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Zhang A, Li D, Song C, Jing H, Li H, Mi J, Zhang G, Jin S, Ren X, Huangfu H, Shi D, Chen R. Evaluation of different combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod enhance immune responses to H9N2 avian influenza antigen in dendritic cells and duck. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271746. [PMID: 35853030 PMCID: PMC9295992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current commercial H9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) vaccines cannot provide satisfactory antibody titers and protective immunity against AIVs in duck. Toll like receptors (TLR) ligand as AIVs adjuvants can activate dendritic cells to improve immune responses in multiple animals, while the studies were absent in duck. Therefore, we investigated TLR ligands pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and/or imiquimod enhance immune responses to inactivated H9N2 avian influenza antigen (H9N2 IAIV) in peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and duck. In vitro, we observed that transcription factor NF-κB, Th1/Th2 type cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6) and the ability of catching H9N2 IAIV antigen were significantly up-regulated when H9N2 IAIV along with TLR ligands (pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod, alone or combination) in duck MoDCs. Also, the best enhancement effects were showed in combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod group, whereas IFN-α showed no significant enhancement in all experimental groups. In vivo, the results demonstrated that the percentages of CD4+/ CD8+ T lymphocytes, the levels of Th1/Th2 type cytokines and H9N2 HI titers were significant enhanced in combination of pam2CSK4, poly (I:C) and imiquimod group. However, pam2CSK4 alone or combining with imiquimod showed no enhancement or additive effects on Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2), Th2 cytokines (IL-6) and HI titers in Muscovy duck, respectively. Taken together, our results concluded that not all TLR ligands showed enhancement of immune responses to H9N2 IAIV in duck. The combination of poly (I:C), imiquimod and pam2CSK4 that can be an effectively adjuvant candidate for H9N2 AIVs inactivated vaccine in duck, which provide novel insights in explore waterfowl vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Huannong (Zhaoqing) Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- Henan Poultry Disease Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (AZ)
| | - Deyin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huiyuan Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junxian Mi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guizhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuangxing Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Poultry Disease Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Heping Huangfu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruiai Chen
- Huannong (Zhaoqing) Institute of Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Zhaoqing Branch Center of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (RC); (AZ)
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Wang F, Gao M, Han Z, Hou Y, Zhang L, Ma Z, Ma D. Innate immune responses of domestic pigeons to the infection of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 virus. Poult Sci 2020; 100:603-614. [PMID: 33518113 PMCID: PMC7858190 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is a globally distributed, virulent member of the avian paramyxovirus type-1. The PPMV-1-associated disease poses a great threat to the pigeon industry. The innate immune response is crucial for antiviral infections and revealing the pathogenic mechanisms of PPMV-1. In this study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of a PPMV-1 strain LHLJ/110822 in one-month-old domestic pigeons, as well as the host immune responses in PPMV-1-infected pigeons. We observed typically clinical sign in infected pigeons by 3 dpi. The morbidity rate and the mortality in pigeons inoculated with the PPMV-1 strain were up to 100% and 30%, respectively. The virus could replicate in all of the examined tissues, namely trachea, lung, liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. In addition, the infected pigeons had developed anti-PPMV-1 antibodies as early as 8 dpi; and the antibody level increased over the time in this study. The expression level of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR3 TLR15, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were significantly upregulated by the PPMV-1 infection in some tissues of pigeons. By contrast, PPMV-1 infection results in downregulation of IL-18 expression in most of investigated tissues except for bursa of Fabricius in this study. The current results confirmed that this virus could replicate in pigeons and induce host immune responses, then leading to produce serum antibody titers. Meanwhile, the PPMV-1 infection induces strong innate immune responses and intense inflammatory responses at early stage in pigeon which may associate with the viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Mengying Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanbang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, The People's Republic of China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Zhao J, Liu C, Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang G. Cytokine expression in chicken embryo fibroblasts in response to infection with virulent or lentogenic avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV-1). Microb Pathog 2019; 133:103556. [PMID: 31128172 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate cytokine expression in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells, a virulent avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV-1) strain called SG10 that rapidly causes 100% mortality in its host, and a vaccine strain (La Sota) were characterized. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed on RNA samples from CEF cells, which were collected at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection. The dynamic expression patterns of ten cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15 and IL-18) were investigated. The results showed that infection with lentogenic La Sota induced significantly higher levels of the antiviral cytokines IFN-α and IFN-β, proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-15 and IL-18, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, than did infection with virulent SG10. Furthermore, the SG10 strain induced dramatically higher levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 than those observed in cells infected with La Sota. However, the expression patterns of the other cytokines that were tested did not show any obvious trends or statistically significant differences between cells infected with the virulent and avirulent strains. These data show that infection with lentogenic La Sota induced more effective immune responses and anti-viral effects than did infection with virulent SG10 in CEFs. Our data provide distinct expression patterns of IFNs and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to AAvV-1 by virulence in CEF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Company Limited, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuying Huang
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Company Limited, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhang T, Ren M, Liu C, Xu L, Wang F, Han Z, Shao Y, Ma D. Comparative analysis of early immune responses induced by two strains of Newcastle disease virus in chickens. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00701. [PMID: 30070070 PMCID: PMC6460277 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease, caused by virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is an acute, highly contagious disease that is prevalent worldwide and is responsible for serious economic losses to the poultry industry. In the current study, we compared the early immune responses in chickens infected with two strains of velogenic NDV, a duck origin, named GD strain (Md/CH/LGD/1/2005, genotype VIId), and an chicken origin, F48E9 strain (genotype IX). The viral RNA level of GD strain was significantly higher than those of F48E9 in most tissues of chicken. Furthermore, the high level of viral RNA of the GD strain was associated with a stronger immune response compared to that of F48E9, characterized by upregulated expression of some of avian β‐defensins and cytokines, most of toll‐like receptors, and some of the other immune‐related genes investigated. This study thus demonstrated differences in host early immune responses to the two NDV strains. Further studies are needed to characterize the basic molecular mechanisms involved in the host responses in chickens infected by the two NDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mengting Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chenggang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liwen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhao Shao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Deying Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Xiang B, Zhu W, Li Y, Gao P, Liang J, Liu D, Ding C, Liao M, Kang Y, Ren T. Immune responses of mature chicken bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells infected with Newcastle disease virus strains with differing pathogenicity. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1407-1417. [PMID: 29397456 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infection of chickens with virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is associated with severe pathology and increased morbidity and mortality. The innate immune response contributes to the pathogenicity of NDV. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a unique role in innate immunity. However, the contribution of DCs to NDV infection has not been investigated in chickens. In this study, we selected two representative NDV strains, i.e., the velogenic NDV strain Chicken/Guangdong/GM/2014 (GM) and the lentogenic NDV strain La Sota, to investigate whether NDVs could infect LPS-activated chicken bone-derived marrow DCs (mature chicken BM-DCs). We compared the viral titres and innate immune responses in mature chicken BM-DCs following infection with those strains. Both NDV strains could infect mature chicken BM-DC, but the GM strain showed stronger replication capacity than the La Sota strain in mature chicken BM-DCs. Gene expression profiling showed that MDA5, LGP2, TLR3, TLR7, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, IL-8, CCL5, IL-10, IL-12, MHC-I, and MHC-II levels were altered in mature DCs after infection with NDVs at all evaluated times postinfection. Notably, the GM strain triggered stronger innate immune responses than the La Sota strain in chicken BM-DCs. However, both strains were able to suppress the expression of some cytokines, such as IL-6 and IFN-α, in mature chicken DCs at 24 hpi. These data provide a foundation for further investigation of the role of chicken DCs in NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaling Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Chen YL, Qiao YC, Song XN, Ling W, Zhao HL, Zhang XX. Emotional exhaustion-induced latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in a young lady: A CARE-compliant case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6915. [PMID: 28514308 PMCID: PMC5440145 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) refers to an autoimmune disorder characterized with detectable islets antibodies in the early diagnosis and increased autoimmune beta-cell failure progression. Notably, this kind of diabetes seems to be confused with other phenotypic diabetes. PATIENT CONCERNS A young woman suffered an emotional exhaustion-induced LADA, showing asthenia, polydipsia, polyuria, and visible weight loss. The patient emotionally ended a 14-year romantic relationship, leading to the emotional flooding. DIAGNOSES The data from physical examination and laboratory tests exhibited as follows: glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA) = 63.83 U/mL, the fasting blood glucose (FBG) = 13.3 mmol/L, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) = 10.9%. According to levels of GADA, the patient was diagnosed as LADA. INTERVENTIONS The patient was clinically treated with insulin for 3-month. Then, running, diet-control, and emotional treatment were combined, such as the patient started a new relationship. OUTCOMES An emotional recovery initiated from a new romantic relationship and a baby, showing normal levels of GAD65 (27.007 IU/mL) and FBG (5.46) mmol/L. LESSONS The emotional exhaustion might play a significant role in induction of LADA. It is important that individuals should maintain optimism, cheer, and a positive attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ling Chen
- Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yong-Chao Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
| | - Xin-Nan Song
- Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin
| | - Wei Ling
- Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin
| | - Hai-Lu Zhao
- Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Zhang
- Center of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Excellence, Guilin Medical University, Guilin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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