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Trivedi A, Maheshwari R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Saxena N. Lactoferrin for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 5:CD012218. [PMID: 37233609 PMCID: PMC10215284 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012218.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery are particularly susceptible to infectious complications in the postoperative period. This may be due in part to disruption of the integrity of the gut and its altered intestinal microflora. Lactoferrin is a whey protein found in milk and is an important innate mammalian defence mechanism. Lactoferrin has been reported to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. It has also been reported to help establish a healthy gut microflora and aid in the intestinal immune system. Lactoferrin supplementation has been reported to decrease sepsis in preterm infants. There may be a role for lactoferrin to reduce the incidence of sepsis, thus reducing morbidity and mortality and improving enteral feeding in postoperative term neonates. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of administering lactoferrin on the incidence of sepsis and mortality in term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery. The secondary objective was to assess the impact of administering lactoferrin on time to full enteral feeds, the intestinal microflora, duration of hospital stay, and mortality before discharge in the same population. SEARCH METHODS The Cochrane Neonatal Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, Embase Ovid, CINAHL, the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registries. The date of the last search was February 2023. There were no restrictions to language, publication year or publication type. We checked references of potentially relevant studies and systematic reviews. SELECTION CRITERIA We planned to include randomised controlled trials that studied infants born at 37 or more weeks of gestation who had one or more episodes of gastrointestinal surgery within 28 days of birth, and compared administration of lactoferrin with a placebo. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. We planned to use the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS We identified no published randomised controlled studies that assessed the efficacy of lactoferrin for the postoperative management of term neonates following gastrointestinal surgery. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is currently no evidence available from randomised controlled trials to show whether lactoferrin is effective or ineffective for the postoperative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery. There is a need for randomised controlled trials to be performed to assess the role of lactoferrin in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Trivedi
- Grace Centre for Newborn Care, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
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2
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Conesa C, Bellés A, Grasa L, Sánchez L. The Role of Lactoferrin in Intestinal Health. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1569. [PMID: 37376017 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine represents one of the first barriers where microorganisms and environmental antigens come into tight contact with the host immune system. A healthy intestine is essential for the well-being of humans and animals. The period after birth is a very important phase of development, as the infant moves from a protected environment in the uterus to one with many of unknown antigens and pathogens. In that period, mother's milk plays an important role, as it contains an abundance of biologically active components. Among these components, the iron-binding glycoprotein, lactoferrin (LF), has demonstrated a variety of important benefits in infants and adults, including the promotion of intestinal health. This review article aims to provide a compilation of all the information related to LF and intestinal health, in infants and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Conesa
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrea Bellés
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2 (UNIZAR-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Duarte-Mata DI, Salinas-Carmona MC. Antimicrobial peptides´ immune modulation role in intracellular bacterial infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119574. [PMID: 37056758 PMCID: PMC10086130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria cause a wide range of diseases, and their intracellular lifestyle makes infections difficult to resolve. Furthermore, standard therapy antibiotics are often unable to eliminate the infection because they have poor cellular uptake and do not reach the concentrations needed to kill bacteria. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising therapeutic approach. AMPs are short cationic peptides. They are essential components of the innate immune response and important candidates for therapy due to their bactericidal properties and ability to modulate host immune responses. AMPs control infections through their diverse immunomodulatory effects stimulating and/or boosting immune responses. This review focuses on AMPs described to treat intracellular bacterial infections and the known immune mechanisms they influence.
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Almehdar HA, Abd El-Baky N, Mattar EH, Albiheyri R, Bamagoos A, Aljaddawi A, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Exploring the mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and Shigella sonnei. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14809. [PMID: 36743956 PMCID: PMC9893911 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a continuously increasing pressure associated with the appearance of Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei) that have developed pathogenic multiple antibiotic resistance and the cost of cure and control of these enterobacteriaceae infections increases annually. The current report for first time demonstrated the distinguished antimicrobial action of camel lactoferrin (cLf) obtained from the milk of different clans of camel in Saudi Arabia against S. typhimurium and S. sonnei. These cLf subtypes showed comparable antimicrobial potential when tested against the two bacterial strains but were superior to either bovine (bLf) or human lactoferrin (hLf). The synergism between lactoferrins and antibiotics concerning their antibacterial efficacies against the two bacterial strains was evident. Exploring mechanisms by which camel lactoferrin can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei revealed that cLf affects bacterial protein profile. Besides, it interacts with bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and numerous membrane proteins of S. typhimurium and S. sonnei, with each bacterial strain possessing distinctive binding membrane proteins for lactoferrin. Furthermore, as evidenced by electron microscopy analysis, cLf induces extracellular and intracellular morphological changes in the test bacterial strains when used alone or in combination treatment with antibiotics. Lactoferrin and antibiotics combination strongly disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes. Therefore, cLf can kill S. typhimurium and S. sonnei by four different mechanisms, such as iron chelation, affecting some bacterial proteins, binding to bacterial LPS and membrane proteins, and impairing the integrity of the bacterial cells and their membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein A. Almehdar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab H. Mattar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aljaddawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
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5
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Wellawa DH, Lam PKS, White AP, Gomis S, Allan B, Köster W. High Affinity Iron Acquisition Systems Facilitate but Are Not Essential for Colonization of Chickens by Salmonella Enteritidis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:824052. [PMID: 35308377 PMCID: PMC8928163 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.824052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The roles of TonB mediated Fe3+ (ferric iron) uptake via enterobactin (involving biosynthesis genes entABCDEF) and Fe2+ (ferrous iron) uptake through the FeoABC transporter are poorly defined in the context of chicken-Salmonella interactions. Both uptake systems are believed to be the major contributors of iron supply in the Salmonella life cycle. Current evidence suggests that these iron uptake systems play a major role in pathogenesis in mammals and as such, they represent promising antibacterial targets with therapeutic potential. We investigated the role of these iron uptake mechanisms regarding the ability of Salmonella Enteritidis (SEn) strains to colonize in a chicken infection model. Further we constructed a bioluminescent reporter to sense iron limitation during gastrointestinal colonization of Salmonella in chicken via ex vivo imaging. Our data indicated that there is some redundancy between the ferric and ferrous iron uptake mechanisms regarding iron acquisition during SEn pathogenesis in chicken. We believe that this redundancy of iron acquisition in the host reservoir may be the consequence of adaptation to unique avian environments, and thus warrants further investigation. To our knowledge, this the first report providing direct evidence that both enterobactin synthesis and FeoABC mediated iron uptake contribute to the virulence of SEn in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh H Wellawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Po-King S Lam
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Aaron P White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brenda Allan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Köster
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Arciniega-Martínez IM, Romero-Aguilar KS, Farfán-García ED, García-Machorro J, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Soriano-Ursúa MA. Diversity of effects induced by boron-containing compounds on immune response cells and on antibodies in basal state. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 69:126901. [PMID: 34801850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that boron induces changes in the immune response, including in inflammatory processes. Recently, the effect of boric acid has been documented on the differentiation of lymphocyte clusters in mice and rats. However, the differences among boron-containing compounds (BCC) have been poorly explored. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the effects after oral administration of boric acid (BOR), methylboronic (MET), 3-thyenylboronic (3TB), 4-hydroxymethyl-phenylboronic (4MP) and 4-methanesulfonyl-phenylboronic (4SP) acids on the populations of lymphocytes from spleen and Peyer's patch (PP) as well as on antibodies. Groups of six male BALB/c were orally treated with 4.6 mg/kg of body weight with BOR, MET, 3TB, 4MP, and 4SP/daily for 10 days or vehicle (VEH) as a control group. After euthanasia, the spleen and small intestine were dissected. We conducted flow cytometry assays to assess B, CD3+ T, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T cells. Levels of IgG and IgM in serum, and IgA in intestinal fluid samples were analyzed by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS In particular, we observed the effects of the administration of boronic acids on the number of lymphocytes; these changes were more notable in spleen than in PP. We found different profiles for each boron-containing compound, that is BOR induced an increase in the percentage of CD8+ T and CD19+/IgA+ cells in spleen, but a decrease in CD8+ T and B220+/CD19+ cells in PP. Meanwhile MET induced a decrease of CD4+ T in spleen, but induced an increase of CD4+ T cells and a decrease in the number of CD8+ T cells in PP. Boronic acids with an aromatic ring moiety induced changes in serum immunoglobulins levels, while 3TB acid induced a notable increase in S-IgA. CONCLUSIONS Effects in lymphocyte populations and antibodies are different for each tested compound. These results highlight the establishment of the necessary structure-activity relationship for BCC as immunomodulatory drugs. This is relevant in the biomedical field due to their attractiveness for selecting compounds to develop therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne M Arciniega-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina (ESM) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla S Romero-Aguilar
- Academias de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación del IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eunice D Farfán-García
- Academias de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación del IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jazmín García-Machorro
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ESM del IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo A Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina (ESM) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marvin A Soriano-Ursúa
- Academias de Fisiología, Bioquímica y Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación del IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico.
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7
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Ynga-Durand M, Tapia-Pastrana G, Rebollar-Ruíz XA, Yépez-Ortega M, Nieto-Yañez O, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Reséndiz-Albor AA. Temporal Dynamics of T Helper Populations in the Proximal Small Intestine after Oral Bovine Lactoferrin Administration in BALB/c Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:2852. [PMID: 34445013 PMCID: PMC8399302 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a component of milk and a dietary supplement, modulates intestinal immunity at effector and inductor sites. Considering the regional difference in intestinal compartments and the dynamics of local cytokine-producing cells in the gut across time, the aim of this work was to characterize the effects of bLf on the proximal small intestine in a BALB/c murine model of oral administration. Male BALB/c mice were treated with oral bLf vs. saline control as mock by buccal deposition for 28 days. Intestinal secretions were obtained at different time points and cells were isolated from Peyer's patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) of the proximal small intestine as representative inductor and effector sites, respectively. Total and specific anti-bLF IgA and IgM were determined by enzyme-immuno assay; the percentages of IgA+ and IgM+ plasma cells (PC) and cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells of PP and LP were analyzed by flow cytometry. We found that total and bLf-specific IgA and IgM levels were increased in the intestinal secretions of the bLf group in comparison to mock group and day 0. LP IgA+ PC and IgM+ PC presented an initial elevation on day 7 and day 21, respectively, followed by a decrease on day 28 in comparison to mock. Higher percentages of CD4+ T cells in LP were found in the bLf group. Cytokines-producing CD4+ T cells populations presented a pattern of increases and decreases in the bLf group in both LP and PP. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)+ CD4+ T cells showed higher percentages after bLf administration with a marked peak at day 21 in both LP and PP in comparison to mock-treated mice. Oral bLf exhibits complex immune properties in the proximal small intestine, where temporal monitoring of the inductor and effector compartments reveals patterns of rises and falls of different cell populations. Exceptionally, TGF-β+ CD4+ T cells show consistent higher numbers after bLf intervention across time. Our work suggests that isolated measurements do not show the complete picture of the modulatory effects of oral bLf in immunological sites as dynamic as the proximal small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ynga-Durand
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México City 11340, Mexico; (M.Y.-D.); (X.A.R.-R.); (M.Y.-O.)
| | - Gabriela Tapia-Pastrana
- Laboratorio de Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, San Bartolo Coyotepec 71256, Mexico;
| | - Xóchitl Abril Rebollar-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México City 11340, Mexico; (M.Y.-D.); (X.A.R.-R.); (M.Y.-O.)
| | - Mariazell Yépez-Ortega
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México City 11340, Mexico; (M.Y.-D.); (X.A.R.-R.); (M.Y.-O.)
| | - Oscar Nieto-Yañez
- Carrera de Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico;
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México City 11340, Mexico; (M.Y.-D.); (X.A.R.-R.); (M.Y.-O.)
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Salvador Díaz Mirón y Plan de San Luis S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Casco de Santo Tomas, México City 11340, Mexico; (M.Y.-D.); (X.A.R.-R.); (M.Y.-O.)
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Synergistic Killing of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Using Camel Lactoferrin from Different Saudi Camel Clans and Various Antibiotics. Protein J 2020; 38:479-496. [PMID: 30963371 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-019-09828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current study aimed to analyze the synergistic killing of pathogenic Escherichia coli using camel lactoferrin from different Saudi camel clans and various antibiotics. Methods: using multiple microbiological and protein analysis techniques, the results were shown that the purified camel lactoferrins (cLfs) from different Saudi camel have strong antimicrobial potentials against two strains of E. coli. Although all cLfs were superior relative to human or bovine lactoferrins (hLf or bLf), there was no noticeable difference in the antimicrobial potentials of cLfs from different camel clans. The effects of antibiotics and cLfs were synergistic, indicating the superiority of using cLf-antibiotic combinations against E. coli growth. Since these combinations possessed distinguished synergy profiles, it is likely that they can be used to enhance the low efficacy of antibiotics, as well as to control the problems associated with bacterial resistance. Furthermore, these combinations can reduce the cost of cure of bacterial infections, especially in the developing countries. The analysis of the molecular mechanisms of lactoferrin action revealed that expression of several E. coli proteins was affected by the treatment with these antibacterial factors. Several proteins of different molecular weights interacting with cLf-biotin were found. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed the presence of noticeable morphological changes associated with the treatment of E. coli strains by antibiotic carbenicillin or cLf alone, and in combination. Camel lactoferrin has superior potential killing of E. coli over bovine and human lactoferrin, and this potential can be further synergistically enhanced of cLF is combined with antibiotics.
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Chang CH, Fu JH, Su CH, Yin MC, Hsu YM. Four spices prevent mice from contracting Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:2956-2964. [PMID: 31572538 PMCID: PMC6755440 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LL), Lysimachia christinae Hance (LC), Mentha piperita Linn (MP), and Cinnamomum cassia Presl (CC) are common spices used in Asia. The present study investigated the anti-Salmonella effects of the four spices using aqueous extracts. The amount of phenolic acids and flavonoids in each spice aqueous extract was determined as indicators of purity. Mice were pretreated with LL, LC, MP or CC aqueous extract for 7 days. Following infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain ST21 (ST21), the aqueous extract of each spice was subsequently administered for 4 days. ST21 infected mice had lower body weight compared with the control group. The administration of spice aqueous extracts significantly increased body weight following infection. ST21 infection increased the fecal ST21 counts compared with the control group; however, following spice aqueous extract treatments, ST21 counts significantly decreased. The spice treatments also significantly reduced ST21 count in blood and the organs. Notably, ST21 infection increased interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in serum whilst spice treatments reduced these cytokines. In the spleen, spice treatment significantly lowered IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels, but increased IL-12 levels. ST21 infection stimulated the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM in serum whilst spice aqueous extract treatment significantly decreased these levels. In summary, LL and MP aqueous extract treatments had the most significant effect in protecting against ST21 infection. Results of the RAW 264.7 cell infection model suggested that the mechanisms involved in the anti-ST21 effect of each spice were individually different. All four aqueous extracts demonstrated different mechanisms in attenuating ST21 invasion with the protective effect of LC aqueous extract potentially involving TNF-α expression. The present findings suggested that the four spices may be considered as potent functional foods due to their anti-Salmonella effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hung Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 70173, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40705, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Hua Fu
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Hsian Su
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Chin Yin
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Ethyl pyruvate protects against Salmonella intestinal infection in mice through down-regulation of pro-inflammatory factors and inhibition of TLR4/MAPK pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 71:155-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Śpiewak K, Majka G, Pilarczyk- Żurek M, Nowak PM, Woźniakiewicz M, Pietrzyk P, Korzeniak T, Stochel-Gaudyn A, Fyderek K, Strus M, Brindell M. Mn 3+ -saturated bovine lactoferrin as a new complex with potential prebiotic activities for dysbiosis treatment and prevention – On the synthesis, chemical characterization and origin of biological activity. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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12
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Ali MK, Kim RY, Karim R, Mayall JR, Martin KL, Shahandeh A, Abbasian F, Starkey MR, Loustaud-Ratti V, Johnstone D, Milward EA, Hansbro PM, Horvat JC. Role of iron in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 88:181-195. [PMID: 28495571 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many biological processes, however, too much or too little iron can result in a wide variety of pathological consequences, depending on the organ system, tissue or cell type affected. In order to reduce pathogenesis, iron levels are tightly controlled in throughout the body by regulatory systems that control iron absorption, systemic transport and cellular uptake and storage. Altered iron levels and/or dysregulated homeostasis have been associated with several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and asthma. However, the mechanisms that underpin these associations and whether iron plays a key role in the pathogenesis of lung disease are yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, in order to survive and replicate, pathogenic micro-organisms have evolved strategies to source host iron, including freeing iron from cells and proteins that store and transport iron. To counter these microbial strategies, mammals have evolved immune-mediated defence mechanisms that reduce iron availability to pathogens. This interplay between iron, infection and immunity has important ramifications for the pathogenesis and management of human respiratory infections and diseases. An increased understanding of the role that iron plays in the pathogenesis of lung disease and respiratory infections may help inform novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the potential importance of iron in respiratory diseases and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Khadem Ali
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Richard Y Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rafia Karim
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jemma R Mayall
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Kristy L Martin
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ali Shahandeh
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Firouz Abbasian
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, the University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Malcolm R Starkey
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Johnstone
- Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Milward
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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Drago-Serrano ME, Campos-Rodríguez R, Carrero JC, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E501. [PMID: 28257033 PMCID: PMC5372517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein of the primary innate immune-defense system of mammals present in milk and other mucosal secretions. This protein of the transferrin family has broad antimicrobial properties by depriving pathogens from iron, or disrupting their plasma membranes through its highly cationic charge. Noteworthy, Lf also exhibits immunomodulatory activities performing up- and down-regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, contributing to the homeostasis in mucosal surfaces exposed to myriad of microbial agents, such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Although the inflammatory process is essential for the control of invasive infectious agents, the development of an exacerbated or chronic inflammation results in tissue damage with life-threatening consequences. In this review, we highlight recent findings in in vitro and in vivo models of the gut, lung, oral cavity, mammary gland, and liver infections that provide experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic role of human and bovine Lf in promoting some parameters of inflammation and protecting against the deleterious effects of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan-associated inflammation. Thus, this new knowledge of Lf immunomodulation paves the way to more effective design of treatments that include native or synthetic Lf derivatives, which may be useful to reduce immune-mediated tissue damage in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco (UAM-X), CdMx 04960, Mexico.
| | - Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESM-IPN), CdMx 11340, Mexico.
| | - Julio César Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (IIB-UNAM), CdMx 70228, Mexico.
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CdMx 07360, Mexico.
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Godínez-Victoria M, Cruz-Hernández TR, Reyna-Garfias H, Barbosa-Cabrera RE, Drago-Serrano ME, Sánchez-Gómez MC, Campos-Rodríguez R. Modulation by bovine lactoferrin of parameters associated with the IgA response in the proximal and distal small intestine of BALB/c mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:66-73. [PMID: 28151031 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1282513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory IgA (SIgA) and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) have a pivotal role in gut homeostasis. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) has been shown to modulate intestinal immunity and endogenous corticosterone. Considering the regionalization of the intestinal immune response, the aim of this work was to compare the impact of bLf on the IgA response in the proximal versus distal small intestine under physiological conditions. METHODS Groups of healthy male BALB/c mice were orally treated with one daily dose of bLf (50, 500, or 5000 μg) or untreated (control) for 7 d, and then sacrificed. From plasma samples, corticosterone levels were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. From distal and proximal segments of the small intestine, the following material was obtained: intestinal secretions to evaluate IgA levels by ELISA; epithelial cell extracts for protein-analysis of α-chain and pIgR by Western blot; mucosa samples for mRNA analysis of α-/J-chain, pIgR, and interleukin (IL)-2, -4, -5, and -6 by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS With 5000 μg of bLf, there were greater modulatory effects in the distal (versus proximal) segment, evidenced by an increase in the (i) level of total and specific IgA, (ii) protein expression of α-chain and pIgR, (iii) mRNA transcripts of α-chain, IL-2 and IL-5, and (iv) level of plasma corticosterone. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous corticosterone elicited by bLf may have allowed for an IL profile that favored the IgA antibody response. The latter has a key role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Teresita Rocío Cruz-Hernández
- a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Reyna Elizabeth Barbosa-Cabrera
- a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- b Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Xochimilco , Ciudad de México , México
| | - María Cristina Sánchez-Gómez
- a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- a Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Ciudad de México , México
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Hirano S, Yokota Y, Eda M, Kuda T, Shikano A, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Tennozu-SU2 on Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Human Enterocyte-Like HT-29-Luc Cells and BALB/c Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2016; 9:64-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-016-9243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wu J, Hu Y, Du C, Piao J, Yang L, Yang X. The effect of recombinant human lactoferrin from the milk of transgenic cows on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice. Food Funct 2016; 7:308-14. [PMID: 26469086 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00817d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein with antibacterial and immunomodulatory activities. Given this beneficial effect, transgenic approaches have been used to produce lactoferrin. The aim of the current study was to investigate the in vivo effect of recombinant human lactoferrin (rhLF) from the milk of transgenic cows on Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (ST) infection in mice. Two hours before the infection with 0.3 ml at 2 × 10(5) CFU ml(-1) of ST, each animal in the ST + rhLF group received 0.3 ml of rhLF with 20 mg ml(-1) concentration while the ST group received PBS as placebos with the same volume through oral gavage. The mice were infected with ST once only on the first day. After the infection, the mice received 0.3 ml of rhLF with 20 mg ml(-1) (6 mg d(-1)) concentration or PBS, respectively, for 7 days. Mortality and weight were monitored daily. Bacterial enumeration in the blood, liver, and spleen and histopathological analysis of the liver, spleen, kidney and intestine were conducted. The results showed that rhLF decreased the bacterial load in the liver and spleen of mice, reduced the degree of mice hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, and attenuated infectious inflammation with less histopathological abnormalities in the liver, spleen and kidney of mice in the ST infection. This study showed that rhLF with 6 mg per day had antibacterial activity of alleviating the infection caused by ST bacteria, which indicated that rhLF could be used as a supplement in special products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghuan Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition MOH, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 103, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.
| | - Yujie Hu
- Foodborne Disease Surveillance Department, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Chunming Du
- Foodborne Disease Surveillance Department, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100050, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Piao
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition MOH, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 103, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.
| | - Lichen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition MOH, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 103, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition MOH, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Room 103, 29 Nan Wei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, P.R. China.
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17
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Peña-Juárez MC, Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Cruz-Hernández TR, Reyna-Garfias H, Barbosa-Cabrera RE, Drago-Serrano ME. Effect of Bovine Lactoferrin Treatment Followed by Acute Stress on the IgA-Response in Small Intestine of BALB/c Mice. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:652-67. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1202959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Lactoferrin Adsorbed onto Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals Controlling - In Vivo - the Helicobacter pylori Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158646. [PMID: 27384186 PMCID: PMC4934871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The resistance of Helicobacter pylori to the antibiotic therapy poses the problem to discover new therapeutic approaches. Recently it has been stated that antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties of lactoferrin are increased when this protein is surface-linked to biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanocrystals. Objective Based on these knowledge, the aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of lactoferrin delivered by biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles with cell free supernatant from probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei as an alternative therapy against Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods Antibacterial and antinflammatory properties, humoral antibody induction, histopathological analysis and absence of side effects were evaluated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Results The tests carried out have been demonstrated better performance of lactoferrin delivered by biomimetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles combined with cell free supernatant from probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei compared to both lactoferrin and probiotic alone or pooled. Conclusion These findings indicate the effectiveness and safety of our proposed therapy as alternative treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection.
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Trivedi A, Maheshwari R, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Saxena N. Lactoferrin for the post-operative management of term neonates after gastrointestinal surgery. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Trivedi
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead; Grace Centre for Newborn Care; Westmead NSW Australia 2145
| | - Rajesh Maheshwari
- Westmead Hospital; Department of Neonatology; 807/91B Bridge Road Westmead NSW Australia 2145
| | - William O Tarnow-Mordi
- Westmead Hospital; Department of Neonatal Medicine; Corner of Hawksberry and Darcy Road Westmead NSW Australia 2145
| | - Nivedita Saxena
- Ulster Hospital; Paediatric Department; Upper Newtownards Road Belfast UK BT16 1RH
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Reyna-Garfias H, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Abarca-Rojano E, Cruz-Hernández TR, Drago-Serrano ME. Intermittent fasting favored the resolution of Salmonella typhimurium infection in middle-aged BALB/c mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:13. [PMID: 26798034 PMCID: PMC5005893 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) reportedly increases resistance and intestinal IgA response to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mature mice. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aging on the aforementioned improved immune response found with IF. Middle-aged male BALB/c mice were submitted to IF or ad libitum (AL) feeding for 40 weeks and then orally infected with S. typhimurium. Thereafter, infected animals were all fed AL (to maximize their viability) until sacrifice on day 7 or 14 post-infection. We evaluated body weight, bacterial load (in feces, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver), total and specific intestinal IgA, lamina propria IgA+ plasma cells, plasma corticosterone, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of α-chain, J-chain, and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in liver and intestinal mucosa. In comparison with the infected AL counterpart, the infected IF group (long-term IF followed by post-infection AL feeding) generally had lower intestinal and systemic bacterial loads as well as higher total IgA on both post-infection days. Both infected groups showed no differences in corticosterone levels, body weight, or food and caloric intake. The increase in intestinal IgA was associated with enhanced pIgR mRNA expression in the intestine (day 7) and liver. Thus, to maintain body weight and caloric intake, IF elicited metabolic signals that possibly induced the increased hepatic and intestinal pIgR mRNA expression found. The increase in IgA probably resulted from intestinal IgA transcytosis via pIgR. This IgA response along with phagocyte-induced killing of bacteria in systemic organs (not measured) may explain the resolution of the S. typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Teresita Rocío Cruz-Hernández
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Department of Biological Systems, Autonomous Metropolitan University Xochimilco Campus, Calzada del Hueso No 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, CP 04960, México, D.F., México.
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Modulatory Effects of Oral Bovine Lactoferrin on the IgA Response at Inductor and Effector Sites of Distal Small Intestine from BALB/c Mice. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 64:57-63. [PMID: 26318768 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) up-modulates intestinal IgA that is essential for homeostasis and which might confer protection to the distal small intestine that is vulnerable to inflammation. This study analyzed the effects of bLf administered orally on the IgA response at inductive (Peyer's patches) and effector (lamina propria) sites of the distal small intestine in mice. Groups of five healthy male BALB/c mice were orally treated with 5 mg of bLf for 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Then, mice were killed and the distal small intestine was dissected. Intestinal fluid samples were analyzed to determine IgA and IgM levels by enzyme-immuno assay. Peyer's patches and lamina propria were analyzed for IgA(+) or IgM(+) plasma cells, B, CD4(+) T and CD8(+) T cells as well as CD4(+) T cells positive for either pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-12] or for IgA-producing ILs (IL-4, -5, -10 and -6) by cytofluorometry. Antibodies, antibody-secreting cells, and B and T responses in both Peyer's patches and lamina propria were higher in bLf-treated than bLf-untreated mice. The generation of IL-10 and IL-6 CD4(+) T cells in Peyer's patches or TNF-α and IL-12 CD4(+) T cells in lamina propria showed similar response patterns. On days 14 and 28, cytokine/IL CD4(+) T cell responses were increased in Peyer's patches or decreased in lamina propria. The effect of bLf on the elicitation of IgA indicates a potential application of bLf as a nutraceutical to control inflammation in the distal small intestine.
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Lactoferrin causes IgA and IgG2b isotype switching through betaglycan binding and activation of canonical TGF-β signaling. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:906-17. [PMID: 25492477 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), a pleiotropic iron-binding glycoprotein, is known to modulate the humoral immune response. However, its exact role in Ig synthesis has yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of LF on Ig production by mouse B cells and its underlying mechanisms. LF, like transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, stimulated B cells to produce IgA and IgG2b, while downregulating other isotypes. Using limiting dilution analysis, LF was shown to increase the frequency of IgA-secreting B-cell clones. This was paralleled by an increase in Ig germ-line α (GLα) transcripts, indicating that LF plays a role as an IgA switch factor. Interestingly, LF directly interacted with betaglycan (TGF-β receptor III, TβRIII) and in turn induced phosphorylation of TβRI and Smad3 through formation of the TβRIII/TβRII/TβRI complex, leading to IgA isotype switching. Peroral administration of LF increased intestinal/serum IgA production as well as number of IgA plasma cells in lamina propria. Finally, we found that LF has an adjuvant activity when nontoxigenic Salmonella typhimurium was inoculated perorally, conferring protection against intragastrical infection of toxigenic S. typhimurium. These results suggest that LF has an important effect on the mucosal/systemic IgA response and can contribute to protection against intestinal pathogens.
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Kuda T, Kosaka M, Hirano S, Kawahara M, Sato M, Kaneshima T, Nishizawa M, Takahashi H, Kimura B. Effect of sodium-alginate and laminaran on Salmonella Typhimurium infection in human enterocyte-like HT-29-Luc cells and BALB/c mice. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 125:113-9. [PMID: 25857966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown algal polysaccharides such as alginate, polymers of uronic acids, and laminaran, beta-1,3 and 1,6-glucan, can be fermented by human intestinal microbiota. To evaluate the effects of these polysaccharides on infections caused by food poisoning pathogens, we investigated the adhesion and invasion of pathogens (Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) in human enterocyte-like HT-29-Luc cells and in infections caused in BALB/c mice. Both sodium Na-alginate and laminaran (0.1% each) inhibited the adhesion of the pathogens to HT-29-Luc cells by approximately 70-90%. The invasion of S. Typhimurium was also inhibited by approximately 70 and 80% by Na-alginate and laminaran, respectively. We observed that incubation with Na-alginate for 18 h increased the transepithelial electrical resistance of HT-29-Luc monolayer cells. Four days after inoculation with 7 log CFU/mouse of S. Typhimurium, the faecal pathogen count in mice that were not fed polysaccharides (control mice) was about 6.5 log CFU/g while the count in mice that were fed Na-alginate had decreased to 5.0 log CFU/g. The liver pathogen count, which was 4.1 log CFU/g in the control mice, was also decreased in mice that were fed Na-alginate. In contrast, the mice that were fed laminaran exhibited a more severe infection than that exhibited by control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kuda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan.
| | - Misa Kosaka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Shino Hirano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Miho Kawahara
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Kaigen Pharma Co. Ltd., 1-25-18, Okusawa, Otaru 047-0013, Japan
| | - Tai Kaneshima
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishizawa
- Department of Food and Cosmetic Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Abashiri, Japan
| | - Hajime Takahashi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Bon Kimura
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato City, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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Gupta I, Sehgal R, Kanwar RK, Punj V, Kanwar JR. Nanocapsules loaded with iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin have antimicrobial therapeutic potential and maintain calcium, zinc and iron metabolism. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 10:1289-314. [PMID: 25442715 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the potential antimicrobial efficacy of alginate gel-encapsulated ceramic nanocarriers loaded with iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin (Fe-bLf) nanocarriers/nanocapsules (AEC-CP-Fe-bLf NCs). MATERIALS & METHODS The antimicrobial activities of non-nanoformulated apo (iron free), Fe-bLf and native forms of Australian bLf against pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium (wild strain) were studied in vitro. The efficacy of AEC-CP-Fe-bLf NCs were checked in vivo using Balb/c mice model. RESULTS The study revealed that native bLf is more effective in combating infection than the conventional drug ciprofloxacin (0.4 mg/ml). The efficacy of the drug was also revealed in vivo when BALB/c mice that, after being challenged with S. typhimurium (200 μl of 10(8) CFU/ml suspension), were fed orally with a nanoformulated bLf diet and the infection was observed to be eliminated. However, chronic infection developed in the group of infected mice that did not receive any drug treatment, as well as the mice treated with ciprofloxacin. The immune response to bacterial infection and to various drug treatments thereafter was studied in the mice. CONCLUSION The study concludes that bLf and nanoformulated Fe-bLf are more effective in the treatment of Salmonella-infected mice than ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Gupta
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology & Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), Molecular & Medical Research (MMR) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine (SoM), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
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Godínez-Victoria M, Campos-Rodriguez R, Rivera-Aguilar V, Lara-Padilla E, Pacheco-Yepez J, Jarillo-Luna RA, Drago-Serrano ME. Intermittent fasting promotes bacterial clearance and intestinal IgA production in Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:315-24. [PMID: 24612255 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact of intermittent fasting versus ad libitum feeding during Salmonella typhimurium infection was evaluated in terms of duodenum IgA levels, bacterial clearance and intestinal and extra-intestinal infection susceptibility. Mice that were intermittently fasted for 12 weeks or fed ad libitum were infected with S. typhimurium and assessed at 7 and 14 days post-infection. Next, we evaluated bacterial load in the faeces, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver by plate counting, as well as total and specific intestinal IgA and plasmatic corticosterone levels (by immunoenzymatic assay) and lamina propria IgA levels in plasma cells (by cytofluorometry). Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, α- and J-chains, Pax-5 factor, pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (transforming growth factor-β) mRNA levels were assessed in mucosal and liver samples (by real-time PCR). Compared with the infected ad libitum mice, the intermittently fasted infected animals had (1) lower intestinal and systemic bacterial loads; (2) higher SIgA and IgA plasma cell levels; (3) higher mRNA expression of most intestinal parameters; and (4) increased or decreased corticosterone levels on day 7 and 14 post-infection, respectively. No contribution of liver IgA was observed at the intestinal level. Apparently, the changes following metabolic stress induced by intermittent fasting during food deprivation days increased the resistance to S. typhimurium infection by triggering intestinal IgA production and presumably, pathogen elimination by phagocytic inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Godínez-Victoria
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Col. Santo Tomas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Christen L, Lai CT, Hartmann B, Hartmann PE, Geddes DT. The effect of UV-C pasteurization on bacteriostatic properties and immunological proteins of donor human milk. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85867. [PMID: 24376898 PMCID: PMC3871660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human milk possesses bacteriostatic properties, largely due to the presence of immunological proteins. Heat treatments such as Holder pasteurization reduce the concentration of immunological proteins in human milk and consequently increase the bacterial growth rate. This study investigated the bacterial growth rate and the immunological protein concentration of ultraviolet (UV-C) irradiated, Holder pasteurized and untreated human milk. Methods Samples (n=10) of untreated, Holder pasteurized and UV-C irradiated human milk were inoculated with E. coli and S. aureus and the growth rate over 2 hours incubation time at 37°C was observed. Additionally, the concentration of sIgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme of untreated and treated human milk was analyzed. Results The bacterial growth rate of untreated and UV-C irradiated human milk was not significantly different. The bacterial growth rate of Holder pasteurized human milk was double compared to untreated human milk (p<0.001). The retention of sIgA, lactoferrin and lysozyme after UV-C irradiation was 89%, 87%, and 75% respectively, which were higher than Holder treated with 49%, 9%, and 41% respectively. Conclusion UV-C irradiation of human milk preserves significantly higher levels of immunological proteins than Holder pasteurization, resulting in bacteriostatic properties similar to those of untreated human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Christen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Carag AG, Baar, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ben Hartmann
- Perron Rotary Express Milk Bank, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter E. Hartmann
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Abarca-Rojano E, Pacheco-Yépez J, Reyna-Garfias H, Barbosa-Cabrera RE, Drago-Serrano ME. Stress modulates intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:86. [PMID: 24348350 PMCID: PMC3845795 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is a response of the central nervous system to environmental stimuli perceived as a threat to homeostasis. The stress response triggers the generation of neurotransmitters and hormones from the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, sympathetic axis and brain gut axis, and in this way modulates the intestinal immune system. The effects of psychological stress on intestinal immunity have been investigated mostly with the restraint/immobilization rodent model, resulting in an up or down modulation of SIgA levels depending on the intensity and time of exposure to stress. SIgA is a protein complex formed by dimeric (dIgA) or polymeric IgA (pIgA) and the secretory component (SC), a peptide derived from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). The latter receptor is a transmembrane protein expressed on the basolateral side of gut epithelial cells, where it uptakes dIgA or pIgA released by plasma cells in the lamina propria. As a result, the IgA-pIgR complex is formed and transported by vesicles to the apical side of epithelial cells. pIgR is then cleaved to release SIgA into the luminal secretions of gut. Down modulation of SIgA associated with stress can have negative repercussions on intestinal function and integrity. This can take the form of increased adhesion of pathogenic agents to the intestinal epithelium and/or an altered balance of inflammation leading to greater intestinal permeability. Most studies on the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in the stress response have focused on systemic immunity. The present review analyzes the impact of stress (mostly by restraint/immobilization, but also with mention of other models) on the generation of SIgA, pIgR and other humoral and cellular components involved in the intestinal immune response. Insights into these mechanisms could lead to better therapies for protecting against pathogenic agents and avoiding epithelial tissue damage by modulating intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Judith Pacheco-Yépez
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | - Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
| | | | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Sección de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico NacionalDistrito Federal, México
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Protective effects of human lactoferrin during Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced bacteremia in lactoferrin-deficient mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 58:397-404. [PMID: 24189260 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00020-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontopathogen, has been associated with several systemic diseases. Herein, we report the protective effect of human lactoferrin (hLF) during A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteremia in lactoferrin knockout (LFKO(-/-)) mice. The prophylactic, concurrent, and therapeutic intravenous (i.v.) administrations of hLF significantly cleared the bacteria from blood and organs. Nevertheless, all modes of hLF administration significantly decreased the concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12p70. Additionally, hLF administration significantly decreased hepatic and splenic proinflammatory cytokine expression levels compared to those in the non-hLF-treated group. Furthermore, administration of hLF decreased the serum C-reactive protein level, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene expression levels in liver and spleen. hLF treatment has also resulted in a 6-fold decrease in spleen weight with the migration of typical inflammatory cells in infected mice as a result of decreased inflammatory response. These results reveal that hLF protects against A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteremia, as indicated by rapid bacterial clearance and decreased host proinflammatory mediators.
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Gokulan K, Khare S, Rooney AW, Han J, Lynne AM, Foley SL. Impact of plasmids, including those encodingVirB4/D4 type IV secretion systems, on Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg virulence in macrophages and epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77866. [PMID: 24098597 PMCID: PMC3789690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) can cause foodborne illness in humans following the consumption of contaminated meat and poultry products. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that certain S. Heidelberg isolated from food-animal sources harbor multiple transmissible plasmids with genes that encode antimicrobial resistance, virulence and a VirB4/D4 type-IV secretion system. This study examines the potential role of these transmissible plasmids in bacterial uptake and survival in intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, and the molecular basis of host immune system modulation that may be associated with disease progression. A series of transconjugant and transformant strains were developed with different combinations of the plasmids to determine the roles of the individual and combinations of plasmids on virulence. Overall the Salmonella strains containing the VirB/D4 T4SS plasmids entered and survived in epithelial cells and macrophages to a greater degree than those without the plasmid, even though they carried other plasmid types. During entry in macrophages, the VirB/D4 T4SS encoding genes are up-regulated in a time-dependent fashion. When the potential mechanisms for increased virulence were examined using an antibacterial Response PCR Array, the strain containing the T4SS down regulated several host innate immune response genes which likely contributed to the increased uptake and survival within macrophages and epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. Rooney
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Morris, Morris, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jing Han
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Lynne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Foley
- Division of Microbiology, FDA National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Goodyear A, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Schweizer H, Dow S. Persistent gastric colonization with Burkholderia pseudomallei and dissemination from the gastrointestinal tract following mucosal inoculation of mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37324. [PMID: 22624016 PMCID: PMC3356274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a disease of humans caused by opportunistic infection with the soil and water bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Melioidosis can manifest as an acute, overwhelming infection or as a chronic, recurrent infection. At present, it is not clear where B. pseudomallei resides in the mammalian host during the chronic, recurrent phase of infection. To address this question, we developed a mouse low-dose mucosal challenge model of chronic B. pseudomallei infection and investigated sites of bacterial persistence over 60 days. Sensitive culture techniques and selective media were used to quantitate bacterial burden in major organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We found that the GI tract was the primary site of bacterial persistence during the chronic infection phase, and was the only site from which the organism could be consistently cultured during a 60-day infection period. The organism could be repeatedly recovered from all levels of the GI tract, and chronic infection was accompanied by sustained low-level fecal shedding. The stomach was identified as the primary site of GI colonization as determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Organisms in the stomach were associated with the gastric mucosal surface, and the propensity to colonize the gastric mucosa was observed with 4 different B. pseudomallei isolates. In contrast, B. pseudomallei organisms were present at low numbers within luminal contents in the small and large intestine and cecum relative to the stomach. Notably, inflammatory lesions were not detected in any GI tissue examined in chronically-infected mice. Only low-dose oral or intranasal inoculation led to GI colonization and development of chronic infection of the spleen and liver. Thus, we concluded that in a mouse model of melioidosis B. pseudomallei preferentially colonizes the stomach following oral inoculation, and that the chronically colonized GI tract likely serves as a reservoir for dissemination of infection to extra-intestinal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Goodyear
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Rocky Mountain Regional Center for Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Herbert Schweizer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Rocky Mountain Regional Center for Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Steven Dow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Rocky Mountain Regional Center for Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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León-Sicairos N, Martínez-Pardo L, Sánchez-Hernández B, de la Garza M, Carrero JC. Oral lactoferrin treatment resolves amoebic intracecal infection in C3H/HeJ mice. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:435-41. [PMID: 22452668 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, an illness that affects many people around the world. We have previously reported that lactoferrin is able to kill E. histolytica in in vitro cultures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin in the control of intestinal amoebiasis of susceptible C3H/HeJ mice. The results showed that 20 mg lactoferrin/kg orally administered each day for 1 week was able to eliminate the infection in 63% of the mice, since neither trophozoites nor evidence of epithelial damage and (or) swelling were found in tissue sections of the cecum. The rest of the treated animals (37%) showed a decrease in trophozoite numbers and mucus secreted to the lumen, as compared with untreated and infected mice (p < 0.05). By immunohistochemistry, the profile of secreted cytokines in the cecum revealed that infected but untreated animals showed a mixed Th1/regulatory cytokines profile, whereas the cecum of mice treated (cured) showed a Th2 cytokine profile (IL-4) and expression of the multifunctional IL-6. In addition, cytokines and increasing cecal production of total IgA antibodies were found associated with little inflammation and disease control observed in the cecum of lactoferrin-treated animals. These results suggest that oral administration of lactoferrin can control intestinal amoebic infection probably by killing amoebas or favoring their removal and reestablish the antiinflammatory intestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia León-Sicairos
- Unidad de Investigación de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Cedros y Sauces, Fraccionamiento Fresnos. Culiacán, Sinaloa, C.P. 80246, México
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