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Mahmoudian F, Ahmari A, Shabani S, Sadeghi B, Fahimirad S, Fattahi F. Aptamers as an approach to targeted cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:108. [PMID: 38493153 PMCID: PMC10943855 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer treatments can cause serious side effects because they are not specific to cancer cells and can damage healthy cells. Aptamers often are single-stranded oligonucleotides arranged in a unique architecture, allowing them to bind specifically to target sites. This feature makes them an ideal choice for targeted therapeutics. They are typically produced through the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and undergo extensive pharmacological revision to modify their affinity, specificity, and therapeutic half-life. Aptamers can act as drugs themselves, directly inhibiting tumor cells. Alternatively, they can be used in targeted drug delivery systems to transport drugs directly to tumor cells, minimizing toxicity to healthy cells. In this review, we will discuss the latest and most advanced approaches to using aptamers for cancer treatment, particularly targeted therapy overcoming resistance to conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahmoudian
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Azin Ahmari
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Shiva Shabani
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Bahman Sadeghi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Shohreh Fahimirad
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Fattahi
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Ayatollah-Khansari Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Liu Y, Yu M, Cheng X, Zhang X, Luo Q, Liao S, Chen Z, Zheng J, Long K, Wu X, Qu W, Gong M, Song Y. A novel LUAD prognosis prediction model based on immune checkpoint-related lncRNAs. Front Genet 2022; 13:1016449. [PMID: 36212122 PMCID: PMC9533213 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1016449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a malignant disease with an extremely poor prognosis, and there is currently a lack of clinical methods for early diagnosis and precise treatment and management. With the deepening of tumor research, more and more attention has been paid to the role of immune checkpoints (ICP) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulation in tumor development. Therefore, this study downloaded LUAD patient data from the TCGA database, and finally screened 14 key ICP-related lncRNAs based on ICP-related genes using univariate/multivariate COX regression analysis and LASSO regression analysis to construct a risk prediction model and corresponding nomogram. After multi-dimensional testing of the model, the model showed good prognostic prediction ability. In addition, to further elucidate how ICP plays a role in LUAD, we jointly analyzed the immune microenvironmental changes in LAUD patients and performed a functional enrichment analysis. Furthermore, to enhance the clinical significance of this study, we performed a sensitivity analysis of common antitumor drugs. All the above works aim to point to new directions for the treatment of LUAD.
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Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, Chen T. Retrospective analysis of the preparation and application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:12. [PMID: 34981814 PMCID: PMC8759346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology plays a vital role in biomedical and immunotherapy, which greatly promotes the study of the structure and function of genes and proteins. To date, monoclonal antibodies have gone through four stages: murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody, humanised monoclonal antibody and fully human monoclonal antibody; thousands of monoclonal antibodies have been used in the fields of biology and medicine, playing a special role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. In this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of hybridoma technology, phage display technology, ribosome display technology, transgenic mouse technology, single B cell monoclonal antibody generation technologies, and forecast the promising applications of these technologies in clinical medicine, disease diagnosis and tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Ortiz Hidalgo C. Immunohistochemistry in Historical Perspective: Knowing the Past to Understand the Present. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2422:17-31. [PMID: 34859396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1948-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is an extraordinary and extensively used technique whereby antibodies are used to detect antigens in cells within a tissue section. It has numerous applications in medicine, particularly in cancer diagnosis. It was Albert Hewett Coons, Hugh J Creech, Norman Jones, and Ernst Berliner who conceptualized and first implemented the procedure of immunofluorescence in 1941. They used fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled antibodies to localize pneumococcal antigens in infected tissues. Since then, with improvement and development of protein conjugation, enzyme labels have been introduced, such as peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase. The history of immunohistochemistry (IHC) combines physiology, immunology, biochemistry, and the work of various Nobel Prize laureates. From von Behring who was awarded de first Nobel Prize in 1901 for his work on serum therapy to the 1984 Nobel Prize for the discovery of monoclonal antibodies by Milstein, Kohler, and Jerne, IHC is a story of cooperation and collaboration which led to the development of this magnificent technique that is used daily in anatomical pathology laboratories worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ortiz Hidalgo
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Fundación Clínica Médica Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Jota Baptista CV, Faustino-Rocha AI, Oliveira PA. Animal Models in Pharmacology: A Brief History Awarding the Nobel Prizes for Physiology or Medicine. Pharmacology 2021; 106:356-368. [PMID: 34023819 DOI: 10.1159/000516240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine (NPPM) has recognized the work of 222 scientists from different nationalities, from 1901 until 2020. From the total, 186 award researchers used animal models in their projects, and 21 were attributed to scientists and projects directly related to Pharmacology. In the most recent years, genetics is a dominant scientific area, while at the beginning of the 20th century, most of the studies were more related to anatomy, cytology, and physiology. SUMMARY Mammalian models were used in 144 NPPM projects, being rodents the most used group of species. Moreover, 92 researchers included domestic species in their work. The criteria used to choose the species, the number of animals used and the experimental protocol is always debatable and dependent on the scientific area of the study; however, the 3R's principle can be applied to most scientific fields. Independently of the species, the animal model can be classified in different types and criteria, depending on their ecology, genetics, and mode of action. Key-Messages: The use of animal models in NPPM awarded projects, namely in Pharmacology, illustrates their importance, need and benefit to improve scientific knowledge and create solutions. In the future, with the contribute of technology, it might be possible to refine the use of animal models in pharmacology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina V Jota Baptista
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Edifici V. Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, Évora, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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Moraes JZ, Hamaguchi B, Braggion C, Speciale ER, Cesar FBV, Soares GDFDS, Osaki JH, Pereira TM, Aguiar RB. Hybridoma technology: is it still useful? CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:32-40. [PMID: 35492397 PMCID: PMC9040095 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of single monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against a given antigen was only possible with the introduction of the hybridoma technology, which is based on the fusion of specific B lymphocytes with myeloma cells. Since then, several mAbs were described for therapeutic, diagnostic, and research purposes. Despite being an old technique with low complexity, hybridoma-based strategies have limitations that include the low efficiency on B lymphocyte-myeloma cell fusion step, and the need to use experimental animals. In face of that, several methods have been developed to improve mAb generation, ranging from changes in hybridoma technique to the advent of completely new technologies, such as the antibody phage display and the single B cell antibody ones. In this review, we discuss the hybridoma technology along with emerging mAb isolation approaches, taking into account their advantages and limitations. Finally, we explore the usefulness of the hybridoma technology nowadays. Hybridoma technology is the most popular technique to obtain monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology variants include B cell and stereospecific targeting protocols. Phage display and single B cell methods are hybridoma technology alternatives.
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Carrara SC, Ulitzka M, Grzeschik J, Kornmann H, Hock B, Kolmar H. From cell line development to the formulated drug product: The art of manufacturing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Int J Pharm 2020; 594:120164. [PMID: 33309833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and related products have steadily grown to become the dominant product class within the biopharmaceutical market. Production of antibodies requires special precautions to ensure safety and efficacy of the product. In particular, minimizing antibody product heterogeneity is crucial as drug substance variants may impair the activity, efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of an antibody, consequently resulting in the failure of a product in pre-clinical and clinical development. This review will cover the manufacturing and formulation challenges and advances of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, focusing on improved processes to minimize variants and ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Processes put in place by regulatory agencies, such as Quality-by-Design (QbD) and current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), and how their implementation has aided drug development in pharmaceutical companies will be reviewed. Advances in formulation and considerations on the intended use of a therapeutic antibody, including the route of administration and patient compliance, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C Carrara
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Ulitzka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Julius Grzeschik
- Ferring Darmstadt Laboratory, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Henri Kornmann
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland
| | - Björn Hock
- Ferring International Center SA, CH-1162 Saint-Prex, Switzerland.
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Abbott M, Ustoyev Y. Cancer and the Immune System: The History and Background of Immunotherapy. Semin Oncol Nurs 2019; 35:150923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soncn.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Melsheimer R, Geldhof A, Apaolaza I, Schaible T. Remicade ® (infliximab): 20 years of contributions to science and medicine. Biologics 2019; 13:139-178. [PMID: 31440029 PMCID: PMC6679695 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s207246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
On August 24, 1998, Remicade® (infliximab), the first tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) inhibitor, received its initial marketing approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Subsequently, Remicade was approved in another five adult and two pediatric indications both in the USA and across the globe. In the 20 years since this first approval, Remicade has made several important contributions to the advancement of science and medicine: 1) clinical trials with Remicade established the proof of concept that targeted therapy can be effective in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases; 2) as the first monoclonal antibody approved for use in a chronic condition, Remicade helped in identifying methods of administering large, foreign proteins repeatedly while limiting the body’s immune response to them; 3) the need to establish Remicade’s safety profile required developing new methods and setting new standards for postmarketing safety studies, specifically in the real-world setting, in terms of approach, size, and duration of follow-up; 4) the study of Remicade has improved our understanding of TNF’s role in the immune system, as well as our understanding of the pathophysiology of a range of diseases characterized by chronic inflammation; and 5) Remicade and other TNF inhibitors have transformed treatment practices in these chronic inflammatory diseases: remission has become a realistic goal of therapy and long-term disability resulting from structural damage can be prevented. This paper reviews how, over the course of its development and 20 years of use in clinical practice, Remicade was able to make these contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Geldhof
- Medical Affairs, Janssen Biologics BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Apaolaza
- Medical Affairs, Janssen Biologics BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Barcoded sequencing workflow for high throughput digitization of hybridoma antibody variable domain sequences. J Immunol Methods 2018; 455:88-94. [PMID: 29357282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the invention of Hybridoma technology by Milstein and Köhler in 1975, its application has greatly advanced the antibody discovery process. The technology enables both functional screening and long-term archival of the immortalized monoclonal antibody producing B cells. Despite the dependable cryopreservation technology for hybridoma cells, practicality of long-term storage has been outpaced by recent progress in robotics and automations, which enables routine identification of thousands of antigen specific hybridoma clones. Such throughput increase imposes two nascent challenges in the antibody discovery process, namely limited cryopreservation storage space and limited throughput in conventional antibody sequencing. We herein provide a barcoded sequencing workflow that utilizes next generation sequencing to expand the conventional sequencing capacity. Accompanied with the bioinformatics tools we describe, the barcoded sequencing workflow robustly reports unambiguous antibody sequences as confirmed with Sanger sequencing controls. In complement with the commonly accessible recombinant DNA technology, the barcoded sequencing workflow allows for high throughput digitization of the antibody sequences and provides an effective solution to the limitations imposed by physical storage and sequencing capacity.
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12
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Lomonosova AV, Ulitin AB, Kazakov AS, Mirzabekov TA, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Derivative of Extremophilic 50S Ribosomal Protein L35Ae as an Alternative Protein Scaffold. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170349. [PMID: 28103321 PMCID: PMC5245882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Small antibody mimetics, or alternative binding proteins (ABPs), extend and complement antibody functionality with numerous applications in research, diagnostics and therapeutics. Given the superiority of ABPs, the last two decades have witnessed development of dozens of alternative protein scaffolds (APSs) for the design of ABPs. Proteins from extremophiles with their high structural stability are especially favorable for APS design. Here, a 10X mutant of the 50S ribosomal protein L35Ae from hyperthermophilic archaea Pyrococcus horikoshii has been probed as an APS. A phage display library of L35Ae 10X was generated by randomization of its three CDR-like loop regions (repertoire size of 2×108). Two L35Ae 10X variants specific to a model target, the hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL), were isolated from the resulting library using phage display. The affinity of these variants (L4 and L7) to HEL ranges from 0.10 μM to 1.6 μM, according to surface plasmon resonance data. While L4 has 1-2 orders of magnitude lower affinity to HEL homologue, bovine α-lactalbumin (BLA), L7 is equally specific to HEL and BLA. The reference L35Ae 10X is non-specific to both HEL and BLA. L4 and L7 are more resistant to denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride compared to the reference L35Ae 10X (mid-transition concentration is higher by 0.1-0.5 M). Chemical crosslinking experiments reveal an increased propensity of L4 and L7 to multimerization. Overall, the CDR-like loop regions of L35Ae 10X represent a proper interface for generation of functional ABPs. Hence, L35Ae is shown to extend the growing family of protein scaffolds dedicated to the design of novel binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Lomonosova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | | | - Alexei S. Kazakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Tajib A. Mirzabekov
- Antherix, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
- Biomirex Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow region, Russia
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Aghevlian S, Boyle AJ, Reilly RM. Radioimmunotherapy of cancer with high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation delivered by radionuclides emitting α-particles or Auger electrons. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 109:102-118. [PMID: 26705852 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) aims to selectively deliver radionuclides emitting α-particles, β-particles or Auger electrons to tumors by conjugation to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that recognize tumor-associated antigens/receptors. The approach has been most successful for treatment of non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma but challenges have been encountered in extending these promising results to the treatment of solid malignancies. These challenges include the low potency of β-particle emitters such as 131I, 177Lu or 90Y which have been commonly conjugated to the mAbs, due to their low linear energy transfer (LET=0.1-1.0keV/μm). Furthermore, since the β-particles have a 2-10mm range, there has been dose-limiting non-specific toxicity to hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow (BM) due to the cross-fire effect. Conjugation of mAbs to α-particle-emitters (e.g. 225Ac, 213Bi, 212Pb or 211At) or Auger electron-emitters (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 123I or 125I) would increase the potency of RIT due to their high LET (50-230keV/μm and 4 to 26keV/μm, respectively). In addition, α-particles have a range in tissues of 28-100μm and Auger electrons are nanometer in range which greatly reduces or eliminates the cross-fire effect compared to β-particles, potentially reducing their non-specific toxicity to the BM. In this review, we describe the results of preclinical and clinical studies of RIT of cancer using radioimmunoconjugates emitting α-particles or Auger electrons, and discuss the potential of these high LET forms of radiation to improve the outcome of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Aghevlian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda J Boyle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Pörtner
- Hamburg University of Technology; Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Denickestr. 15 D21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - Uwe Jandt
- Hamburg University of Technology; Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Denickestr. 15 D21071 Hamburg Germany
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Hamburg University of Technology; Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering; Denickestr. 15 D21071 Hamburg Germany
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15
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Rodgers KR, Chou RC. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and derivatives: Historical perspectives and future directions. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1149-1158. [PMID: 27460206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Biologics, both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and fusion proteins, have revolutionized the practice of medicine. This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Food and Drug Administration approval of the first mAb for human use. In this review, we examine the biotechnological breakthroughs that spurred the explosive development of the biopharmaceutical mAb industry, as well as how critical lessons learned about human immunology informed the development of improved biologics. We also discuss the most common mechanisms of action of currently approved biologics and the indications for which they have been approved to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla R Rodgers
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States
| | - Richard C Chou
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States; Section of Rheumatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States.
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16
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Sekhon BK, Roubin RH, Li Y, Devi PB, Nammi S, Fan K, Sze DMY. Evaluation of Selected Immunomodulatory Glycoproteins as an Adjunct to Cancer Immunotherapy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146881. [PMID: 26799072 PMCID: PMC4723152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharopeptide (PSP), from Coriolus versicolor, has been used widely as an adjuvant to chemotherapy with demonstrated anti-tumor and broad immunomodulating effects. While PSP’s mechanism of action still remains unknown, its enhanced immunomodulatory potential with acacia gum is of great interest. Acacia gum, which also contains polysaccharides and glycoproteins, has been demonstrated to be immunopotentiating. To elucidate whether PSP directly activates T-cell-dependent B-cell responses in vivo, we used a well-established hapten carrier system (Nitrophenyl-chicken gamma globulin (NP-CGG)). 6-week C57BL/6 male mice were immunised with 50 μg of NP25-CGG alum precipitate intraperitoneally. Mice were gavaged daily with 50mg/kg PSP in a vehicle containing acacia gum and sacrificed at days 0, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21. ELISA was used to measure the total and relative hapten-specific anti-NP IgA, IgM and IgG titre levels compared to the controls. It was found that PSP, combined with acacia gum, significantly increased total IgG titre levels at day 4 (P< 0.05), decreased IgM titre levels at days 4 and 21 (P< 0.05) with no alterations observed in the IgA or IgE titre levels at any of the time points measured. Our results suggest that while PSP combined with acacia gum appears to exert weak immunological effects through specific T-cell dependent B-cell responses, they are likely to be broad and non-specific which supports the current literature on PSP. We report for the first time the application of a well-established hapten-carrier system that can be used to characterise and delineate specific T-cell dependent B-cell responses of potential immunomodulatory glycoprotein-based herbal medicines combinations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagwant Kaur Sekhon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- * E-mail: (BKS); (DMS)
| | | | - Yiming Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Parimala B. Devi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Srinivas Nammi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Science, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, New South Wales, 2560, Australia
| | - Kei Fan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel Man-yuen Sze
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi), RMIT University, Victoria, 3000, Australia
- * E-mail: (BKS); (DMS)
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17
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Lomonosova AV, Ovchinnikova EV, Kazakov AS, Denesyuk AI, Sofin AD, Mikhailov RV, Ulitin AB, Mirzabekov TA, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Extremophilic 50S Ribosomal RNA-Binding Protein L35Ae as a Basis for Engineering of an Alternative Protein Scaffold. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134906. [PMID: 26247602 PMCID: PMC4527664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their remarkably high structural stability, proteins from extremophiles are particularly useful in numerous biological applications. Their utility as alternative protein scaffolds could be especially valuable in small antibody mimetic engineering. These artificial binding proteins occupy a specific niche between antibodies and low molecular weight substances, paving the way for development of innovative approaches in therapeutics, diagnostics, and reagent use. Here, the 50S ribosomal RNA-binding protein L35Ae from the extremophilic archaea Pyrococcus horikoshii has been probed for its potential to serve as a backbone in alternative scaffold engineering. The recombinant wild type L35Ae has a native-like secondary structure, extreme thermal stability (mid-transition temperature of 90°C) and a moderate resistance to the denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride (half-transition at 2.6 M). Chemical crosslinking and dynamic light scattering data revealed that the wild type L35Ae protein has a propensity for multimerization and aggregation correlating with its non-specific binding to a model cell surface of HEK293 cells, as evidenced by flow cytometry. To suppress these negative features, a 10-amino acid mutant (called L35Ae 10X) was designed, which lacks the interaction with HEK293 cells, is less susceptible to aggregation, and maintains native-like secondary structure and thermal stability. However, L35Ae 10X also shows lowered resistance to guanidine hydrochloride (half-transition at 2.0M) and is more prone to oligomerization. This investigation of an extremophile protein’s scaffolding potential demonstrates that lowered resistance to charged chemical denaturants and increased propensity to multimerization may limit the utility of extremophile proteins as alternative scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Lomonosova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Elena V. Ovchinnikova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexei S. Kazakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Alexander I. Denesyuk
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
- Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Alexander D. Sofin
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Roman V. Mikhailov
- Antherix, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Andrei B. Ulitin
- Antherix, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Tajib A. Mirzabekov
- Antherix, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
- Biomirex Inc., 304 Pleasant Street, Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, United States of America
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow region, 142290, Russia
- * E-mail:
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