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Tian Y, Liu S, Zhang Y, Yang J, Guo P, Zhang H, Yu X, Zou T. Immune infiltration and immunophenotyping in atrial fibrillation. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:213-229. [PMID: 36602538 PMCID: PMC9876632 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a relatively common arrhythmia in clinical practice. Although significant progress has been achieved in the treatment of AF and its associated complications, research on AF prevention lags behind, mainly due to the lack of a deep understanding of AF pathogenesis. In recent years, as our knowledge has grown, the role of the inflammatory/immune response in the occurrence and progression of AF has gradually gained attention. In this paper, based on existing gene expression data in the Gene Expression Omnibus database, a detailed description of immune infiltration status in AF is presented using a series of analytical methods, including differential analysis, Gene Ontology categorization, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis, and analysis tools such as CIBERSORTx and Cytoscape. Several new AF/immune infiltrations-related signature genes were identified, and the AF/immune infiltration pathology was classified based on these immune signature genes, thus providing novel insights into the pathogenesis of AF based on the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua 617000, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jiefu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Peiyao Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
- Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xue Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zou
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Hydrogen-Rich Water Ameliorates Murine Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease through Antioxidation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1165928. [PMID: 34691352 PMCID: PMC8531770 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1165928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an important treatment option for various hematopoietic diseases and certain hereditary diseases. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) has become the main life-threatening complication and cause of death in later stage postallo-HSCT. Current treatment options for cGVHD are limited. Hydrogen gas (H2) has been demonstrated that has antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrosis effects. The aim of this study was to confirm whether oral administration hydrogen-rich water exerted therapeutic effects on a scleroderma cGVHD mouse model and tried to explain the mechanism underly it. Methods A mouse cGVHD model was established by haploidentical bone marrow transplantation. To evaluate therapeutic effects of H2 on cGVHD, survival rate, changes in clinical scores, and skin pathologic characteristics of cGVHD mice were observed. To evaluate its therapeutic mechanism, we detected the expression levels of antioxidative enzymes heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and NAD (P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1(NQO1) in skin homogenates. We also detected the expression level of the apoptotic protein caspase-3 in skin homogenates. Results 1-month survival rate of cGVHD mice in the hydrogen group reached 93.3%, significantly higher than 66.7% in the nonhydrogen group (p < 0.05). Clinical score of cGVHD mice was improved by hydrogen-rich water at 96 days posttransplantation (2.2 versus 4.5, p < 0.05). The skin pathological condition of cGVHD mice was significantly improved by hydrogen-rich water. At 96 days posttransplantation, average skin pathological hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining score in the hydrogen group was 1.05, which was significantly lower than 3.2 in the nonhydrogen group (p < 0.01). Average Masson staining score was 0.6 point in the hydrogen group, lower than 0.9 point in the nonhydrogen group (p < 0.05). Both the relative expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1 proteins in skin specimens of cGVHD mice in the hydrogen group were lower than that in the nonhydrogen group (2.47 versus 6.21 and 1.83 versus 3.59, p < 0.05). The relative expression level of caspase-3 protein in skin specimens of cGVHD mice increased to 7.17 on the 96th day after transplantation, significantly higher than 4.36 in the hydrogen group. Conclusion In this study, we found that oral hydrogen-rich water improved the survival rate and clinical symptoms of cGVHD mice by antioxidant and antiapoptosis. This study would pave the way for further clinical study, which may provide a new treatment option for cGVHD.
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Melanocortin receptor activation alleviates amyloid pathology and glial reactivity in an Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4359. [PMID: 33623128 PMCID: PMC7902646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying treatment. AD progression is characterized by cognitive decline, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal and glial dysfunctions. Neuropeptides govern diverse pathophysiological processes and represent key players in AD pathogenesis, regulating synaptic plasticity, glial cell functions and amyloid pathology. Activation of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived neuropeptide and its receptor from the melanocortin receptor (MCR) family have previously been shown to rescue the impairment in hippocampus-dependent synaptic plasticity in the APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. However, the functional roles of MCR signaling in AD conditions, particularly in glial functions, are largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential benefits of MCR activation in AD. In APP/PS1 transgenic mice, we demonstrate that MCR activation mediated by the central administration of its agonist D-Tyr MTII substantially reduces Aβ accumulation, while alleviating global inflammation and astrocytic activation, particularly in the hippocampus. MCR activation prominently reduces the A1 subtype of reactive astrocytes, which is considered a key source of astrocytic neurotoxicity in AD. Concordantly, MCR activation suppresses microglial activation, while enhancing their association with amyloid plaques. The blunted activation of microglia may contribute to the reduction in the neurotoxic phenotypes of astrocytes. Importantly, transcriptome analysis reveals that MCR activation restores the impaired homeostatic processes and microglial reactivity in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the potential of MCR signaling as therapeutic target for AD.
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Jäger A, Setiawan M, Beins E, Schmidt-Wolf I, Konermann A. Analogous modulation of inflammatory responses by the endocannabinoid system in periodontal ligament cells and microglia. Head Face Med 2020; 16:26. [PMID: 33190638 PMCID: PMC7667774 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-020-00244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells initiate local immune responses, similar to microglia regulating primary host defense mechanisms in neuroinflammatory events of the central nervous system. As these two cell types manifest similarities in their immunomodulatory behavior, this study investigated the thesis that the immunological features of PDL cells might be modulated by the endocannabinoid system, as seen for microglia. Methods A human PDL cell line and an Embryonic stem cell-derived microglia (ESdM) cell line were grown in n = 6 experimental groups each, incubated with cannabinoid receptor agonists arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) (50 μM) or Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) (50 μM) and challenged with centrifugation-induced inflammation (CII) for 6 and 10 h. Untreated samples served as controls. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied for gene expression analyses of inflammatory cytokines, cannabinoid receptors and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1). Microglia marker gene IBA-1 was additionally verified on protein level in PDL cells via immunocytochemistry. Proliferation was determined with a colorimetric assay (WST-1 based). Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results IBA-1 was inherently expressed in PDL cells both at the transcriptional and protein level. AEA counteracted pathological changes in cell morphology of PDL cells and microglia caused by CII, and PEA contrarily enhanced them. On transcriptional level, AEA significantly downregulated inflammation in CII specimens more than 100-fold, while PEA accessorily upregulated them. CII reduced cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner, synergistically reinforced by PEA decreasing cell numbers to 0.05-fold in PDL cells and 0.025-fold in microglia compared to controls. Conclusion PDL cells and microglia exhibit similar features in CII with host-protective effects for AEA through dampening inflammation and preserving cellular integrity. In both cell types, PEA exacerbated proinflammatory effects. Thus, the endocannabinoid system might be a promising target in the regulation of periodontal host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria Setiawan
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Beins
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmidt-Wolf
- Department of Integrated Oncology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Konermann
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
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Piotrowska K, Słuczanowska-Głabowska S, Kurzawski M, Dziedziejko V, Kopytko P, Paczkowska E, Rogińska D, Safranow K, Machaliński B, Pawlik A. Over-Expression of Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 (AIF-1) in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071064. [PMID: 32708725 PMCID: PMC7407126 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a cytoplasmic protein that is encoded by the AIF1 gene. The main functions of AIF-1 are the activation of macrophages and enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. To date, three different AIF-1 isoforms have been identified. In this study, we examined the expression of AIF-1 isoforms on the level of mRNA, and we compared the percentage of AIF-1-positive white blood cells (WBCs) in blood and AIF-1/CD68 cells in the synovial membranes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). We examined 15 patients with RA and 15 patients with OA who had previously undergone knee arthroplasty. Peripheral blood and synovial membranes (SMs) were collected from these patients during knee arthroplasty. We identified three AIF-1 mRNA expression variants in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and SMs from patients in both groups. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests showed strong, positive, and significant correlations between the three AIF-1 mRNA expression variants in PBMCs and/or SMs in patients with RA and OA. There were no statistically significant correlations for any of the AIF-1 mRNA expression variants between PBMCs and SMs in patients with RA and OA. We observed a statistically significant increased percentage of AIF-1-positive cells in patients with RA in comparison to patients with OA. The percentage of AIF-1-positive cells in the blood of patients with RA and OA was 1.35 ± 0.81% and 0.71 ± 0.25% (p < 0.01), respectively, whereas the percentage of AIF-1/CD68-positive WBC cells in the SMs was 24.05 ± 7.17% and 4.78 ± 1.52% (p < 0.001), respectively. In conclusion, three AIF-1 mRNA expression variants occurred in PBMCs and SM cells in patients with RA and OA. The AIF-1 mRNA expression levels of the variants correlated with each other in PBMCs and SM cells, but there were no statistically significant correlations for AIF-1 mRNA expression variants between PBMCs and SM cells in patients with RA and OA. Both in the blood and SMs, we observed an increased percentage of AIF-1-positive cells in patients with RA in comparison to patients with OA. The above results suggested that AIF-1 was the cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of RA. The precise knowledge of the role of AIF-1 in RA pathogenesis and the development of inflammatory response requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.P.); (S.S.-G.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.P.); (S.S.-G.); (P.K.)
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.P.); (D.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.P.); (D.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (V.D.); (K.S.)
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (E.P.); (D.R.); (B.M.)
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (K.P.); (S.S.-G.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Kania G, Rudnik M, Distler O. Involvement of the myeloid cell compartment in fibrogenesis and systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:288-302. [PMID: 30953037 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune fibrotic disease of unknown aetiology that is characterized by vascular changes in the skin and visceral organs. Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation can improve skin and organ fibrosis in patients with progressive disease and a high risk of organ failure, indicating that cells originating in the bone marrow are important contributors to the pathogenesis of SSc. Animal studies also indicate a pivotal function of myeloid cells in the development of fibrosis leading to changes in the tissue architecture and dysfunction in multiple organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and kidney. In this Review, we summarize current knowledge about the function of myeloid cells in fibrogenesis that occurs in patients with SSc. Targeted therapies currently in clinical studies for SSc might affect myeloid cell-related pathways. Therefore, myeloid cells might be used as cellular biomarkers of disease through the application of high-dimensional techniques such as mass cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Kania
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Rudnik
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Role of allograft inflammatory factor-1 in pathogenesis of diseases. Immunol Lett 2019; 218:1-4. [PMID: 31830499 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a 17 kDa calcium-binding protein produced by monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes; its synthesis is induced by INF-γ. The AIF-1 gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region on chromosome 6p21.3, surrounded by surface glycoprotein genes and complement cascade protein genes as well as TNF-α, TNF-β, and NF-κB genes. Increased expression of AIF-1 was observed in several diseases, including endometriosis, breast cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibrosis. In this review, we summarise the role of AIF-1 in allograft rejection and the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Zhou Y, Li X, Yuan X, Hao L. Role of allograft inflammatory factor-1 in the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress in primary peritoneal mesothelial cells. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:495-505. [PMID: 30761680 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is often used to treat patients with end stage renal disease, and its long-term complications include excessive inflammation and oxidative stress. Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1), as a cytoplasmic protein, is originally identified from infiltrating macrophages, and it was associated with inflammation in the cells other than macrophages, such as endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of AIF-1-modulated pathological changes in the peritoneum during PD, we first detected the AIF-1 expression in peritoneal tissues from PD mice. Results revealed that the pro-fibrotic stimulation caused AIF-1 upregulation and triggered inflammation in peritoneal tissues, and that AIF-1 co-expressed with pan-cytokeratin (a marker of peritoneal mesothelial cells). We next treated primary mouse peritoneal mesothelial cells (pan-cytokeratin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 positive cells) with 50 or 100 ng/mL recombinant AIF-1, and evaluated the direct effects of AIF-1 on these cells in vitro. We found that exogenous AIF-1 treatment induced inflammation and oxidative stress in mesothelial cells. Apart from the augmented IL-6 and TNF-α secretion, the level of ROS was upregulated and the activity of anti-oxidative SOD was reduced in cells exposed to AIF-1. Moreover, AIF-1 simulation triggered the activation of NF-κB pathway-enhanced the conversion of IκB to phosphorylated IκB and promoted the translocation of NF-κB p65 from cytoplasm into nucleus. Additionally, AIF-1-evoked inflammation in peritoneal mesothelial cells was attenuated by the addition of NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7082). In brief, this study provides us novel information to understand the molecular regulation mechanisms of AIF-1 in peritoneal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Hao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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Sarkar A, Shukla SK, Alqatawni A, Kumar A, Addya S, Tsygankov AY, Rafiq K. The Role of Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in the Effects of Experimental Diabetes on B Cell Functions in the Heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:126. [PMID: 30258845 PMCID: PMC6145033 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) often causes chronic inflammation, hypertrophy, apoptosis and fibrosis in the heart and subsequently leads to myocardial remodeling, deteriorated cardiac function and heart failure. However, the etiology of the cardiac disease is unknown. Therefore, we assessed the gene expression in the left ventricle of diabetic and non-diabetic mice using Affymetrix microarray analysis. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), one of the top downregulated B cell inflammatory genes, is associated with B cell functions in inflammatory responses. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the Affymetrix data. The expression of CD19 and AIF-1 were downregulated in diabetic hearts as compared to control hearts. Using in vitro migration assay, we showed for the first time that AIF-1 is responsible for B cell migration as B cells migrated to GFP-AIF-1-transfected H9C2 cells compared to empty vector-transfected cells. Interestingly, overexpression of AIF-1 in diabetic mice prevented streptozotocin-induced cardiac dysfunction, inflammation and promoted B cell homing into the heart. Our results suggest that AIF-1 downregulation inhibited B cell homing into diabetic hearts, thus promoting inflammation that leads to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and that overexpression of AIF-1 could be a novel treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Sarkar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanket K Shukla
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Aseel Alqatawni
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sankar Addya
- Kimmel Cancer Centre, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexander Y Tsygankov
- Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Khadija Rafiq
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Li Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Yuan X, Hao J, Ni J, Hao L. Upregulation of allograft inflammatory factor‑1 expression and secretion by macrophages stimulated with aldosterone promotes renal fibroblasts to a profibrotic phenotype. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:861-872. [PMID: 29749461 PMCID: PMC6034929 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been identified as a key cell type in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF). However, the mechanism through which macrophages drive fibrosis remains unclear. The current study focuses on the effects and possible underlying mechanism of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1), an inflammation-responsive scaffold protein expressed and secreted by macrophages, in promoting fibroblasts to a profibrotic phenotype. In vivo experiments indicated that AIF-1, CD68 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were upregulated in kidney tissues of mice subjected to unilateral ureteric obstruction, while their expressions were inhibited by an aldosterone receptor antagonist, spironolactone. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that AIF-1 expression co-localized with CD68-positive macrophages in the renal interstitium, indicating that AIF-1 expression in macrophages was increased in the RIF animal model. Furthermore, to identify the role of AIF-1 in promoting fibrosis, its expression and secretion by the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line were detected in vitro. The expression levels of α-SMA, phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and fibronectin (FN) in fibroblasts were examined subsequent to co-culture with macrophages. The increase in AIF-1 expression and secretion was confirmed in RAW264.7 cells in response to aldosterone. After 72 h of co-culture between fibroblasts and macrophages stimulated with aldosterone, the α-SMA expression was induced in fibroblasts, with significantly increased expression levels of FN and p-p38 observed. In addition, AIF-1 expression was reduced by stable transfection of RAW264.7 cells with AIF-1 small interfering RNA, resulting in significantly reduced expression levels of α-SMA, p-p38 and FN in fibroblasts co-cultured with macrophages as compared with normal macrophages. These findings indicate that the expression of AIF-1 in macrophages is critical for the activation of renal fibroblasts to a profibrotic phenotype. AIF-1 expression was upregulated in macrophages, and may be a novel mechanism linking macrophages to the promotion of RIF via the p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Li
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhi Wang
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Yuan
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Hao
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Hao
- Department of Nephropathy, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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Nagahara H, Seno T, Yamamoto A, Obayashi H, Inoue T, Kida T, Nakabayashi A, Kukida Y, Fujioka K, Fujii W, Murakami K, Kohno M, Kawahito Y. Role of allograft inflammatory factor-1 in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:1901-1907. [PMID: 29225172 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a protein expressed by macrophages infiltrating the area around the coronary arteries in a rat ectopic cardiac allograft model. We previously reported that AIF-1 is associated with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and skin fibrosis in sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease mice. Here, we used an animal model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis to analyze the expression of AIF-1 and examine its function in lung fibrosis. The results showed that AIF-1 was expressed on lung tissues, specifically macrophages, from mice with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Recombinant AIF-1 increased the production of TGF-β which plays crucial roles in the mechanism of fibrosis by mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Recombinant AIF-1 also increased both the proliferation and migration of lung fibroblasts compared with control group. These results suggest that AIF-1 plays an important role in the mechanism underlying lung fibrosis, and may provide an attractive new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetake Nagahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aihiro Yamamoto
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Inoue
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Kida
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Amane Nakabayashi
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Kukida
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujioka
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Murakami
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Kohno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawahito
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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12
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Nagahara H, Yamamoto A, Seno T, Obayashi H, Kida T, Nakabayashi A, Kukida Y, Fujioka K, Fujii W, Murakami K, Kohno M, Kawahito Y. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced acute lung injury. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:47-53. [PMID: 26911661 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a protein expressed by macrophages infiltrating the area around the coronary arteries of rats with an ectopic cardiac allograft. Some studies have shown that expression of AIF-1 increased in a mouse model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced acute colitis and in acute cellular rejection of human cardiac allografts. These results suggest that AIF-1 is related to acute inflammation. The current study used bleomycin-induced acute lung injury to analyze the expression of AIF-1 and to examine its function in acute lung injury. Results showed that AIF-1 was significantly expressed in lung macrophages and increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in comparison to control mice. Recombinant AIF-1 increased the production of IL-6 and TNF-α from RAW264.7 (a mouse macrophage cell line) and primary lung fibroblasts, and it also increased the production of KC (CXCL1) from lung fibroblasts. These results suggest that AIF-1 plays an important role in the mechanism underlying acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetake Nagahara
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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13
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Fujii W, Kawahito Y, Nagahara H, Kukida Y, Seno T, Yamamoto A, Kohno M, Oda R, Taniguchi D, Fujiwara H, Ejima A, Kishida T, Mazda O, Ashihara E. Monocarboxylate Transporter 4, Associated With the Acidification of Synovial Fluid, Is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Fujii
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | | | - Yuji Kukida
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Takahiro Seno
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | | | - Ryo Oda
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | | | - Akika Ejima
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Osam Mazda
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
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14
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Mahoney JM, Taroni J, Martyanov V, Wood TA, Greene CS, Pioli PA, Hinchcliff ME, Whitfield ML. Systems level analysis of systemic sclerosis shows a network of immune and profibrotic pathways connected with genetic polymorphisms. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004005. [PMID: 25569146 PMCID: PMC4288710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare systemic autoimmune disease characterized by skin and organ fibrosis. The pathogenesis of SSc and its progression are poorly understood. The SSc intrinsic gene expression subsets (inflammatory, fibroproliferative, normal-like, and limited) are observed in multiple clinical cohorts of patients with SSc. Analysis of longitudinal skin biopsies suggests that a patient's subset assignment is stable over 6-12 months. Genetically, SSc is multi-factorial with many genetic risk loci for SSc generally and for specific clinical manifestations. Here we identify the genes consistently associated with the intrinsic subsets across three independent cohorts, show the relationship between these genes using a gene-gene interaction network, and place the genetic risk loci in the context of the intrinsic subsets. To identify gene expression modules common to three independent datasets from three different clinical centers, we developed a consensus clustering procedure based on mutual information of partitions, an information theory concept, and performed a meta-analysis of these genome-wide gene expression datasets. We created a gene-gene interaction network of the conserved molecular features across the intrinsic subsets and analyzed their connections with SSc-associated genetic polymorphisms. The network is composed of distinct, but interconnected, components related to interferon activation, M2 macrophages, adaptive immunity, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cell proliferation. The network shows extensive connections between the inflammatory- and fibroproliferative-specific genes. The network also shows connections between these subset-specific genes and 30 SSc-associated polymorphic genes including STAT4, BLK, IRF7, NOTCH4, PLAUR, CSK, IRAK1, and several human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. Our analyses suggest that the gene expression changes underlying the SSc subsets may be long-lived, but mechanistically interconnected and related to a patients underlying genetic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn Taroni
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Viktor Martyanov
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Tammara A. Wood
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Pioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Monique E. Hinchcliff
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Whitfield
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hannover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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15
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Kadoya M, Yamamoto A, Hamaguchi M, Obayashi H, Mizushima K, Ohta M, Seno T, Oda R, Fujiwara H, Kohno M, Kawahito Y. Allograft inflammatory factor-1 stimulates chemokine production and induces chemotaxis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 448:287-91. [PMID: 24796669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is expressed by macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in immune-inflammatory disorders such as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and several vasculopathies. However, its molecular function is not fully understood. In this study, we examined gene expression profiles and induction of chemokines in monocytes treated with recombinant human AIF (rhAIF-1). Using the high-density oligonucleotide microarray technique, we compared mRNA expression profiles of rhAIF-1-stimulated CD14(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD14(+) PBMCs) derived from healthy volunteers. We demonstrated upregulation of genes for several CC chemokines such as CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL7, and CCL20. Next, using ELISAs, we confirmed that rhAIF-1 promoted the secretion of CCL3/MIP-1α and IL-6 by CD14(+) PBMCs, whereas only small amounts of CCL1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL7/MCP-3 and CCL20/MIP-3α were secreted. Conditioned media from rhAIF-1stimulated CD14(+) PBMCs resulted in migration of PBMCs. These findings suggest that AIF-1, which induced chemokines and enhanced chemotaxis of monocytes, may represent a molecular target for the therapy of immune-inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Kadoya
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aihiro Yamamoto
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ohta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Rheumatic Diseases and Joint Function, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Oda
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masataka Kohno
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawahito
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Larson MK, Bender RC, Bayne CJ. Resistance of Biomphalaria glabrata 13-16-R1 snails to Schistosoma mansoni PR1 is a function of haemocyte abundance and constitutive levels of specific transcripts in haemocytes. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:343-53. [PMID: 24681237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuing transmission of human intestinal schistosomiasis depends on the parasite's access to susceptible snail intermediate hosts (often Biomphalaria glabrata). Transmission fails when parasite larvae enter resistant individuals in wild snail populations. The genetic basis for differences in snail susceptibility/resistance is being intensively investigated as a means to devise novel control strategies based on resistance genes. Reactive oxygen species produced by the snail's defence cells (haemocytes) are effectors of resistance. We hypothesised that genes relevant to production and consumption of reactive oxygen species would be expressed differentially in the haemocytes of snail hosts with different susceptibility/resistance phenotypes. By restricting the genetic diversity of snails, we sought to facilitate identification of resistance genes. By inbreeding, we procured from a 13-16-R1 snail population with both susceptible and resistant individuals 52 lines of B. glabrata (expected homozygosity ~87.5%), and determined the phenotype of each in regard to susceptibility/resistance to Schistosoma mansoni. The inbred lines were found to have line-specific differences in numbers of spreading haemocytes; these were enumerated in both juvenile and adult snails. Lines with high cell numbers were invariably resistant to S. mansoni, whereas lines with lower cell numbers could be resistant or susceptible. Transcript levels in haemocytes were quantified for 18 potentially defence-related genes. Among snails with low cell numbers, the different susceptibility/resistance phenotypes correlated with differences in transcript levels for two redox-relevant genes: an inferred phagocyte oxidase component and a peroxiredoxin. Allograft inflammatory factor (potentially a regulator of leucocyte activation) was expressed at higher levels in resistant snails regardless of spread cell number. Having abundant spreading haemocytes is inferred to enable a snail to kill parasite sporocysts. In contrast, snails with fewer spreading haemocytes seem to achieve resistance only if specific genes are expressed constitutively at levels that are high for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen K Larson
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Randal C Bender
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Christopher J Bayne
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA.
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Babalola O, Mamalis A, Lev-Tov H, Jagdeo J. NADPH oxidase enzymes in skin fibrosis: molecular targets and therapeutic agents. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:313-330. [PMID: 24155025 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components eventually resulting in organ dysfunction and failure. In dermatology, fibrosis is the hallmark component of many skin diseases, including systemic sclerosis, graft-versus-host disease, hypertrophic scars, keloids, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, porphyria cutanea tarda, restrictive dermopathy and other conditions. Fibrotic skin disorders may be debilitating and impair quality of life. There are few FDA-approved anti-fibrotic drugs; thus, research in this area is crucial in addressing this deficiency. Recent investigations elucidating the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis have implicated endogenous reactive oxygen species produced by the multicomponent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) enzyme complex. In this review, we discuss Nox enzymes and their role in skin fibrosis. An overview of the Nox enzyme family is presented and their role in the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis is discussed. The mechanisms by which Nox enzymes influence specific fibrotic skin disorders are also reviewed. Finally, we describe the therapeutic approaches to ameliorate skin fibrosis by directly targeting Nox enzymes with the use of statins, p47phox subunit modulators, or GKT137831, a competitive inhibitor of Nox enzymes. Nox enzymes can also be targeted indirectly via scavenging ROS with antioxidants. We believe that Nox modulators are worthy of further investigation and have the potential to transform the management of skin fibrosis by dermatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Babalola
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA
| | - Hadar Lev-Tov
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, 3301 C Street, Sacramento, CA 95816, USA.,Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA 95655, USA.,Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203
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Liu Y, Mei C, Du R, Shen L. Protective effect of allograft inflammatory factor-1 on the apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in patients with rheumatic arthritis induced by nitro oxide donor sodium nitroprusside. Scand J Rheumatol 2013; 42:349-55. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2013.772233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Experimental models of dermal fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 80:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Abstract
The presence and persistence of alloantigen is necessary for graft-specific T-cell-mediated immunity. However, specificity comprises only a single facet of an extremely complex process. Evidence is accruing to suggest that immunogenicity could be manipulated by endogenous ligands released during tissue injury. Stress molecules are significantly up-regulated following transplantation and stimulate conserved receptors on a range of leucocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs). The DCs are essential for co-stimulation and the induction of adaptive immunity. Stress signals can act as an adjuvant leading to DC maturation and activation. DCs stimulated by endogens exhibit enhanced alloantigen presentation, co-stimulation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Inflammasomes have a major role in IL-1β/IL-18 production and secretion, and can be stimulated by endogens. Importantly, the polarization toward inflammatory T helper type 17 cells as opposed to regulatory T cells is dependent upon, among other factors, IL-1β. This highlights an important differentiation pathway that may be influenced by endogenous signals. Minimizing graft damage and stress expression should hypothetically be advantageous, and we feel that this area warrants further research, and may provide novel treatment modalities with potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Critchley
- The Transplant Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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21
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23:620-5. [PMID: 21960037 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32834ccef6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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