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Febriyanto T, Muhammad F, Wijaya W, Oey O, Simadibrata DM. Antibiotic use reduces the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2024; 42:160.e11-160.e23. [PMID: 38101990 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Antibiotics have been suggested to diminish the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by alterations of the gut microbiota. OBJECTIVE To perform a meta-analysis summarizing the effect of antibiotics on the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of urothelial cancer (UC) patients receiving ICI. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify studies published up to July 14, 2023. Studies reporting the associations between antibiotics use and OS and PFS in UC patients treated with ICI were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The random-effect model was used to pool the Hazard Ratios (HRs) for OS and PFS with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). The ROBINS-I was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies, while the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) framework was used to inform the quality of evidence. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Thirteen nonrandomized studies involving a total of 5,095 ICI-treated UC patients were included in this review, of which 1434 (28%) received antibiotics. Overall, compared to patients who did not receive antibiotics, the pooled HRs for OS and PFS in those who received antibiotics were 1.45 [95% CI 1.25-1.68] and 1.40 [95% CI 1.05-1.87], respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the types of ICI and timing of antibiotic initiation did not influence the effect of antibiotics on OS and PFS in UC patients (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotic use significantly reduced OS and PFS in UC patients receiving ICI. While antibiotics remain crucial for the treatment of infections in UC patients, antibiotics should be prescribed cautiously in UC patients receiving ICI. PATIENT SUMMARY Antibiotic use is associated with worsened survival in UC patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Febriyanto
- Department of Primary Health Care and Family Medicine, Mediway Clinic, Tanjung Balai Karimun, Indonesia
| | - Fajar Muhammad
- Department of Emergency, Kuala Kurun Regional Hospital, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Wynne Wijaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Oliver Oey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Daniel Martin Simadibrata
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Immunological Effects of Aster yomena Callus-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Therapeutic Agents against Allergic Asthma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182805. [PMID: 36139376 PMCID: PMC9497061 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles, (EVs), have recently gained attention as potential therapeutic candidates. However, the varying properties of plants that are dependent on their growth conditions, and the unsustainable production of plant-derived EVs hinder drug development. Herein, we analyzed the secondary metabolites of Aster yomena callus-derived EVs (AYC-EVs) obtained via plant tissue cultures and performed an immune functional assay to assess the potential therapeutic effects of AYC-EVs against inflammatory diseases. AYC-EVs, approximately 225 nm in size, were isolated using tangential flow filtration (TFF) and cushioned ultracentrifugation. Metabolomic analysis, using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS), revealed that AYC-EVs contained 17 major metabolites. AYC-EVs inhibited the phenotypic and functional maturation of LPS-treated dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, LPS-treated DCs exposed to AYC-EVs showed decreased immunostimulatory capacity during induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation and activation. AYC-EVs inhibited T-cell reactions associated with the etiology of asthma in asthmatic mouse models and improved various symptoms of asthma. This regulatory effect of AYC-EVs resembled that of dexamethasone, which is currently used to treat inflammatory diseases. These results provide a foundation for the development of plant-derived therapeutic agents for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, as well as providing an insight into the possible mechanisms of action of AYC-EVs.
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Huo JL, Fu WJ, Liu ZH, Lu N, Jia XQ, Liu ZS. Research advance of natural products in tumor immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:972345. [PMID: 36159787 PMCID: PMC9494295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.972345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a novel anti-tumor treatment. Despite significant breakthroughs, cancer immunotherapy remains focused on several types of tumors that are sensitive to the immune system. Therefore, effective strategies to expand its indications and improve its efficacy become key factors for the further development of cancer immunotherapy. In recent decades, the anticancer activities of natural products are reported to have this effect on cancer immunotherapy. And the mechanism is largely attributed to the remodeling of the tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. The compelling data highlight that natural products offer an alternative method option to improve immune function in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Currently, more attention is being paid to the discovery of new potential modulators of tumor immunotherapy from natural products. In this review, we describe current advances in employing natural products and natural small-molecule drugs targeting immune cells to avoid tumor immune escape, which may bring some insight for guiding tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ling Huo
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jia Fu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Han Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Nan Lu, ; Xiang-Qian Jia, ; Zhang-Suo Liu,
| | - Xiang-Qian Jia
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization for Cold Region, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Lu, ; Xiang-Qian Jia, ; Zhang-Suo Liu,
| | - Zhang-Suo Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Research Institute of Nephrology, Zhengzhou University, Henan Province Research Center For Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease in Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Lu, ; Xiang-Qian Jia, ; Zhang-Suo Liu,
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Immune Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Allergic Airway Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030465. [PMID: 35326116 PMCID: PMC8944570 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is not only a rate-limiting enzyme in heme metabolism but is also regarded as a protective protein with an immunoregulation role in asthmatic airway inflammation. HO-1 exerts an anti-inflammation role in different stages of airway inflammation via regulating various immune cells, such as dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, T cells, and macrophages. In addition, the immunoregulation role of HO-1 may differ according to subcellular locations.
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Feng H, Yang X, Fan J, Zhang L, Liu Q, Chai D. DEC-205 receptor-mediated long-circling nanoliposome as an antigen and Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharide delivery system enhances the immune response via facilitating dendritic cells maturation. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1581-1596. [PMID: 33169636 PMCID: PMC7655039 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1844343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DEC-205 receptor-mediated dendritic cells (DC) targeting nanoliposomes is a promising delivery system in eliciting an immune response against pathogens. When this delivery system carries both antigen and immunomodulator, it can effectively regulate the DC function as well as the initial T cell response. To maximize the desired therapeutic effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. polysaccharides (EUPS), and induce an efficient humoral and cellular immune response against an antigen, we encapsulated the OVA and EUPS in long-circling nanoliposomes and conjugated it with anti-DEC-205 receptor antibody to obtain a DEC-205-targeted nanoliposomes (anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM). The physicochemical properties and immune-modulating effects were investigated in vitro and in vivo by a series of the experiment to evaluate the targeting efficiency of anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM. In vitro, anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM (160 μg mL−1) could enhance DCs proliferation and increase their phagocytic efficiency. In vivo anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM remarkably promoted the OVA-specific IgG and IgG isotypes levels, enhanced the splenocyte proliferation, and induced the NK cell and CTL cytotoxicity. Besides, the anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM enhanced the maturation of DCs. These findings suggest that the DEC-205 receptor antibody-conjugated EUPS nanoliposome can act as an efficient antigen delivery system to enhance the cellular and humoral immune response by promoting DC maturation. This indicates that the anti-DEC-205-EUPS-OVA-LPSM has significant potential as an immune-enhancing agent and antigen delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Feng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonong Yang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Linzi Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Dongkun Chai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang, P. R. China
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Wait LF, Kamiya T, Fairlie-Clarke KJ, Metcalf CJE, Graham AL, Mideo N. Differential drivers of intraspecific and interspecific competition during malaria-helminth co-infection. Parasitology 2021; 148:1030-1039. [PMID: 33971991 PMCID: PMC11010048 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100072x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Various host and parasite factors interact to determine the outcome of infection. We investigated the effects of two factors on the within-host dynamics of malaria in mice: initial infectious dose and co-infection with a helminth that limits the availability of red blood cells (RBCs). Using a statistical, time-series approach to model the within-host ‘epidemiology’ of malaria, we found that increasing initial dose reduced the time to peak cell-to-cell parasite propagation, but also reduced its magnitude, while helminth co-infection delayed peak cell-to-cell propagation, except at the highest malaria doses. Using a mechanistic model of within-host infection dynamics, we identified dose-dependence in parameters describing host responses to malaria infection and uncovered a plausible explanation of the observed differences in single vs co-infections. Specifically, in co-infections, our model predicted a higher background death rate of RBCs. However, at the highest dose, when intraspecific competition between malaria parasites would be highest, these effects of co-infection were not observed. Such interactions between initial dose and co-infection, although difficult to predict a priori, are key to understanding variation in the severity of disease experienced by hosts and could inform studies of malaria transmission dynamics in nature, where co-infection and low doses are the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. F. Wait
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - T. Kamiya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - C. J. E. Metcalf
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - A. L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - N. Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Feng H, Zhi H, Hu X, Yang Y, Zhang L, Liu Q, Feng Y, Wu D, Yang X. Immunological studies of Morinda officinalis: How polysaccharides act as adjuvants. J Carbohydr Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2021.1954657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Feng
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Linzi Zhang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yangyang Feng
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Daiyan Wu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaonong Yang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, PR China
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Rahimi K, Hassanzadeh K, Khanbabaei H, Haftcheshmeh SM, Ahmadi A, Izadpanah E, Mohammadi A, Sahebkar A. Curcumin: A Dietary Phytochemical for Targeting the Phenotype and Function of Dendritic Cells. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1549-1564. [PMID: 32410550 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200515101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen-presenting cells which link the innate and adaptive immune responses. Depending on the context, DCs initiate the immune responses or contribute to immune tolerance. Any disturbance in their phenotypes and functions may initiate inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Hence, dysregulated DCs are the most attractive pharmacological target for the development of new therapies aiming at reducing their immunogenicity and at enhancing their tolerogenicity. Curcumin is the polyphenolic phytochemical component of the spice turmeric with a wide range of pharmacological activities. It acts in several ways as a modulator of DCs and converts them into tolerogenic DCs. Tolerogenic DCs possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities that regulate the immune responses in health and disease. Curcumin by blocking maturation markers, cytokines and chemokines expression, and disrupting the antigen-presenting machinery of DCs render them non- or hypo-responsive to immunostimulants. It also reduces the expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules on DCs and prevents them from both migration and antigen presentation but enhances their endocytosis capacity. Hence, curcumin causes DCs-inducing regulatory T cells and dampens CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 polarization. Inhibition of transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, MAPKs (p38, JNK, ERK) and other intracellular signaling molecules such as JAK/STAT/SOCS provide a plausible explanation for most of these observations. In this review, we summarize the potential effects of curcumin on the phenotypes and functions of DCs as the key players in orchestration, stimulation, and modulation of the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Rahimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Kambiz Hassanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed M Haftcheshmeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91766-99199, Iran
| | - Abbas Ahmadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Esmael Izadpanah
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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Lung CD103 + Dendritic cells of mice infected with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis contribute to Treg differentiation. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104696. [PMID: 33359357 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The DC subsets that express αE integrin (CD103) have been described to exert antagonistic functions, driving T cells towards either an inflammatory (Th1/Th17) or immunosuppressive phenotype (regulatory T cells - Treg). These functions depend on the tissue they reside and microenvironment factors or stimuli that this Antigen-presenting cell (APC) subpopulation receive. In this regard, immunoregulatory phenotype has been described in small subsets of CD103+ DCs from lung and intestinal mucosa. The function of this APC subpopulation in pulmonary Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection is poorly described. Here, we showed that lung CD103+ DCs contribute to Treg differentiation in a pulmonary P. brasiliensis infection model, which was attributed to downregulation of costimulatory molecules analyzed in these APC subtypes 21 days post-infection. Overall, this data suggests that P. brasiliensis infection caused an immunosuppression that has also been observed in patients with the most severe form of Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) - a sickness caused by this fungus genus. Furthermore, these results open new perspectives for knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the higher percentage of Treg cells found in peripheral blood of PCM patients.
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Vivas W, Leonhardt I, Hünniger K, Häder A, Marolda A, Kurzai O. Multiple Signaling Pathways Involved in Human Dendritic Cell Maturation Are Affected by the Fungal Quorum-Sensing Molecule Farnesol. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2959-2969. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Quaresma JAS. Organization of the Skin Immune System and Compartmentalized Immune Responses in Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00034-18. [PMID: 31366611 PMCID: PMC6750136 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00034-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an organ harboring several types of immune cells that participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system of the skin comprises both skin cells and professional immune cells that together constitute what is designated skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). In this review, I extensively discuss the organization of SALT and the mechanisms involved in its responses to infectious diseases of the skin and mucosa. The nature of these SALT responses, and the cellular mediators involved, often determines the clinical course of such infections. I list and describe the components of innate immunity, such as the roles of the keratinocyte barrier and of inflammatory and natural killer cells. I also examine the mechanisms involved in adaptive immune responses, with emphasis on new cytokine profiles, and the role of cell death phenomena in host-pathogen interactions and control of the immune responses to infectious agents. Finally, I highlight the importance of studying SALT in order to better understand host-pathogen relationships involving the skin and detail future directions in the immunological investigation of this organ, especially in light of recent findings regarding the skin immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Focus on Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057543 PMCID: PMC6478035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia in infants and produces a significant burden in the elderly. It can also infect and produce disease in otherwise healthy adults and recurrently infect those previously exposed to the virus. Importantly, recurrent infections are not necessarily a consequence of antigenic variability, as described for other respiratory viruses, but most likely due to the capacity of this virus to interfere with the host's immune response and the establishment of a protective and long-lasting immunity. Although some genes encoded by hRSV are known to have a direct participation in immune evasion, it seems that repeated infection is mainly given by its capacity to modulate immune components in such a way to promote non-optimal antiviral responses in the host. Importantly, hRSV is known to interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function, which are key cells involved in establishing and regulating protective virus-specific immunity. Notably, hRSV infects DCs, alters their maturation, migration to lymph nodes and their capacity to activate virus-specific T cells, which likely impacts the host antiviral response against this virus. Here, we review and discuss the most important and recent findings related to DC modulation by hRSV, which might be at the basis of recurrent infections in previously infected individuals and hRSV-induced disease. A focus on the interaction between DCs and hRSV will likely contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and antiviral strategies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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