcome

Curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane, is the main polyphenolic substance present in the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. This plant showed many beneficial effects and has been used since ancient times for both food and pharmaceutical purposes. Due to its pleiotropic functions, curcumin consumption in the human diet has become very common thanks also to the fact that this natural compound is considered quite safe as it does not have serious side effects. Its functions as an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-toxicant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-diabetic compound are already known and widely demonstrated. There are numerous studies concerning its effects on various human pathologies including cancer, diabetes and arthritis while the studies on curcumin during pregnancy have been performed only in animal models. Data concerning the role of curcumin as anti-inflammatory compound suggest a possible use of curcumin in managing pregnancy complications such as Preeclampsia (PE), Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR), PreTerm Birth (PTB), and exposure to toxic agents and pathogens. The aim of this review is to present data to support the possible use of curcumin in clinical trials on human gestation complications.

Antioxidative attributes of rice bran extracts in ameliorative effects of atherosclerosis-associated risk factors

Oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and shear stress (physical effect) are risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Rice bran, a by-product of rice milling process, is known to house polyphenols and vitamins which exhibit potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Through recent emerging knowledge of rice bran in health and wellness, the present study was aimed to assess the ameliorative effects of rice bran extracts (RBE) derived from Japanese colored rice varieties in modulating risk factors of atherosclerosis via in vitro and in vivo study models. Pre-treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine J774A.1 macrophage-like cells with RBE alleviated nitric oxide (NO) overproduction and downregulated gene expressions of pro-inflammatory modulators: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In addition, RBE also significantly attenuated LPS-stimulated protein expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells as compared to non-treated LPS control group. In in vivo, 12 weeks of RBE dietary supplementations significantly reduced (p < 0.05) total cholesterol, triglycerides, and pro-atherogenic oxidized LDL/β2-glycoprotein I (oxLDL/β2GPI) complexes at plasma levels, in high fat diet (HFD) induced low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (Ldlr^−/-) mice. En face pathological assessments of murine aortas also revealed significant reductions by 38% (p < 0.05) in plaque sizes of RBE-supplemented HFD mice groups as compared to non RBE-supplemented HFD control mice group. Moreover, gene expressions of aortic (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β) and hepatic (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β) pro-inflammatory modulators were also downregulated in RBE-supplemented mice groups. Present study has revealed the potent health attributes and application of RBE as a dietary supplement to attenuate risks of inadvertent oxidative damage and chronic inflammation underlying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Intrinsically, present preliminary findings may provide global health prospects for future dietary implementation of RBE in management of atherosclerosis.

Enzyme-Treated Zizania latifolia Ethanol Extract Protects from UVA Irradiation-Induced Wrinkle Formation via Inhibition of Lysosome Exocytosis and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation

Ultraviolet A (UVA) is a risk factor for photoaging and wrinkle formation. Zizania latifolia is an herbaceous perennial plant. It contains many bioactive compounds such as tricin that show antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiwrinkle effect of a mixture of hydrolytic enzyme (cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase)-treated Z. latifolia extract (ZLE) and tricin on UVA-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and SKH-1 hairless mice. Treatment of UVA-irradiated HDF cells with ZLE and tricin significantly decreased UVA induced-plasma membrane rupture, generation of ROS, expression levels of total and secreted lysosomal associated membrane protein (LAMP-1), cathepsin B and metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inhibited NF-κB activation. In the animal study, UVA-damaged epidermal and dermal tissues were repaired by the ZLE and tricin treatments. Administration of ZLE or tricin to UVA-irradiated animals recovered skin surface moisture and collagen fiber in dermal tissue. Treatment of ZLE or tricin decreased wrinkle formation, secretion of MMPs and expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cathepsin B, and increased the expression level of collagen-1 in UVA-irradiated animals. Overall, the ZLE and tricin treatments decreased the skin damage induced by UVA irradiation via inhibition of lysosomal exocytosis and ROS generation. Therefore, ZLE and tricin are promising as antiwrinkle and antiphotoaging agents.

A Natural Flavone Tricin from Grains Can Alleviate Tumor Growth and Lung Metastasis in Colorectal Tumor Mice

Tricin, a flavone isolated from rice bran, has been shown to be chemopreventive in a colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model. This study aimed to illustrate the inhibitory activities of tricin in colon cancer cells and in a metastatic CRC mouse model. BALB/c mice injected with mouse Colon26-Luc cells into the rectum wall were treated with tricin (37.5 mg/kg) daily for 18 days. Orthotopic colon tumor growth and metastasis to lungs were assessed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Results showed that tricin suppressed Colon-Luc cells motility and downregulated phosphorylated Akt, Erk1/2 and NF-κB expressions of human colon cancer HT-29 cells. While tricin treatment suppressed tumor growth and lung metastasis as well as altered the populations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells in spleens. In summary, the tumor microenvironment modulatory and anti-metastatic effects of tricin in colon cancer mouse model were shown for the first time, suggesting the potential development of tricin-containing food supplements for CRC patients.

Effects of coal-fired PM2.5 on the expression levels of atherosclerosis-related proteins and the phosphorylation level of MAPK in ApoE-/- mice

Background

Air pollution increases the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Atherosclerosis (AS) is the pathological basis of most CVD, and the progression of atherosclerosis and the increase of fragile plaque rupture are the mechanism basis of the relationship between atmospheric particulate pollution and CVD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of coal-fired fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on the expression levels of atherosclerosis-related proteins (von Willebrand factor (vWF), Endothelin-1 (ET-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin, and to explore the role and mechanism of the progression of atherosclerosis induced by coal-fired PM_2.5 via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.

Methods

Different concentrations of PM_2.5 were given to apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice via intratracheal instillation for 8 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of vWF, ET-1 in serum of mice. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the expression and distribution of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in the aorta of mice. Western blot was used to investigate the phosphoylation of proteins relevant to MAPK signaling pathways.

Results

Coal-fired PM_2.5 exacerbated atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet. Fibrous cap formation, foam cells accumulation, and atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the aortas of PM_2.5-treated mice. Coal-fired PM_2.5 increased the protein levels of ET-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin, but there was no significant difference in the vWF levels between the PM_2.5-treatment mice and the HFD control mice. Coal-fired PM_2.5 promoted the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in aortic tissues of mice.

Conclusion

Coal-derived PM_2.5 exacerbated the formation of atherosclerosis in mice, increased the expression levels of atherosclerosis-related proteins in mice serum, and promoted the phosphorylation of proteins relevant to MAPK signaling pathway. Thus, MAPK signaling pathway may play a role in the atherosclerosis pathogenesis induced by Coal-derived PM_2.5.

Propofol Reduces Inflammatory Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Involvement of PI3K/Akt Pathway

BACKGROUND

Our previous study showed that propofol, one of the widely used anesthetic agents, can attenuate subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced early brain injury (EBI) via inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative reaction. However, it is perplexing whether propofol attenuates inflammatory and oxidative reaction through modulating PI3K/Akt pathway. The present study investigated whether PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in propofol's anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and neuroprotection against SAH-induced EBI.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent SAH and received treatment with propofol or vehicle after 2 and 12 hours of SAH. LY294002 was injected intracerebroventricularly to selectively inhibit PI3K/Akt signaling. Mortality, SAH grading, neurological scores, brain water content, evans blue extravasation, myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase were measured 24 hours after SAH. Immunoreactivity of p-Akt, t-Akt, nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) p65, nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in rat brain was determined by western blot. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in rat brain were examined by ELISA.

RESULTS

Propofol significantly reduces neurological dysfunction, BBB permeability, brain edema, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which were reversed by LY294002. Propofol significantly upregulates the immunoreactivity of p-Akt, Nrf2, and NQO1, all of which were abolished by LY294002. Propofol significantly downregulates the overexpression of NF-κB p65, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β, all of which were inhibited by LY294002.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that propofol attenuates SAH-induced EBI by inhibiting inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, which might be associated with the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Rice Bran Phenolic Compounds Regulate Genes Associated with Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells with Induced Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are associated with the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Phenolic extracts derived from rice bran (RB) are recognised to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of RB-derived phenolic extracts to modulate genes associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under induced oxidative stress conditions. HUVECs under oxidative stress were treated with varying concentrations of RB phenolic extracts (25–250 µg/mL). Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, the expression of candidate genes that regulate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways were determined. This included nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (NOX4), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (CD39) and ecto-5′-nucleotidase (CD73). Phenolic extracts derived from RB down-regulated the expression of four genes, ICAM1, CD39, CD73 and NOX4 and up-regulated the expression of another four genes, Nrf2, NQO1, HO1 and eNOS, indicating an antioxidant/ anti-inflammatory effect for RB against endothelial dysfunction.

IP3-Mediated Calcium Signaling Is Involved in the Mechanism of Fractalkine-Induced Hyperalgesia Response

Background

Fractalkine is widely expressed throughout the brain and spinal cord, where it can exert effects on pain enhancement and hyperalgesia by activating microglia through CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), which triggers the release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord. Fractalkine has also been shown to increase cytosolic calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) in microglia.

Material/Methods

Based on the characteristics of CX3CR1, a G protein-coupled receptor, we explored the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) signaling in fractalkine-induced inflammatory response in BV-2 cells in vitro. The effect and the underlying mechanism induced by fractalkine in the brain were observed using a mouse model with intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of exogenous fractalkine.

Results

[Ca²⁺]_i was significantly increased and IL-1β and TNF-α levels were higher in the fractalkine-treated cell groups than in the farctalkine+ 2-APB groups. We found that i.c.v. injection of fractalkine significantly increased p-p38MAPK, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression in the brain, while i.c.v. injection of a fractalkine-neutralizing antibody (anti-CX3CR1), trisphosphate receptor (IP₃R) antagonist (2-APB), or p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) prior to fractalkine addition yielded an effective and reliable anti-allodynia effect, following the reduction of p-p38MAPK, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that fractalkine leads to hyperalgesia, and the underlying mechanism may be associated with IP₃/p38MAPK-mediated calcium signaling and its phlogogenic properties.

Matrix-wise evaluation of in vivo and in vitro efficiencies of L. rhamnosus GG-fortified beverages

The interactions between phenolic compounds and gut microbiota, have gained much attention due to their beneficial effect on humans. The study was also conceived keeping in view the growing popularity of probiotics and emerging interest in designing plant based matrices for probiotic delivery. The synergistic relationship between probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LR) (ATCC 53103) and phenolic compounds of fruit matrices, sea buckthorn (SBT) and apple juice (APJ) was evaluated on TNBS induced enterocolitis in a zebrafish model (Danio rerio). Addition of LR to SBT matrix conferred higher protection against inflammation than LR in APJ matrix. This could be due to higher content of phenolic compounds in SBT. Isorhamnetin was identified as the predominant phenolic in SBT. The juice matrices were also evaluated for their flow and viscoelastic properties. The consistency index (K) and flow behaviour index (η) were derived from evaluating the shear strength. All the tested juice matrices demonstrated shear-thinning properties. Effect of the matrices on other functionalities of LR during storage period of 14 days was also evaluated. No significant changes were observed on cell surface hydrophobicity depicting protective action of the matrix components on the probiotic strain. Gastrointestinal tolerance increased on Day 7 and 14. Principal Component Analysis of the anti-microbial potential of the probiotic beverage formulations against pathogenic and food spoilage strains showed higher antagonistic ability of LR in SBT during the 14 days storage. The key findings suggest probiotic strain may behave differently in different food matrices. The sustainable functionality of the probiotic strain can be achieved even during the shelf period by optimum design of the delivery matrix.

Mechanisms of Phytonutrient Modulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Inflammation Related to Cancer

The link between chronic inflammation and cancer involves cytokines and mediators of inflammatory pathways. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in fatty acid metabolism, is upregulated during both inflammation and cancer. COX-2 is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines at the site of inflammation and enhanced COX-2-induced synthesis of prostaglandins stimulates cancer cell proliferation, promotes angiogenesis, inhibits apoptosis, and increases metastatic potential. As a result, COX-2 inhibitors are a subject of intense research interest toward potential clinical applications. Epidemiological studies highlight the potential benefits of diets rich in phytonutrients for cancer prevention. Plants contain numerous phytonutrient secondary metabolites shown to modulate COX-2. Studies have shown that these metabolites, some of which are used in traditional medicine, can reduce inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review describes the molecular mechanisms by which phytonutrients modulate inflammation, including studies of carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids targeting various inflammation-related molecules and pathways associated with cancer. Examples of pathways include those of COX-2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B. Such phytonutrient modulation of COX-2 and inflammation continue to be explored for applications in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Inhibition of IL-8-mediated endothelial adhesion, VSMCs proliferation and migration by siRNA-TMEM98 suggests TMEM98's emerging role in atherosclerosis

Transmembrane protein 98 (TMEM98), known as a novel gene related to lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, differentiation of T helper 1 cells and normal eye development, has no defined role reported in terms of atherosclerosis (AS). To investigate the potential involvement of TMEM98 during AS processes, its obvious secretion and expression has been initially characterized in hyperlipidemia patients' serum and AS mice's serum respectively. We then explored the possible role of TMEM98 in the pathogenesis of AS in vitro. IL-8, a pro-atherogenesis cytokine, was used to induce the expression of TMEM98 in both endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Collectively, TMEM98 expression significantly increased in ECs and VSMCs, both induced by IL-8. Additionally, the adhesion ability of monocytes to ECs as well as the proliferation and migration of VSMCs were all decreased after siRNA-TMEM98 treatment. Furthermore, siRNA-TMEM98 dramatically inhibited the expression of ICAM-1 in ECs and the expression of p-AKT, p-GSK3β and Cyclin D1 from VSMCs, and AKT agonist partially restored the proliferation and migration of VSMC after siRNA-TMEM98 treatment. Taken together, siRNA-TMEM98 inhibits IL-8 mediated EC adhesion by down-regulating the expression of ICAM-1. Additionally, it also hinders the proliferation and migration of VSMCs through suppressing the AKT/GSK3β/Cyclin D1 signaling pathway. Our study provides sufficient evidence to support that TMEM98 could be a novel gene associated with AS for the first time.

Modulatory Mechanism of Polyphenols and Nrf2 Signaling Pathway in LPS Challenged Pregnancy Disorders

Early embryonic loss and adverse birth outcomes are the major reproductive disorders that affect both human and animals. The LPS induces inflammation by interacting with robust cellular mechanism which was considered as a plethora of numerous reproductive disorders such as fetal resorption, preterm birth, teratogenicity, intrauterine growth restriction, abortion, neural tube defects, fetal demise, and skeletal development retardation. LPS-triggered overproduction of free radicals leads to oxidative stress which mediates inflammation via stimulation of NF-κB and PPARγ transcription factors. Flavonoids, which exist in copious amounts in nature, possess a wide array of functions; their supplementation during pregnancy activates Nrf2 signaling pathway which encounters pregnancy disorders. It was further presumed that the development of strong antioxidant uterine environment during gestation can alleviate diseases which appear at adult stages. The purpose of this review is to focus on modulatory properties of flavonoids on oxidative stress-mediated pregnancy insult and abnormal outcomes and role of Nrf2 activation in pregnancy disorders. These findings would be helpful for providing new insights in ameliorating oxidative stress-induced pregnancy disorders.

5,7-Dihydroxyflavone Analogues May Regulate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses by Suppressing IκBα-Linked Akt and ERK5 Phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

We studied the anti-inflammatory activity of twelve 5,7-dihydroxyflavone analogues in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We found that chrysin (1) and 4′-methoxytricetin (9) showed relatively significant anti-inflammatory activity and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, 1 and 9 recovered the expression levels of iNOS and COX2, as well as those of the intracellular inflammatory mediators IL-1β and IL-6, which were upregulated by LPS stimulation. In addition, 1 and 9 actively regulated the phosphorylation of IκBα, leading to the activation of NFκB. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERK5 (upstream of NFκB) by LPS stimulation was significantly regulated by 1 and 9, as well as by BIX 02189 and LY 294002, which are phosphorylation inhibitors of ERK5 and Akt, respectively. The results suggest that compounds 1 and 9 may suppress the levels of iNOS and COX2 by regulating phosphorylation of Akt, ERK5, and IκBα and thus NFκB-related signaling pathways, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects in the cells. Because 1 and 9 showed low cytotoxicity and regulated both PGE₂ and NO production caused by inflammatory responses, they may hold promise as natural anti-inflammatory agents.

PERM Hypothesis: The Fundamental Machinery Able to Elucidate the Role of Xenobiotics and Hormesis in Cell Survival and Homeostasis

In this article the Proteasome, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria (PERM) hypothesis is discussed. The complex machinery made by three homeostatic mechanisms involving the proteasome (P), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria (M) is addressed in order to elucidate the beneficial role of many xenobiotics, either trace metals or phytochemicals, which are spread in the human environment and in dietary habits, exerting their actions on the mechanisms underlying cell survival (apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair and turnover, autophagy) and stress response. The "PERM hypothesis" suggests that xenobiotics can modulate this central signaling and the regulatory engine made fundamentally by the ER, mitochondria and proteasome, together with other ancillary components such as peroxisomes, by acting on the energetic balance, redox system and macromolecule turnover. In this context, reactive species and stressors are fundamentally signalling molecules that could act as negative-modulating signals if PERM-mediated control is offline, impaired or dysregulated, as occurs in metabolic syndrome, degenerative disorders, chronic inflammation and cancer. Calcium is an important oscillatory input of this regulation and, in this hypothesis, it might play a role in maintaining the correct rhythm of this PERM modulation, probably chaotic in its nature, and guiding cells to a more drastic decision, such as apoptosis. The commonest effort sustained by cells is to maintain their survival balance and the proterome has the fundamental task of supporting this mechanism. Mild stress is probably the main stimulus in this sense. Hormesis is therefore re-interpreted in the light of this hypothetical model and that experimental evidence arising from flavonoid and hormesis reasearch.

Curcumin inhibits placental inflammation to ameliorate LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice via upregulation of phosphorylated Akt

INTRODUCTION

Excessive inflammation results in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including embryonic resorption, fetal growth restriction, and preeclampsia. This study investigated whether curcumin, a highly safe anti-inflammation drug, had protective effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated pregnant mice.

METHOD

A mouse model of LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes was generated by daily administering LPS from GD 13.5 to GD 16.5. Curcumin was given from GD 0.5. The effects of curcumin on maternal hypertension, proteinuria, pregnancy outcomes, as well as proinflammatory factors, chemokines, Akt, JNK, and P38 levels in placenta were examined.

RESULTS

Systolic blood pressure (156.6 ± 5.056 versus 125.5 ± 3.617 mmHg; P < 0.05) and proteinuria (22.36 ± 2.22 versus 12.70 ± 1.04 mg/L; P < 0.05) were decreased in the LPS+curcumin-treated group, as compared with the LPS-treated group. Curcumin also increased the number of live pups, fetal weight, and placental weight, while it decreased fetal resorption rate. Moreover, increased placental TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions in LPS-treated group were significantly suppressed after curcumin administration. Furthermore, decreased p-Akt level in placenta induced by LPS was improved by curcumin. Of note, the expression of p-Akt increased by curcumin was accompanied by the decreased chemokines MCP-1 and MIP-1 levels and fewer CD68-positive macrophages in the placenta.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin inhibited the expression of proinflammatory factors and macrophage infiltration in placenta and ameliorated LPS-induced adverse pregnancy outcomes in mice by inhibiting inflammation via upregulation of phosphorylated Akt.

Tricin, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone, exhibits potent antiangiogenic activity in vitro

Tumor growth and metastasis depend on angiogenesis triggered by chemical signals, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), released from tumor cells. Therefore, the specific perturbation of angiogenesis has been considered a powerful strategy for the treatment of cancer. Herein, we report that tricin, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone, exhibits potent antiangiogenic activity in vitro. Tricin effectively suppressed the proliferation as well as VEGF-induced invasion and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at subtoxic doses. Furthermore, tricin significantly inhibited the angiogenesis of the chorioallantoic membrane from growing chick embryos without showing cytotoxicity. We also found that tricin blocked tumor cell-induced angiogenesis. Notably, tricin downregulated not only the VEGFR2 signal transduction by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in endothelial cells, but also the expression of VEGF by inhibiting hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) accumulation in tumor cells. Moreover, combined treatment with tricin and bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF drug, ameliorated the antiangiogenic effect of bevacizumab. Taken together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that tricin possesses promising antiangiogenic potential and thus may be applied to anticancer therapy by targeting tumor angiogenesis.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitor Factor Upregulates MCP-1 Expression in an Autocrine Manner in Hepatocytes during Acute Mouse Liver Injury

Macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF), a multipotent innate immune mediator, is an upstream component of the inflammatory cascade in diseases such as liver disease. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a highly representative chemokine, is critical in liver disease pathogenesis. We investigated the role of MIF in regulating hepatocytic MCP-1 expression. MIF and MCP-1 expression were characterized by immunochemistry, RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting in CCl₄-treated mouse liver and isolated hepatocytes. MIF was primarily distributed in hepatocytes, and its expression increased upon acute liver injury. Its expression was also increased in injured hepatocytes, induced by LPS or CCl₄, which mimic liver injury in vitro. MIF was expressed earlier than MCP-1, strongly inducing hepatocytic MCP-1 expression. Moreover, the increase in MCP-1 expression induced by MIF was inhibited by CD74- or CD44-specific siRNAs and SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Further, CD74 or CD44 deficiency effectively inhibited MIF-induced p38 activation. MIF inhibitor ISO-1 reduced MCP-1 expression and p38 phosphorylation in CCl₄-treated mouse liver. Our results showed that MIF regulates MCP-1 expression in hepatocytes of injured liver via CD74, CD44, and p38 MAPK in an autocrine manner, providing compelling information on the role of MIF in liver injury, and implying a new regulatory mechanism for liver inflammation.

Āyurveda's Contributions to Vegetarian Nutrition in Medicine

Āyurveda is one of the oldest codified traditional systems of medicine on a global scale. Grounded in Indian culture it has developed a sophisticated approach to healthy nutrition and nutritional therapy for the management of diseases within the framework of its whole systems paradigm. Medical interventions have been considered to be ineffective without the support of a balanced diet. Vegetarian nutrition plays a key role in customized preventive and therapeutic Āyurvedic strategies based on an individualized approach to healthcare, while broadly labeling Āyurveda as 'vegetarian medicine' would be an exaggeration. Revolt against animal slaughter, compassion through spiritual practices, and the Āyurvedic understanding of the nutritional properties of the plant kingdom led to the dominance of vegetarianism in India. Āyurveda elaborates on 8 crucial aspects to be considered with respect to a balanced diet. This paper illuminates the complex historic embedding of the Āyurvedic nutritional approach and gives a detailed text-based explanation on why and how vegetarian nutrition can be applied in both prevention and cure of diseases from the perspective of traditional Indian medicine.