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Lobo-Alves SC, Oliveira LAD, Kretzschmar GC, Valengo AE, Rosati R. Long noncoding RNA expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 196:104290. [PMID: 38341118 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), as gene expression modulators, are potential players in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) pathogenesis. We systematically explored current literature on lncRNA expression in ALL to identify lncRNAs consistently reported as differentially expressed (DE) either in ALL versus controls or between ALL subtypes. By comparing articles that provided global expression data for DE lncRNAs in the ETV6::RUNX1-positive ALL subtype, we identified four DE lncRNAs in three independent studies (two versus other subtypes and one versus controls), showing concordant expression of LINC01013, CRNDE and lnc-KLF7-1. Additionally, LINC01503 was consistently downregulated on ALL versus controls. Within RT-qPCR studies, twelve lncRNA were DE in more than one source. Thus, several lncRNAs were supported as DE in ALL by multiple sources, highlighting their potential role as candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets. Finally, as lncRNA annotation is rapidly expanding, standardization of reporting and nomenclature is urgently needed to improve data verifiability and compilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cristina Lobo-Alves
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632 - Água Verde, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba, PR 80230-020, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Liana Alves de Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632 - Água Verde, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Canalli Kretzschmar
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632 - Água Verde, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba, PR 80230-020, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Eloisa Valengo
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632 - Água Verde, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba, PR 80230-020, Brazil
| | - Roberto Rosati
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Av. Silva Jardim, 1632 - Água Verde, Curitiba, PR 80250-060, Brazil; Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Av Iguaçu, 333, Rebouças, Curitiba, PR 80230-020, Brazil; National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, Brazil.
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Sharma P, Kaur P, Bhatia P, Trehan A, Sreedharanunni S, Singh M. Novel lncRNAs LINC01221, RP11-472G21.2 and CRNDE are markers of differential expression in pediatric patients with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:65. [PMID: 38336706 PMCID: PMC10858595 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) poses significant challenges due to its aggressive nature and resistance to standard treatments. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in leukemia. This study aims to characterize the lncRNA landscape in pediatric T-ALL, identify specific lncRNAs signatures, and assess their clinical relevance. METHODS RNA sequencing was performed on T-ALL patient and control samples. Differential expression analysis identified dysregulated lncRNAs and mRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed potential roles of these lncRNAs in cancer pathogenesis. Validation of candidate lncRNAs was conducted using real-time PCR. Clinical correlations were assessed, including associations with patients' clinical characteristics and survival outcomes. RESULTS Analysis identified 674 dysregulated lncRNAs in pediatric T-ALL, with LINC01221 and CRNDE showing the most interactions in cancer progression pathways. Functional enrichment indicated involvement in apoptosis, survival, proliferation, and metastasis. Top 10 lncRNAs based on adjusted p value < 0.05 and Fold Change > 2 were selected for validation. Seven lncRNAs LINC01221, PCAT18, LINC00977, RP11-620J15.3, RP11-472G21.2, CTD-2291D10.4, and CRNDE showed correlation with RNA sequencing data. RP11-472G21.2 and CTD-2291D10.4 were highly expressed in T-ALL patients, with RP11-620J15.3 correlating significantly with better overall survival (p = 0.0007) at a median follow up of 32 months. The identified lncRNAs were further analysed in B-ALL patients. Distinct lncRNAs signatures were noted, distinguishing T-ALL from B-ALL and healthy controls, with lineage-specific overexpression of LINC01221 (p < 0.0001), RP11-472G21.2 (p < 0.001) and CRNDE (p = 0.04) in T-ALL. CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the lncRNA landscape of pediatric T-ALL, offering potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. RP11-620J15.3 emerges as a promising prognostic marker, and distinct lncRNAs signatures may aid in the differentiation of T-ALL subtypes. Further research with larger cohorts is warranted to validate these findings and advance personalized treatment strategies for pediatric T-ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Sharma
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parminder Kaur
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prateek Bhatia
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amita Trehan
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sreejesh Sreedharanunni
- Department of Hematology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Minu Singh
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Zeng X, Zeng C, Przybylski GK, Li Y. BCL11B Mutations Are Associated with Higher CD8+ T-Cell Percentage and Favorable Clinical Outcomes in Patients with T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2023; 17:11795549231216427. [PMID: 38058602 PMCID: PMC10697049 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231216427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cunte Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwu Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang H, Jiang F, Ling X, Zhong B, Han Y, Pan Z, Yuan Q, Meng J, Zheng D, Chen X, Zhong Q, Liu L. PARP-1 inhibits DNMT1-mediated promoter methylation and promotes linc01132 expression in benzene-exposed workers and hydroquinone-induced malignant transformed cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:646-655. [PMID: 37264554 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2220389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ), one of the main active metabolites of benzene, can induce the abnormal expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Studies have shown that lncRNA plays an important role in the occurrence of hematologic tumors induced by benzene or HQ. However, the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) interacts with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to regulate promoter methylation mediated linc01132 expression in HQ-induced TK6 malignant transformed cells (HQ-MT). The results revealed that the expression of linc01132 was increased in benzene-exposed workers and HQ-MT cells. The methylation of linc01132 promoter region was inhibited. Furthermore, in HQ-MT cells treated with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzaC) (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) or trichostatin A (TSA) (histone deacetylation inhibitor), the expression of linc01132 was increased due to the regulation of DNA promoter methylation level by inhibiting DNMT1 expression. The methylation level of linc01132 promoter was correlated negatively with the expression of linc01132 in benzene-exposed workers, indicating that DNA methylation may contribute the expression of linc01132. Knockout of DNMT1, not DNMT3b, increased the expression of linc01132 as well as the demethylation of linc01132 promoter in HQ-MT cells. It was found that by knockdown PARP-1, the expression of DNMT1 in the nucleus was increased by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, leading to the inhibition of hypermethylation in the promoter region of linc01132. Therefore, PARP-1 inhibits DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-mediated promoter methylation and plays a role in linc01132 expression in benzene-exposed workers or HQ-MT cells, and is associated with benzene or HQ induced leukemia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Fengzhi Jiang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ling
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Bohuan Zhong
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Yali Han
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Zhijie Pan
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
- Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Social Management Center, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jinxue Meng
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Dongyan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhong
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
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Baghdadi H, Heidari R, Zavvar M, Ahmadi N, Shakouri Khomartash M, Vahidi M, Mohammadimehr M, Bashash D, Ghorbani M. Long Non-Coding RNA Signatures in Lymphopoiesis and Lymphoid Malignancies. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:44. [PMID: 37624036 PMCID: PMC10458434 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid cells play a critical role in the immune system, which includes three subgroups of T, B, and NK cells. Recognition of the complexity of the human genetics transcriptome in lymphopoiesis has revolutionized our understanding of the regulatory potential of RNA in normal lymphopoiesis and lymphoid malignancies. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules greater than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs have recently attracted much attention due to their critical roles in various biological processes, including gene regulation, chromatin organization, and cell cycle control. LncRNAs can also be used for cell differentiation and cell fate, as their expression patterns are often specific to particular cell types or developmental stages. Additionally, lncRNAs have been implicated in lymphoid differentiation, such as regulating T-cell and B-cell development, and their expression has been linked to immune-associated diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. In addition, lncRNAs have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response to disease management. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the regulatory role of lncRNAs in physiopathology processes during normal lymphopoiesis and lymphoid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Baghdadi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran; (H.B.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Reza Heidari
- Research Center for Cancer Screening and Epidemiology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran;
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Zavvar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 443614177, Iran;
| | - Nazanin Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | | | - Mahmoud Vahidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran; (H.B.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran;
| | - Mojgan Mohammadimehr
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran; (H.B.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran;
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1985717443, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran; (H.B.); (M.V.); (M.M.)
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411718541, Iran;
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Gasic V, Karan-Djurasevic T, Pavlovic D, Zukic B, Pavlovic S, Tosic N. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Leukemia. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1770. [PMID: 36362925 PMCID: PMC9695865 DOI: 10.3390/life12111770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is a heterogenous group of hematological malignancies categorized in four main types (acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Several cytogenetic and molecular markers have become a part of routine analysis for leukemia patients. These markers have been used in diagnosis, risk-stratification and targeted therapy application. Recent studies have indicated that numerous regulatory RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have a role in tumor initiation and progression. When it comes to leukemia, data for lncRNA involvement in its etiology, progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis is limited. The aim of this review is to summarize research data on lncRNAs in different types of leukemia, on their expression pattern, their role in leukemic transformation and disease progression. The usefulness of this information in the clinical setting, i.e., for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, will be emphasized. Finally, how particular lncRNAs could be used as potential targets for the application of targeted therapy will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Gasic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11042 Belgrade, Serbia
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7
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Riahi A, Rajabi A, Sait S, Hussen BM, Tayefeh-Gholami S, Farsad-Akhtar N, Safaralizadeh R. The novel biomarker LUNAR1 overexpression in cervical cancerous tissues specimens and its association with clinicopathological properties. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Peña-Flores JA, Bermúdez M, Ramos-Payán R, Villegas-Mercado CE, Soto-Barreras U, Muela-Campos D, Álvarez-Ramírez A, Pérez-Aguirre B, Larrinua-Pacheco AD, López-Camarillo C, López-Gutiérrez JA, Garnica-Palazuelos J, Estrada-Macías ME, Cota-Quintero JL, Barraza-Gómez AA. Emerging role of lncRNAs in drug resistance mechanisms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:965628. [PMID: 35978835 PMCID: PMC9376329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.965628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) originates in the squamous cell lining the mucosal surfaces of the head and neck region, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, tonsils, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. The heterogeneity, anatomical, and functional characteristics of the patient make the HNSCC a complex and difficult-to-treat disease, leading to a poor survival rate and a decreased quality of life due to the loss of important physiologic functions and aggressive surgical injury. Alteration of driver-oncogenic and tumor-suppressing lncRNAs has recently been recently in HNSCC to obtain possible biomarkers for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches. This review provides current knowledge about the implication of lncRNAs in drug resistance mechanisms in HNSCC. Chemotherapy resistance is a major therapeutic challenge in HNSCC in which lncRNAs are implicated. Lately, it has been shown that lncRNAs involved in autophagy induced by chemotherapy and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) can act as mechanisms of resistance to anticancer drugs. Conversely, lncRNAs involved in mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) are related to chemosensitivity and inhibition of invasiveness of drug-resistant cells. In this regard, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a pivotal role in both processes and are important for cancer detection, progression, diagnosis, therapy response, and prognostic values. As the involvement of more lncRNAs is elucidated in chemoresistance mechanisms, an improvement in diagnostic and prognostic tools could promote an advance in targeted and specific therapies in precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Peña-Flores
- Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Mercedes Bermúdez
- Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Mercedes Bermúdez,
| | - Rosalío Ramos-Payán
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | - Uriel Soto-Barreras
- Faculty of Odontology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge A. López-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
- Faculty of Biology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | | | - Juan L. Cota-Quintero
- Faculty of Biology, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
- Faculty of Odontology , Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
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Long non-coding RNA signatures and related signaling pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:2081-2089. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Maimaitiyiming Y, Ye L, Yang T, Yu W, Naranmandura H. Linear and Circular Long Non-Coding RNAs in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: From Pathogenesis to Classification and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084442. [PMID: 35457264 PMCID: PMC9033105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The coding regions account for only a small part of the human genome, and the remaining vast majority of the regions generate large amounts of non-coding RNAs. Although non-coding RNAs do not code for any protein, they are suggested to work as either tumor suppressers or oncogenes through modulating the expression of genes and functions of proteins at transcriptional, posttranscriptional and post-translational levels. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) originates from malignant transformed B/T-precursor-stage lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow (BM). The pathogenesis of ALL is closely associated with aberrant genetic alterations that block lymphoid differentiation and drive abnormal cell proliferation as well as survival. While treatment of pediatric ALL represents a major success story in chemotherapy-based elimination of a malignancy, adult ALL remains a devastating disease with relatively poor prognosis. Thus, novel aspects in the pathogenesis and progression of ALL, especially in the adult population, need to be further explored. Accumulating evidence indicated that genetic changes alone are rarely sufficient for development of ALL. Recent advances in cytogenic and sequencing technologies revealed epigenetic alterations including that of non-coding RNAs as cooperating events in ALL etiology and progression. While the role of micro RNAs in ALL has been extensively reviewed, less attention, relatively, has been paid to other non-coding RNAs. Herein, we review the involvement of linear and circular long non-coding RNAs in the etiology, maintenance, and progression of ALL, highlighting the contribution of these non-coding RNAs in ALL classification and diagnosis, risk stratification as well as treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasen Maimaitiyiming
- The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.M.); (L.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linyan Ye
- The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.M.); (L.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Yang
- The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.M.); (L.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (H.N.)
| | - Hua Naranmandura
- The Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, and Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.M.); (L.Y.); (T.Y.)
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (W.Y.); (H.N.)
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