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Robert M, Miossec P. Structural cell heterogeneity underlies the differential contribution of IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-23 to joint versus skin chronic inflammation. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103529. [PMID: 38492906 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The current therapeutic strategy used in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) primarily targets immune cells or associated-pathways. However, recent evidence suggests that the microenvironment modulates immune cell development and responses. During inflammation, structural cells acquire a pathogenetic phenotype and the interactions with immune cells are often greatly modified. Understanding the importance of these tissue-specific interactions may allow to explain why some biologics are effective in some IMIDs but not in others. The differential effects of interleukin (IL)-17 A, IL-17F and IL-23 in joint versus skin inflammation depends on structural cell heterogeneity. In addition, the sometimes opposite effects of immune/structural cell interactions on the production of these cytokines illustrate the importance of these cells in chronic inflammation, using the examples of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and spondyloarthritis. This review describes these concepts, shows their interests through clinical observations, and finally discusses strategies to optimize therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Robert
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Unit, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.
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Orsini F, Crotti C, Cincinelli G, Di Taranto R, Amati A, Ferrito M, Varenna M, Caporali R. Bone Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloartritis: An Updated Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1320. [PMID: 37887030 PMCID: PMC10604370 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Several rheumatologic diseases are primarily distinguished by their involvement of bone tissue, which not only serves as a mere target of the condition but often plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. This scenario is particularly prominent in chronic inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA). Given the immunological and systemic nature of these diseases, in this review, we report an overview of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying specific bone involvement, focusing on the complex interactions that occur between bone tissue's own cells and the molecular and cellular actors of the immune system, a recent and fascinating field of interest defined as osteoimmunology. Specifically, we comprehensively elaborate on the distinct pathogenic mechanisms of bone erosion seen in both rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis, as well as the characteristic process of aberrant bone formation observed in spondyloarthritis. Lastly, chronic inflammatory arthritis leads to systemic bone involvement, resulting in systemic bone loss and consequent osteoporosis, along with increased skeletal fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy (A.A.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Crotti
- Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Cincinelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy (A.A.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Di Taranto
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy (A.A.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Amati
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy (A.A.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferrito
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy (A.A.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Varenna
- Bone Diseases Unit, Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Caporali
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy (A.A.)
- Department of Rheumatology and Medical Sciences, ASST G.Pini-CTO, 20122 Milan, Italy
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van den Brink A, Suárez Peredo Rodríguez MF, Foijer F. Chromosomal instability and inflammation: a catch-22 for cancer cells. Chromosome Res 2023; 31:19. [PMID: 37561163 PMCID: PMC10415485 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-023-09730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN), an increased rate of chromosomal segregation abnormalities, drives intratumor heterogeneity and affects most human cancers. In addition to chromosome copy number alterations, CIN results in chromosome(s) (fragments) being mislocalized into the cytoplasm in the form of micronuclei. Micronuclei can be detected by cGAS, a double-strand nucleic acid sensor, which will lead to the production of the second messenger 2'3'-cGAMP, activation of an inflammatory response, and downstream immune cell activation. However, the molecular network underlying the CIN-induced inflammatory response is still poorly understood. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that cancers that display CIN circumvent this CIN-induced inflammatory response, and thus immune surveillance. The STAT1, STAT3, and NF-κB signaling cascades appear to play an important role in the CIN-induced inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss how these pathways are involved in signaling CIN in cells and how they are intertwined. A better understanding of how CIN is being signaled in cells and how cancer cells circumvent this is of the utmost importance for better and more selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van den Brink
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria F Suárez Peredo Rodríguez
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Haonan L, Zehang S, Jiacong H, Zhenxing W, Shengli Z, Bailing C, Zhuning C, Haoran K. Interleukin-23 mediates the reduction of GADD45a expression to attenuate oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence in human fibroblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 212:111808. [PMID: 37030535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-23 (IL-23) plays a key role in various inflammatory diseases, such as spondyloarthritis, by acting on target cells through the IL-23/IL-17 pathway. Recent studies have suggested that IL-23 can also directly affect fibroblasts. Senescent fibroblasts are implicated in many physiological and pathological processes, including those related to inflammatory diseases. However, it remains unclear whether IL-23 can influence fibroblast senescence and contribute to pathogenesis. In our study, we investigated the effects of IL-23 on oxidative stress-induced senescence in human fibroblasts, using the H2O2-induced senescence model, and found that IL-23 pre-treatment significantly attenuated senescence in these cells. RNA-seq and in vitro experiments indicate that IL-23 may act by regulating GADD45a expression and the p38/MAPK pathway. Furthermore, we confirmed that IL-23 inhibits oxidative stress-induced up-regulation of GADD45a expression and subsequent activation of the p38/MAPK pathway through GADD45a knockdown and overexpression experiments. Our study is the first to demonstrate that IL-23 can effectively suppress the senescence of fibroblasts induced by oxidative stress, by inhibiting the H2O2-triggered induction of GADD45a and subsequent activation of the p38/MAPK pathway. These findings have significant implications for understanding the role of IL-23 in immune-inflammatory diseases and may provide a new avenue for the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.
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Zhu S, Sun P, Bennett S, Charlesworth O, Tan R, Peng X, Gu Q, Kujan O, Xu J. The therapeutic effect and mechanism of parthenolide in skeletal disease, cancers, and cytokine storm. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1111218. [PMID: 37033622 PMCID: PMC10080395 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parthenolide (PTL or PAR) was first isolated from Magnolia grandiflora and identified as a small molecule cancer inhibitor. PTL has the chemical structure of C15H20O3 with characteristics of sesquiterpene lactones and exhibits the biological property of inhibiting DNA biosynthesis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarise the recent research progress of medicinal PTL, including the therapeutic effects on skeletal diseases, cancers, and inflammation-induced cytokine storm. Mechanistic investigations reveal that PTL predominantly inhibits NF-κB activation and other signalling pathways, such as reactive oxygen species. As an inhibitor of NF-κB, PTL appears to inhibit several cytokines, including RANKL, TNF-α, IL-1β, together with LPS induced activation of NF-κB and NF-κB -mediated specific gene expression such as IL-1β, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, ICAM-1, VCAM-1. It is also proposed that PTL could inhibit cytokine storms or hypercytokinemia triggered by COVID-19 via blocking the activation of NF-κB signalling. Understanding the pharmacologic properties of PTL will assist us in developing its therapeutic application for medical conditions, including arthritis, osteolysis, periodontal disease, cancers, and COVID-19-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sipin Zhu, ; Jiake Xu,
| | - Ping Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Oscar Charlesworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Renxiang Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Omar Kujan
- UWA Dental School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sipin Zhu, ; Jiake Xu,
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Jin Q, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wen X, Chen Z, Tian H, Kang Z, Wu X, Xu H. MYC promotes fibroblast osteogenesis by regulating ALP and BMP2 to participate in ectopic ossification of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:28. [PMID: 36803548 PMCID: PMC9942334 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic ossification is an important cause of disability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Whether fibroblasts can transdifferentiate into osteoblasts and contribute to ossification remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the role of stem cell transcription factors (POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, MYC, etc.) of fibroblasts in ectopic ossification in patients with AS. METHODS Primary fibroblasts were isolated from the ligaments of patients with AS or osteoarthritis (OA). In an in vitro study, primary fibroblasts were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (ODM) to induce ossification. The level of mineralization was assessed by mineralization assay. The mRNA and protein levels of stem cell transcription factors were measured by real-time quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and western blotting. MYC was knocked down by infecting primary fibroblasts with lentivirus. The interactions between stem cell transcription factors and osteogenic genes were analysed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Recombinant human cytokines were added to the osteogenic model in vitro to evaluate their role in ossification. RESULTS We found that MYC was elevated significantly in the process of inducing primary fibroblasts to differentiate into osteoblasts. In addition, the level of MYC was remarkably higher in AS ligaments than in OA ligaments. When MYC was knocked down, the expression of the osteogenic genes alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) was decreased, and the level of mineralization was reduced significantly. In addition, the ALP and BMP2 were confirmed to be the direct target genes of MYC. Furthermore, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which showed high expression in AS ligaments, was found to promote the expression of MYC in fibroblasts in the process of ossification in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the role of MYC in ectopic ossification. MYC may act as the critical bridge that links inflammation with ossification in AS, thus providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ectopic ossification in AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianmei Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yaoyang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xingzhu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, 72nd Group Army Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zijian Kang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China. .,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Szostak B, Gorący A, Pala B, Rosik J, Ustianowski Ł, Pawlik A. Latest models for the discovery and development of rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1261-1278. [PMID: 36184990 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2131765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that reduces the quality of life. The current speed of development of therapeutic agents against RA is not satisfactory. Models on which initial experiments are conducted do not fully reflect human pathogenesis. Overcoming this oversimplification might be a crucial step to accelerate studies on RA treatment. AREAS COVERED The current approaches to produce novel models or to improve currently available models for the development of RA drugs have been discussed. Advantages and drawbacks of two- and three-dimensional cell cultures and animal models have been described based on recently published results of the studies. Moreover, approaches such as tissue engineering or organ-on-a-chip have been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The cell cultures and animal models used to date appear to be of limited value due to the complexity of the processes involved in RA. Current models in RA research should take into account the heterogeneity of patients in terms of disease subtypes, course, and activity. Several advanced models and tools using human cells and tissues have been developed, including three-dimensional tissues, liquid bioreactors, and more complex joint-on-a-chip devices. This may increase knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to disease development, to help identify new biomarkers for early detection, and to develop preventive strategies and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Gorący
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University Hospital No. 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Zhou Q, Ren Q, Jiao L, Huang J, Yi J, Chen J, Lai J, Ji G, Zheng T. The potential roles of JAK/STAT signaling in the progression of osteoarthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1069057. [PMID: 36506076 PMCID: PMC9729341 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1069057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related chronic progressive degenerative disease that induces persistent pain and disabilities. The development of OA is a complex process, and the risk factors are various, including aging, genetics, trauma and altered biomechanics. Inflammation and immunity play an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. JAK/STAT pathway is one of the most prominent intracellular signaling pathways, regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Inflammatory factors can act as the initiators of JAK/STAT pathway, which is implicated in the pathophysiological activity of chondrocyte. In this article, we provide a review on the importance of JAK/STAT pathway in the pathological development of OA. Potentially, JAK/STAT pathway becomes a therapeutic target for managing OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingluo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qun Ren
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linhui Jiao
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jishang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jincai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jinliang Lai
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guanglin Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanglin Ji, ; Tiansheng Zheng,
| | - Tiansheng Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanglin Ji, ; Tiansheng Zheng,
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Najm A, McInnes IB. IL-23 orchestrating immune cell activation in arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:iv4-iv15. [PMID: 34668017 PMCID: PMC8527242 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-23 is a cytokine member of the IL-12 superfamily. These heterodimeric cytokines offer broad immune regulatory activity with potential effector function in inflammatory arthritis. IL-23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages. It plays a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity. By promoting and maintaining T cell differentiation into Th17 T cells, IL-23 is a key player in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases. Data from pre-clinical IL-23 knockout models show the major importance of IL-23 in development of arthritis. The induction and maintenance of type 17 cells, which secrete IL-17A and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributes to local synovial inflammation and skin inflammation in PsA, and perhaps in RA. Commensurate with this, therapeutic strategies targeting IL-23 have proven efficient in PsA in several studies, albeit not yet in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Najm
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ali Z, Matthews R, Al-Janabi A, Warren RB. Bimekizumab: a dual IL-17A and IL-17F inhibitor for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:1073-1081. [PMID: 34384327 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1967748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin (IL)-17 is critical in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with most data suggesting that IL-17A alone was the key cytokine. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested dual blockade of IL-17A and IL-17 F may be more effective than IL-17 A blockade alone. Bimekizumab is the first human monoclonal antibody to exert simultaneous specific inhibition of IL-17A and IL-17 F, and has been studied in several phase II/III trials for psoriasis and PsA. AREAS COVERED Bimekizumab is not currently licensed for use. A literature search identified clinical trials examining the efficacy and safety of bimekizumab for psoriasis and PsA, and these were critically appraised. EXPERT OPINION Clinical trials of bimekizumab have been promising, demonstrating a rapid onset of response and superior efficacy compared to three currently licensed biologics: secukinumab, ustekinumab, and adalimumab. Bimekizumab maintains a high level of efficacy with maintenance dosing intervals of 8 weeks, compared with 4 weeks for currently licensed IL-17A antagonists. No unexpected adverse events have been identified, although mild-to-moderate fungal infections occur in approximately 10%. Studies over longer time periods involving additional active comparators would be valuable in further defining the role of bimekizumab amongst currently available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Ali
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Ali Al-Janabi
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Manchester, UK
| | - Richard B Warren
- Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, the University of Manchester, UK
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Quinone-rich fraction of Ardisia crispa (Thunb.) A. DC roots alters angiogenic cascade in collagen-induced arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:771-788. [PMID: 34091811 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic joint disorder, of which, excessive angiogenesis is the well-established factor contributing to synovitis and joint destruction. Ardisia crispa (Primulaceae) is a medicinal herb with evidenced anti-angiogenic properties, attributed to 2-methoxy-6-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) found in its roots. However, it is still unclear how BQ is able to inhibit angiogenesis in RA. Hence, we investigated the anti-arthritic potential of quinone-rich fraction (QRF) separated from Ardisia crispa roots hexane extract (ACRH) by targeting angiogenesis on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. The QRF was priorly identified by quantifying the BQ content in the fraction using GC-MS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6) were initially immunised with type II collagen (150 µg) subcutaneously at the base of the tail on day 0. QRF (3, 10, and 30 mg/kg/day) and celecoxib (5 mg/kg/day) were orally administered for 13 consecutive days starting from day 14 post-induction, except for the vehicle and arthritic controls. QRF at all dosages moderately ameliorated the arthritic scores, ankle swelling, and hind paw oedema with no significant (p > 0.05) modulation on the bodyweights and organ weights (i.e., liver, kidney, and spleen). Treatment with QRF at 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg, significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated VEGF-A, PI3K, AKT, NF-κB, p38, STAT3, and STAT5 proteins and markedly restored the increased synovial microvessel densities (MVD) to the normal level in arthritic rats in a dose-independent manner. In conclusion, QRF conferred the anti-arthritic effect via angiogenesis inhibition in vivo, credited to the BQ content and synergism, at least in part, by other phytoconstituents.
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Jiang L, Zhou X, Huang C, Bao J, Li J, Xu K, Dong D, Wu L. The elevated expression of IL-38 serves as an anti-inflammatory factor in osteoarthritis and its protective effect in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107489. [PMID: 33774357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the role of IL-38 in osteoarthritis (OA). IL-38 levels in serum and synovial fluid (SF) of patients with OA were examined to identify the correlation between IL-38 expression and OA activity and to determine its anti-inflammatory effects in IL-1β-induced chondrocytes. A total of 75 patients with OA who underwent joint replacement surgery and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. The levels of IL-38 in serum and SF are shown to be significant elevated in OA patients compared with that of healthy controls. Serum and SF IL-38 levels of OA patients are positively correlated with Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grades 2 to 3, as well as with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-23, and TNF-α, but are negatively correlated with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in K-L grades 3 to 4. Furthermore, overexpression of IL-38 in vitro is shown to attenuate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-36Ra, IL-36α/β/γ, iNOS, and TNF-α, as well as matrix degrading enzymes such as MMP3, MMP13, and ADAMTS5, and apoptosis-related indicators Bax/Bcl-2, cleaved caspase 3/pro-caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 9/pro-caspase 9. IL-38 overexpression also reduces expression of the signaling proteins p-p38, p-p65, p-JNK, and RhoA significantly. Taken together, our results show that expression of IL-38 is increased in OA tissues and OA rat chondrocytes, and is positively correlated with early disease activity. This increased IL-38 expression lead to the inactivation of MAPK, NF-κB, JNK, and RhoA signaling pathways, which might have impletion on OA chondrocytes apoptosis, degradation and inflammatory effect. Thus, IL-38 probably serves as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of ZheJiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xindie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Congxiang Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Xixi Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiapeng Bao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of ZheJiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of ZheJiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daihai Dong
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Suichang County People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Suichang, LiShui 323300, China.
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of ZheJiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Chen M, Pang DD, Dai SM. Expression Profile of Osteoclasts Following the Stimulation With Interleukin-23 in Mice. Arch Rheumatol 2021; 35:533-544. [PMID: 33758810 PMCID: PMC7945700 DOI: 10.46497/archrheumatol.2020.7510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to analyze the expression profile of osteoclasts (OCs) following the stimulation with interleukin 23 (IL-23) in mice, which would imply the underlying effects of IL-23 on the function of OCs in inflammatory arthritis. Materials and methods
Mature OCs were induced from bone marrow mononuclear cells of 5 male mice (age 6 weeks; weighing 18-20 g) in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (50 ng/mL) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (30 ng/mL) in vitro. The Agilent SurePrint G3 Mouse GE V2.0 Microarray was used to analyze the gene expression profile of OCs stimulated with IL-23 (30 ng/mL) or vehicle. The four major IL-23-modulated genes were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Results
The expression levels of 23 genes were up-regulated and 32 genes were down-regulated by IL-23 stimulation (fold change ≥1.5 and p value <0.05). Among them, there were 37 genes with assigned gene symbols. Gene ontology analysis showed that the IL-23-regulated messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) were related to positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis, chemokine-mediated signaling pathway and C-X-C chemokine receptors binding. The pathway analysis showed that the IL-23-regulated mRNAs were related to chemokine signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. The significant up-regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 induced by IL-23 was confirmed by qPCR. In addition, there were 18 long non-coding RNAs that were regulated by IL-23, while their function needs to be confirmed in the future. Conclusion Expression levels of genes related to chemotaxis in OCs were up-regulated by IL-23 in mice, which imply that IL-23 may facilitate chemotaxis of OCs in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Pang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Ming Dai
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Navigating the diverse immune landscapes of psoriatic arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2021; 43:279-290. [PMID: 33721040 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-021-00848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The goal of remission in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has remained elusive despite the influx of a range of new therapies over the last 20 years. In contrast, therapeutic responses to agents that inhibit IL-23 or IL-17 have demonstrated impressive efficacy in psoriasis. In part, the divergent responses in these two disorders are likely related to the heterogeneity of tissue involvement in PsA and the interplay of multiple different cell populations and molecular pathways. In this narrative review, we will examine the plasticity of the immune response in PsA from the perspective of the Th17 cell and monocyte and discuss recent findings regarding the importance of CD8+ T resident cells in disease pathogenesis. We will then examine the effects of cytokines on epithelial cell and stromal populations and finally discuss new data regarding immune cell and tissue resident cell cross-talk in entheses and bone. Lastly, the potential therapeutic targets that have emerged from these investigations will be discussed.
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15
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Pastor-Fernández G, Mariblanca IR, Navarro MN. Decoding IL-23 Signaling Cascade for New Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092044. [PMID: 32906785 PMCID: PMC7563346 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin 23 (IL-23) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis. The pathological consequences of excessive IL-23 signaling have been linked to its ability to promote the production of inflammatory mediators, such as IL-17, IL-22, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating (GM-CSF), or the tumor necrosis factor (TNFα) by target populations, mainly Th17 and IL-17-secreting TCRγδ cells (Tγδ17). Due to their pivotal role in inflammatory diseases, IL-23 and its downstream effector molecules have emerged as attractive therapeutic targets, leading to the development of neutralizing antibodies against IL-23 and IL-17 that have shown efficacy in different inflammatory diseases. Despite the success of monoclonal antibodies, there are patients that show no response or partial response to these treatments. Thus, effective therapies for inflammatory diseases may require the combination of multiple immune-modulatory drugs to prevent disease progression and to improve quality of life. Alternative strategies aimed at inhibiting intracellular signaling cascades using small molecule inhibitors or interfering peptides have not been fully exploited in the context of IL-23-mediated diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about proximal signaling events triggered by IL-23 upon binding to its membrane receptor to bring to the spotlight new opportunities for therapeutic intervention in IL-23-mediated pathologies.
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16
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Chisălău BA, Crînguș LI, Vreju FA, Pârvănescu CD, Firulescu SC, Dinescu ȘC, Ciobanu DA, Tica AA, Sandu RE, Siloși I, Boldeanu MV, Poenariu IS, Ungureanu AM, Boldeanu L, Bărbulescu AL. New insights into IL-17/IL-23 signaling in ankylosing spondylitis (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:3493-3497. [PMID: 32905121 PMCID: PMC7464928 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a progressive common autoimmune inflammatory disease, part of the spondylarthritis group, characterized, besides clinical spinal and peripheral joint inflammation, by enthesitis and new bone formation, that can lead to severe functional impairment. Beyond intensive and continuous research on the pathogenic process extensively performed in recent years, their impact on therapeutic management remains open to future development. Better knowledge of AS pathogenesis have shown results progressively and studies are being performed to advance our current understanding of the disease. It is well known that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) exerts a central role, along with interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), demonstrated by several clinical studies. Similar to other rheumatic inflammatory conditions, SA is associated with an early process of systemic bone loss, both trabecular and cortical, consecutive osteopenia, osteoporosis, and high fracture risk. Current personalized therapeutic options benefit from new published data, to prevent future complications and to improve quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura-Ioana Crînguș
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Florentin Ananu Vreju
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | | | | | - Ștefan Cristian Dinescu
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Dana Alexandra Ciobanu
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Andrei Adrian Tica
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Raluca Elena Sandu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Isabela Siloși
- Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihail Virgil Boldeanu
- Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.,Medico Science SRL Stem Cell Bank Unit, 200690 Craiova, Romania
| | - Ioan Sabin Poenariu
- Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Anca Marilena Ungureanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Lidia Boldeanu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Andreea Lili Bărbulescu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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17
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Kobayashi-Sakamoto M, Maeda T, Yusa J, Kato Y, Kiyoura Y. RANK-RANKL signaling upregulates Il-10 mRNA expression in mucosal Candida infection in vivo. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104285. [PMID: 32585292 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) prevents binding of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) to RANK. Recent studies have reported that immune cell RANK-RANKL interactions are critical to the infection process. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus and a common cause of candidiasis. This study utilized an orally inoculated mouse model of C. albicans infection to determine whether superficial or systemic candidiasis was associated with alterations in RANK/RANKL/OPG expression. Invasive systemic C. albicans infection increased serum OPG levels in mice. In addition, tongue Opg, Rankl, and Rank mRNA expression were upregulated in mice with superficial oral cavity C. albicans infection. Moreover, administration of exogenous soluble RANKL upregulated Rank and interleukin-10 (Il-10) mRNA in superficially infected tissue, suggesting suppression of localized inflammation. Taken together, these findings suggested that RANK/RANKL/OPG signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of candidiasis. This is the first in vivo study to identify a relationship between this opportunistic infection and the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Kobayashi-Sakamoto
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8611, Japan.
| | - Toyonobu Maeda
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Junko Yusa
- Department of Oral of Pathology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kato
- Department of Oral Function and Molecular Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kiyoura
- Department of Oral Medical Science, Ohu University School of Dentistry, Japan
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18
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Allgayer S, Macedo de Menezes L, Batista EL. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) levels are modulated by compressive orthodontic forces in humans. J World Fed Orthod 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejwf.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Gruber HE, Marrero E, Cox M, Hanley E. Interleukin-23 is constitutively expressed in the human annulus in vivo and in vitro, and is up-regulated in vitro by TNF-α. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:540-545. [PMID: 31537133 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1577990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23, IL-23p19) is a proinflammatory cytokine in the IL-12-related family. Although inflammatory cells in herniated discs have been shown to contain IL-23, little is known about the presence and role of IL-23 in human disc cells. We analyzed disc specimens for IL-23 localization using immunohistochemistry in control, herniated and non-herniated discs from which annulus fibrosus (annulus) cells were isolated and cultured to identify IL-23 gene expression and production. Microarray analysis was used to assess the expression of IL-23 in disc tissue and in cells exposed to two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß and TNF-α. IL-23 was present in annulus cells at the protein level and its expression was up-regulated significantly in herniated compared to control disc tissue. Direct measurement of medium components confirmed production of IL-23 and its receptor, IL-23R, by annulus cells in vitro. Annulus cells in three-dimensional culture exposed to TNF-α, but not IL-1ß, resulted in significant up-regulation of IL-23 expression compared to control cells. Our findings are evidence for the constitutive presence of IL-23 in the human disc and that its expression in vitro is modified by exposure to TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas HealthCare System , Charlotte , NC , USA
| | - E Marrero
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas HealthCare System , Charlotte , NC , USA
| | - M Cox
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas HealthCare System , Charlotte , NC , USA
| | - Edward Hanley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas HealthCare System , Charlotte , NC , USA
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20
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Mateen S, Saeed H, Moin S, Khan AQ, Owais M. T helper cell subpopulations repertoire in peripheral blood and its correlation with sex of newly diagnosed arthritis patients: A gender based study. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105675. [PMID: 31177017 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory autoimmune disorder. Autoreactive T cells play a very significant role in the pathogenesis of RA. However, the exact mechanisms of disease severity and pathogenesis are poorly understood. We attempted to correlate T-helper cell activities with sexes of newly diagnosed patients with RA. The patients were divided based on their sex and disease severity. Examination of the expression of various factors using quantitative real-time PCR and FACS analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that T-bet, ROR-γt, Foxp3, and the level of cytokines associated with Th1 cells were almost identical among male and female patients with RA. Interestingly, there was a high correlation between Th17 expression and disease severity in female patients with RA. In general, there was no significant correlation between Th1 cell population and the disease severity in newly diagnosed patients with RA. In contrast, the frequency of both Th17 and Treg cells was higher in patients with more severe disease. The results suggested that, in patients with RA, the T-helper cell balance within peripheral blood was skewed towards the Th17 and Treg phenotypes. Besides Th17- and Treg-associated cytokines, elevated expression of IL-27/IL-23 cytokines might also be responsible for increased disease severity in female patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaiya Mateen
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Haris Saeed
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Owais
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India.
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21
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Bowler MA, Bersi MR, Ryzhova LM, Jerrell RJ, Parekh A, Merryman WD. Cadherin-11 as a regulator of valve myofibroblast mechanobiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1614-H1626. [PMID: 30359089 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00277.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin-11 (CDH11) is upregulated in a variety of fibrotic diseases, including arthritis and calcific aortic valve disease. Our recent work has identified CDH11 as a potential therapeutic target and shown that treatment with a CDH11 functional blocking antibody can prevent hallmarks of calcific aortic valve disease in mice. The present study investigated the role of CDH11 in regulating the mechanobiological behavior of valvular interstitial cells believed to cause calcification. Aortic valve interstitial cells were harvested from Cdh11+/+, Cdh11+/-, and Cdh11-/- immortomice. Cells were subjected to inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-6 to characterize the molecular mechanisms by which CDH11 regulates their mechanobiological changes. Histology was performed on aortic valves from Cdh11+/+, Cdh11+/-, and Cdh11-/- mice to identify key responses to CDH11 deletion in vivo. We showed that CDH11 influences cell behavior through its regulation of contractility and its ability to bind substrates via focal adhesions. We also show that transforming growth factor-β1 overrides the normal relationship between CDH11 and smooth muscle α-actin to exacerbate the myofibroblast disease phenotype. This phenotypic switch is potentiated through the IL-6 signaling axis and could act as a paracrine mechanism of myofibroblast activation in neighboring aortic valve interstitial cells in a positive feedback loop. These data suggest CDH11 is an important mediator of the myofibroblast phenotype and identify several mechanisms by which it modulates cell behavior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cadherin-11 influences valvular interstitial cell contractility by regulating focal adhesions and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Transforming growth factor-β1 overrides the normal balance between cadherin-11 and smooth muscle α-actin expression to promote a myofibroblast phenotype. Cadherin-11 is necessary for IL-6 and chitinase-3-like protein 1 secretion, and IL-6 promotes contractility. Targeting cadherin-11 could therapeutically influence valvular interstitial cell phenotypes in a multifaceted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan A Bowler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew R Bersi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Larisa M Ryzhova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rachel J Jerrell
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Aron Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee
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22
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Gravallese EM, Schett G. Effects of the IL-23–IL-17 pathway on bone in spondyloarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14:631-640. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0091-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Evaluation of interleukin 23 (IL-23) as a non-invasive test of disease severity in patients with ulcerative colitis. Arab J Gastroenterol 2018; 19:116-120. [PMID: 30268427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Studies have found increased expression of IL-23 in inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We hypothesized that serum interleukin-23 as a non-invasive test has a role in pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis disease and correlates with the disease severity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty patients with biopsy proven ulcerative colitis, recruited from Ain Shams University hospitals were included. Forty healthy subjects matched in age and gender were also included in the study as a control group. Serum IL-23 level was quantified using quantitative ELISA technique (Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay). RESULTS Patients with UC had higher level of interleukin 23 (234.5 ± 161 pg/mL) compared to control subjects (54.2 ± 15 pg/mL) and the level of IL-23 correlated with the disease severity. Cut off value of IL-23 at 68 pg/mL was the best to differentiate between cases and control subjects. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) revealed that the best cut off for IL-23 to detect mild cases of ulcerative colitis was at105 pg/mL, to detect moderate cases at 200 pg/mL and to detect severe cases was at 270 pg/mL with sensitivity 80% to mild cases, 60% to moderate cases and 81% to severe cases. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm the suggestion that IL-23 level measurement may be of value as a non-invasive test in the diagnosis and disease severity assessment in patients with UC.
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24
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Folic acid supplementation repressed hypoxia-induced inflammatory response via ROS and JAK2/STAT3 pathway in human promyelomonocytic cells. Nutr Res 2018; 53:40-50. [PMID: 29685624 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is associated with inflammation and various chronic diseases. Folic acid is known to ameliorate inflammatory reactions, but the metabolism of folic acid protecting against hypoxia-induced injury is still unclear. In our study, we examined the inflammatory signal transduction pathway in human promyelomonocytic cells (THP-1 cells) with or without treatment with folic acid under hypoxic culture conditions. Our results indicated that supplementation with folic acid significantly reduced the levels of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in hypoxic conditions. Treating THP-1 cells with folic acid suppressed oxidative stress and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in a dose-dependent manner. Folic acid targeted the activation of Janus kinase 2, downregulated the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and decreased the expression of nuclear factor-κB p65 protein in cells. However, the absence of folic acid did not make cells more vulnerable under hypoxic conditions. In conclusion, folic acid efficiently inhibited the inflammatory response of THP-1 cells under hypoxic conditions by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production and the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway. Our study supports a basis for treatment with folic acid for chronic inflammation, which correlated with hypoxia.
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25
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Boutet MA, Nerviani A, Gallo Afflitto G, Pitzalis C. Role of the IL-23/IL-17 Axis in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: The Clinical Importance of Its Divergence in Skin and Joints. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020530. [PMID: 29425183 PMCID: PMC5855752 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease causing erythematosus and scaly skin plaques; up to 30% of patients with psoriasis develop Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA), which is characterised by inflammation and progressive damage of the peripheral joints and/or the spine and/or the entheses. The pathogenic mechanisms driving the skin disorder in psoriasis and the joint disease in PsA are sustained by the activation of inflammatory pathways that can be overlapping, but also, at least partially, distinct. Cytokines members of the IL-23/IL-17 family, critical in the development of autoimmunity, are abundantly expressed within the cutaneous lesions but also seem to be involved in chronic inflammation and damage of the synovium though, as it will be here discussed, not in all patients. In this review, we will focus on the state of the art of the molecular features of psoriatic skin and joints, focusing on the specific role of the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in each of these anatomical districts. We will then offer an overview of the approved and in-development biologics targeting this axis, emphasising how the availability of the “target” in the diseased tissues could provide a plausible explanation for the heterogeneous clinical efficacy of these drugs, thus opening future perspective of personalised therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Boutet
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Gabriele Gallo Afflitto
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology & Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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26
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Retinoid interferon-induced mortality19 (GRIM19) inhibits proliferation and invasion in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:719-725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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27
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Razawy W, van Driel M, Lubberts E. The role of IL-23 receptor signaling in inflammation-mediated erosive autoimmune arthritis and bone remodeling. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:220-229. [PMID: 29148561 PMCID: PMC5838536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The IL‐23/Th17 axis has been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). RA and PsA are heterogeneous diseases with substantial burden on patients. Increasing evidence suggests that the IL‐23 signaling pathway may be involved in the development of autoimmunity and erosive joint damage. IL‐23 can act either directly or indirectly on bone forming osteoblasts as well as on bone resorbing osteoclasts. As IL‐23 regulates the activity of cells of the bone, it is conceivable that in addition to inflammation‐mediated joint erosion, IL‐23 may play a role in physiological bone remodeling. In this review, we focus on the role of IL‐23 in autoimmune arthritis in patients and murine models, and provide an overview of IL‐23 producing and responding cells in autoimmune arthritic joints. In addition, we discuss the role of IL‐23 on bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts regarding inflammation‐mediated joint damage and bone remodeling. At last, we briefly discuss the clinical implications of targeting this pathway for joint damage and systemic bone loss in autoimmune arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wida Razawy
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Kim BS, Park YJ, Chung Y. Targeting IL-17 in autoimmunity and inflammation. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1537-1547. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mateen S, Zafar A, Moin S, Khan AQ, Zubair S. Understanding the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 455:161-71. [PMID: 26883280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. It is characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies. Initial phase of RA involves the activation of both T and B cells. Cytokines have a crucial role in the pathophysiology of RA as pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-17 stimulates inflammation and degradation of bone and cartilage. There occurs an imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine activities which leads to multisystem immune complications. There occurs a decline in the number of Treg cells which may also play an important role in pathophysiology of the disease. In RA patients, serum or plasma level of cytokines may indicate the severity of disease. Cytokine gene polymorphism could be used as markers of susceptibility and severity of RA. Anti-cytokine agents seem to emerge as potent drug molecules to treat RA. Many clinical trials are ongoing and several positive results have been obtained. There is a need to develop potential anti-cytokine agents that target numerous pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA. This review article describes the effector functions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the role of cytokine gene polymorphism in the pathogenesis of RA. Anti-cytokine agents that are currently available and those that are still in clinical trials have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaiya Mateen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India.
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
| | - Abdul Qayyum Khan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
| | - Swaleha Zubair
- Women's college, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202002, India
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Xu L, Feng X, Shi Y, Wang X, Kong X, Zhang M, Liu M, Tan W, Wang F. Interleukin-29 induces receptor activator of NF-κB ligand expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes via MAPK signaling pathways. Int J Rheum Dis 2015; 18:842-9. [PMID: 26420479 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM We previously reported that interleukin-29 (IL-29) was highly expressed in the blood and synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and contributed to synovial inflammation by induction of proinflammatory cytokine production. Given chronic inflammation can trigger the process of bone erosion, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) plays a crucial role in bone erosion of RA, we hypothesize that IL-29 mediates bone erosion in RA by regulation of RANKL expression. Here, we investigated the effect of IL-29 on RANKL expression in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and the relevant signaling pathways involved in it. METHODS Primary fibroblast cells isolated from RA patients were stimulated by recombinant IL-29 in the presence or absence of anti-IL-29 antibody, and the expression levels of RANKL were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Furthermore, the IL-29 signaling pathway for regulation of RANKL was also examined by Western blotting assay. RESULTS IL-29 upregulated RANKL expression in a dose-dependent manner, and blockade of IL-29 resulted in a significantly reduced RANKL expression in RA-FLS. Incubation RA-FLS with IL-29 (100 ng/mL) led to phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), p38 and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). The expression of RANKL induced by IL-29 could be completely blocked by the inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway, including PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (p38 inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK inhibitor). CONCLUSION These findings indicate, for the first time, that IL-29 could directly induce RANKL expression in RA-FLS via MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting IL-29 might be a new target in the prevention of joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoke Feng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yumeng Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miaojia Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfeng Tan
- Department of Rheumatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Matarese G, Currò M, Isola G, Caccamo D, Vecchio M, Giunta ML, Ramaglia L, Cordasco G, Williams RC, Ientile R. Transglutaminase 2 up-regulation is associated with RANKL/OPG pathway in cultured HPDL cells and THP-1-differentiated macrophages. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2447-55. [PMID: 26133738 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence emphasized that transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a protein cross-linking enzyme, may play a role in the early phase of inflammation. High levels of TG2 have been associated with the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) that is considered the main regulator of inflammation. In this context, the receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) and receptor activator of NF-κB have extensive functions in the regulation of cytokine secretion associated with different pathological conditions. The human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells, which express and secrete osteoprotegerin (OPG) and RANKL, represent an useful "ex vivo" model for monitoring cell response in inflammatory microenvironments, such as periodontitis-dependent tissue response. Thus, we evaluated TG2 expression and alterations in RANKL/OPG ratio occurring in cultured HPDL cells. The HPDL cells were obtained from patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and healthy subjects. We observed the up-regulation of some inflammatory markers, such as IL-6, TNF-α, and HMGB-1, and at the same time an increase in TG2 mRNA levels in HPDL cells from CP patients compared with healthy subjects. We found a positive correlation between RANKL/OPG ratio and TG2 mRNA levels in HPDL cells from CP patients. In the parallel experiments, we demonstrated that TG2 inhibition reduced RANKL expression in both HPDL cells from CP patients and monocytes differentiated to macrophages by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate treatment. Given the RANKL key role in NF-κB pathway and the observed up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, our data suggest that TG2 may be involved in molecular mechanisms of inflammatory response occurring in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Matarese
- Department of Specialist Medical-Surgical Experimental Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Monica Currò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Polyclinic Hospital University, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of Specialist Medical-Surgical Experimental Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine University "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Caccamo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Polyclinic Hospital University, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Mercurio Vecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Polyclinic Hospital University, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Giunta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Polyclinic Hospital University, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Ramaglia
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine University "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cordasco
- Department of Specialist Medical-Surgical Experimental Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Messina, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Ray C Williams
- Dean, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, 160 Rockland Hall, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8700, USA
| | - Riccardo Ientile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Polyclinic Hospital University, Via C. Valeria, 98125, Messina, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interleukin (IL)-23 and the related cytokine IL-17 play vital roles in immune-mediated inflammatory pathology. In the years since its discovery, IL-23 has been implicated as a central pathogenic factor in multiple rheumatic conditions and has been shown to act via a wide range of immune cells including type 17 T-helper (Th17) cells and innate-like immune cells. We review here the pivotal role of these cytokines and IL-23-responsive cells in both the bona fide autoimmune rheumatic diseases rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as the spondyloarthropathies which more closely resemble the auto-inflammatory conditions. RECENT FINDINGS IL-23 and related cytokines have been found to be up-regulated in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and spondyloarthropathy, and preclinical models suggest that they play important pathological roles in these conditions. SUMMARY It is anticipated that agents which target the IL-23 pathway will have profound roles in modifying the natural history of these diseases and in preventing the structural damage which occurs secondary to such chronic inflammation. This is especially relevant in the case of spondyloarthropathy in which case prevention of the novel bone formation is a particular challenge. It is also potentially pertinent for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, particularly those who do not respond to other biological therapies.
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Cañete JD, Celis R, Yeremenko N, Sanmartí R, van Duivenvoorde L, Ramírez J, Blijdorp I, García-Herrero CM, Pablos JL, Baeten DL. Ectopic lymphoid neogenesis is strongly associated with activation of the IL-23 pathway in rheumatoid synovitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:173. [PMID: 26156866 PMCID: PMC4496927 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The functional relevance of synovial ectopic lymphoid neogenesis (ELN) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unknown. As ELN correlates with the degree of tissue inflammation, we investigated whether ELN was associated with specific cytokine profiles. Methods Synovial ELN was determined by immunohistology and long CD21 isoform (CD21L) expression. Cytokine expression was determined by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as well as immunohistology in synovial fluid (SF) (n = 44) and tissue (ST) (n = 108), respectively. Production of ELN-associated chemokines by fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) was studied in vitro. Results Screening analysis of SF by multiplex ELISA showed higher protein levels of interleukin (IL)-23 (p = 0.018) and IL-17F (p = 0.028) in ELN+ versus ELN- samples. Other cytokines, including IL-17A, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were not different. The association between IL-23 and ELN was not biased by disease activity or other clinical features and was confirmed by higher IL-23 mRNA expression in ELN+ versus ELN- ST samples (p = 0.030), a correlation between IL-23 and CD21L expression in the same samples (r = 0.70 p < 0.0001), and a similar correlation in two independent ST sample sets (r = 0.778 p < 0.0001 and r = 0.817 p = 0.011). IL-23 p19 staining was neither restricted nor enhanced in close proximity of ectopic lymphoid follicles, and neither IL-23 nor IL-17A stimulation induced expression of the ELN-associated CC chemokine ligand, CCL21 and CXC chemokine ligand CXCL13, by FLS. Downstream of IL-23, CD21L expression was significantly associated with IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22, but not IL-17A in two independent ST sample sets. Conclusions Synovial ELN in RA is strongly associated with activation of the IL-23 pathway but not with IL-17A. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0688-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Cañete
- Arthritis Unit, Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and IDIBAPS, c/ Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Raquel Celis
- Arthritis Unit, Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and IDIBAPS, c/ Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nataliya Yeremenko
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center/Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Raimon Sanmartí
- Arthritis Unit, Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and IDIBAPS, c/ Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Leonie van Duivenvoorde
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center/Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Julio Ramírez
- Arthritis Unit, Rheumatology Department, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona and IDIBAPS, c/ Villarroel, 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Iris Blijdorp
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center/Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Carmen M García-Herrero
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I + 12), Avda de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José L Pablos
- Rheumatology Department, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (I + 12), Avda de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Dominique L Baeten
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center/Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The discovery that the IL-23-IL-17 immune pathway is involved in many models of autoimmune disease has changed the concept of the role of T-helper cell subsets in the development of autoimmunity. In addition to TH17 cells, IL-17 is also produced by other T cell subsets and innate immune cells; which of these IL-17-producing cells have a role in tissue inflammation, and the timing, location and nature of their role(s), is incompletely understood. The current view is that innate and adaptive immune cells expressing the IL-23 receptor become pathogenic after exposure to IL-23, but further investigation into the role of IL-23 and IL-17 at different stages in the development and progression of chronic (destructive) inflammatory diseases is needed. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) are the two most common forms of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis, and the IL-23-IL-17 axis is thought to have a critical role in both. This Review discusses the basic mechanisms of these cytokines in RA and SpA on the basis of findings from disease-specific animal models as well as human ex vivo studies. Promising therapeutic applications to modulate this immune pathway are in development or have already been approved. Blockade of IL-17 and/or TH17-cell activity in combination with anti-TNF therapy might be a successful approach to achieving stable remission or even prevention of chronic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Cytokine-mediated bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:263625. [PMID: 25295284 PMCID: PMC4176903 DOI: 10.1155/2014/263625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone homeostasis, which involves formation and resorption, is an important process for maintaining adequate bone mass in humans. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and bone loss, leading to joint destruction and deformity, and is a representative disease of disrupted bone homeostasis. The bone loss and joint destruction are mediated by immunological insults by proinflammatory cytokines and various immune cells. The connection between bone and immunity has been intensely studied and comprises the emerging field of osteoimmunology. Osteoimmunology is an interdisciplinary science investigating the interplay between the skeletal and the immune systems. The main contributors in osteoimmunology are the bone effector cells, such as osteoclasts or osteoblasts, and the immune cells, particularly lymphocytes and monocytes. Physiologically, osteoclasts originate from immune cells, and immune cells regulate osteoblasts and vice versa. Pathological conditions such as RA might affect these interactions, thereby altering bone homeostasis, resulting in the unfavorable outcome of bone destruction. In this review, we describe the osteoclastogenic roles of the proinflammatory cytokines and immune cells that are important in the pathophysiology of RA.
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Furst DE, Emery P. Rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology: update on emerging cytokine and cytokine-associated cell targets. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:1560-9. [PMID: 24402580 PMCID: PMC4135582 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic therapies that target pathogenic cytokines such as TNF, IL-1β or IL-6 have greatly improved the treatment of RA. Unfortunately, not all RA patients respond to current biologic therapies and responses are not always maintained, suggesting that there are alternative drivers of RA pathogenesis that might serve as promising therapeutic targets. Discovery of the new Th17 subset of Th cells, and their role in autoimmune disease development, has implicated the proinflammatory IL-12 and IL-17 families of cytokines in RA disease pathogenesis. Members of these cytokine families are elevated in the blood and joints of RA patients and have been shown to remain elevated in patients who do not respond to current biologics. In addition, these cytokines have been shown to play roles in joint destruction and erosion. A new subclass of biologics that target the IL-12 and/or IL-17 signalling pathways are under development. Here we review evidence for a role of Th17 cells as well as IL-12 and IL-17 cytokines in RA pathogenesis as the rationale for a subsequent discussion of the ongoing and completed clinical trials of newly emerging biologic therapies directed at IL-12 or IL-17 pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Furst
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.
| | - Paul Emery
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Chapel Allerton Hospital and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Clinical biomarkers and pathogenic-related cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:698192. [PMID: 25215307 PMCID: PMC4158303 DOI: 10.1155/2014/698192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. Although major therapeutic advances have been made in recent years, there is no cure for the disease. Current medications mainly reduce inflammation in order to relieve pain and slow joint damage, but many have potentially serious side effects. Therefore, to find specific biomarkers will benefit both RA patients to find relief from the disease and physicians to monitor the disease development. A number of biomarkers have been discovered and used clinically, and others are still under investigation. The autoantibodies, which are widely used in diagnosis and prognosis, novel biomarkers, which reflect clinical disease activity, and newly found biomarkers and pathogenic-related cytokines are discussed in this review.
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Moon YM, Lee J, Lee SY, Her YM, Ryu JG, Kim EK, Son HJ, Kwok SK, Ju JH, Yang CW, Park SH, Kim HY, Cho ML. Gene associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19 attenuates murine autoimmune arthritis by regulation of th17 and treg cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:569-78. [PMID: 24574216 DOI: 10.1002/art.38267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE STAT-3 is a key transcriptional factor in the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated differentiation of Th17 cells. Because Th17 is believed to be a central player in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we sought to evaluate whether an endogenous inhibitor of the STAT3 gene, GRIM-19 (gene associated with retinoid-interferon-induced mortality 19), could attenuate the progression and severity of murine collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) through suppression of Th17 cells and, reciprocally, could increase expression of Treg cells. METHODS Overexpression of GRIM-19 was produced either by intravenous/intramuscular administration of a GRIM-19 overexpression vector in DBA1/J mice or by development of GRIM-19-transgenic (Tg) mice on a C57BL/6 background. Clinical signs were scored for arthritis severity, and mouse splenocytes, serum, and joint tissue were obtained for immunostaining and histologic analyses. RESULTS The numbers of CD4+IL-17+ cells and CD4+pSTAT3+ cells were decreased, while the numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells and CD4+pSTAT5+ cells were increased, in both GRIM-19 vector-transfected and GRIM-19-Tg mice. Administration of the GRIM-19 overexpression vector into mice with CIA markedly suppressed the clinical and histologic signs of arthritis in the affected joints. Similarly, when CIA was induced in GRIM-19-Tg mice, the arthritis phenotype was markedly attenuated and the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-17) in the arthritic joints was also significantly reduced. Moreover, bone marrow-derived monocyte/macrophages obtained from GRIM-19-Tg mice showed attenuated RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. CONCLUSION GRIM-19 improved the clinical and histologic features of CIA and also inhibited osteoclast formation. These findings suggest that GRIM-19 may be a novel treatment agent for RA.
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Appel H, Maier R, Bleil J, Hempfing A, Loddenkemper C, Schlichting U, Syrbe U, Sieper J. In situ analysis of interleukin-23- and interleukin-12-positive cells in the spine of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1522-9. [PMID: 23508523 DOI: 10.1002/art.37937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interleukin-12 (IL-12) family of cytokines has been suggested to play a critical role in inflammatory autoimmune diseases, and recent studies analyzing peripheral blood and synovial fluid from patients with spondyloarthritides suggest that IL-23 might be a proinflammatory factor in these disorders. This study was undertaken to investigate the presence and source of IL-23 in the spines of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS The frequency of IL-23-positive and IL-12-positive cells within the subchondral bone marrow and within fibrous tissue replacing normal bone marrow in facet joints of patients with AS was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The origin of IL-23-positive cells was determined by double staining of CD163+ macrophages, CD68+ macrophages, CD1a+ dendritic cells, tryptase-positive mast cells, myeloperoxidase-positive cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD3+ T cells. Findings in 28 facet joints from 22 AS patients were compared with those in 20 facet joints from 13 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 10 normal control specimens. RESULTS The frequency of IL-23-positive cells in subchondral bone marrow from the joints of AS patients (mean ± SD 42.50 ± 32.81/high-power field [hpf]) was significantly increased compared to that in subchondral bone marrow from OA patients (OA 15.63 ± 29.90/hpf) (P = 0.0017) or controls (19.36 ± 16.8/hpf) (P = 0.03). Myeloperoxidase-positive cells and, to a lesser extent, macrophages and dendritic cells were found to be the origin of IL-23 in the bone marrow. In AS and OA patients, the frequency of IL-23-positive cells was significantly higher than that of IL-12-positive cells (P < 0.001 in both patient groups). Within fibrous tissue from AS and OA facet joints, IL-23 was predominantly produced by CD163+ macrophages (mean ± SD 0.64 ± 0.59/hpf and 4.36 ± 3.4/hpf, respectively) and CD68+ macrophages (2.3 ± 0.65/hpf and 6.54 ± 4.1/hpf, respectively). CONCLUSION IL-23 is expressed in the subchondral bone marrow and in fibrous tissue replacing bone marrow in facet joints of patients with AS. It might have a role in inflammatory processes and in chronic changes in AS joints, which makes it an interesting potential therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Appel
- Charité Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Vos PAJM, Welsing PMJ, deGroot J, Huisman AM, Oostveen JCM, Reijman M, Damen J, Mastbergen SC, Lafeber FPJG. Skin pentosidine in very early hip/knee osteoarthritis (CHECK) is not a strong independent predictor of radiographic progression over 5 years follow-up. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:823-30. [PMID: 23541875 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Age-related changes in articular cartilage are likely to play a role in the etiology of osteoarthritis (OA). One of the major age-related changes in cartilage is the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The present study evaluates whether pentosidine can predict radiographic progression and/or burden over 5 years follow-up in a cohort of early knee and/or hip OA. DESIGN The 5 years follow-up data of 300 patients from cohort hip & cohort knee (CHECK) were used. Radiographic progression and burden were assessed by X-rays of both knees and hips (Kellgren and Lawrence (K&L) and Altman scores). Baseline pentosidine levels (and urinary CTXII as a comparator) were measured by high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Univariable and multivariable associations including baseline radiographic damage, age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and kidney function were performed. RESULTS Both pentosidine and urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTXII) correlated with radiographic progression and burden. In general pentosidine did not have an added predictive value to uCTXII for progression nor burden of the disease. The best prediction was obtained for burden of radiographic damage (R(2) = 0.60-0.88), bus this was predominantly determined by baseline radiographic damage (without this parameter R(2) = 0.07-0.17). Interestingly, pentosidine significantly added to prediction of osteophyte formation, whereas uCTXII significantly added to prediction of JSN in multivariable analysis. CONCLUSION Pentosidine adds to prediction of radiographic progression and burden of osteophyte formation and uCTXII to radiographic progression and burden of JSN, but overall skin pentosidine did not perform better that uCTXII in predicting radiographic progression or burden. Burden of damage over 5 years is mainly determined by radiographic joint damage at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A J M Vos
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The IL-12 family members, IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35, are heterodimeric cytokines that share subunits and have important roles in autoimmunity. As well as their structural relationship the IL-12 family cytokines share some biological characteristics but have functional differences. These cytokines contribute to immune-mediated inflammation and our improved knowledge of their actions has led to alteration of the T(H)1-T(H)2 paradigm. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), leukocyte migration, bone erosions and angiogenesis are modulated by an IL-23-IL-17 cascade, which can be negated in part by IL-12, IL-27 and IL-35 function. However, the IL-12 family members are a relatively new area of research and data have been generated mostly at the preclinical stage. Further studies in patients with RA are, therefore, required to determine whether these cytokines are valid targets for RA therapy.
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Choi SY, Lim JW, Shimizu T, Kuwano K, Kim JM, Kim H. Reactive oxygen species mediate Jak2/Stat3 activation and IL-8 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells stimulated with lipid-associated membrane proteins from Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:493-501. [PMID: 22270622 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the activation of Janus kinase2 (Jak2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription3 (Stat3), and IL-8 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells stimulated with lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMP) from Mycoplasma pneumoniae using a known antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC). METHODS Pulmonary epithelial A549 cells were treated with or without NAC in the presence or absence of LAMP. Intracellular ROS levels were detected by fluorescent analysis for fluorescent dichlorofluorescein. mRNA expression of IL-8 was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. IL-8 protein in the medium was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Activation of Jak2/Stat3 was determined by the increases in phospho-specific forms of Jak2/Stat3 compared to total forms of Jak2/Stat3 by western blotting. Stat3-DNA binding activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS LAMP increased the level of ROS, phosphorylation of Jak2/Stat3, Stat3-DNA binding activity, and IL-8 expression in A549 cells, which were inhibited by NAC dose-dependently. CONCLUSION LAMP of M. pneumoniae induces the production of ROS, Jak2/Stat3 activation, and IL-8 induction in A549 cells. Antioxidants such as NAC may be beneficial for preventing pulmonary inflammation caused by M. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yong Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Multhoff G, Molls M, Radons J. Chronic inflammation in cancer development. Front Immunol 2012; 2:98. [PMID: 22566887 PMCID: PMC3342348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory mediators exert pleiotropic effects in the development of cancer. On the one hand, inflammation favors carcinogenesis, malignant transformation, tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic spread; on the other hand inflammation can stimulate immune effector mechanisms that might limit tumor growth. The link between cancer and inflammation depends on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Both pathways result in the activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB, STAT-3, and HIF-1 and in accumulation of tumorigenic factors in tumor and microenvironment. STAT-3 and NF-κB interact at multiple levels and thereby boost tumor-associated inflammation which can suppress anti-tumor immune responses. These factors also promote tumor growth, progression, and metastatic spread. IL-1, IL-6, TNF, and PGHS-2 are key mediators of an inflammatory milieu by modulating the expression of tumor-promoting factors. In this review we concentrate on the crucial role of pro-inflammatory mediators in inflammation-driven carcinogenesis and outline molecular mechanisms of IL-1 signaling in tumors. In addition, we elucidate the dual roles of stress proteins as danger signals in the development of anti-cancer immunity and anti-apoptotic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München Munich, Germany.
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