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Li Z, Yan P, Wang R, Lu X, Zhang Y, Su B, Zhang X, Yuan L, Liu Z, Jiang W, Zhang T, Wu H, Huang X. Persistent T cell proliferation and MDSCs expansion precede incomplete CD4 + T cell recovery in people with acute HIV-1 infection with early ART. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15590. [PMID: 37153387 PMCID: PMC10160758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes T cell dysfunction that cannot be fully restored by anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand and suppress T cell function during viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of phenotypes and function of T cells and MDSCs and the effects of their interaction on CD4+ T cell reconstitution in people with acute HIV-1 infection (PWAH) with early ART. Flow cytometry was used to detect the phenotypic dynamics and function of T cells and MDSCs at pre-ART, 4, 24, 48, and 96 weeks of ART. We observed that T cells were hyper-activated and hyper-proliferative in PWAH at pre-ART. Early ART normalized T cell activation but not their proliferation. T cell proliferation, enriched in PD-1+ T cells, was persisted and negatively associated with CD4+ T-cell counts after ART. Moreover, M-MDSCs frequency was increased and positively correlated with T cell proliferation after 96 weeks of ART. M-MDSCs persisted and inhibited T cell proliferation ex vivo, which could be partially reversed by PD-L1 blockade. Further, we found higher frequencies of proliferative CD4+ T cells and M-MDSCs in PWAH with lower CD4+ T cell numbers (<500 cells/μL) compared to PWAH with higher CD4+ T cell numbers (>600 cells/μL) after 96 weeks of ART. Our findings indicate that persistent T cell proliferation, MDSCs expansion, and their interaction may affect CD4+ T-cell recovery in PWAH with early ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ping Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
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Chiu CY, Schou MD, McMahon JH, Deeks SG, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Wykes MN, Rasmussen TA, Lewin SR. Soluble immune checkpoints as correlates for HIV persistence and T cell function in people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123342. [PMID: 37056754 PMCID: PMC10086427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In people with HIV (PWH) both off and on antiretroviral therapy (ART), the expression of immune checkpoint (IC) proteins is elevated on the surface of total and HIV-specific T-cells, indicating T-cell exhaustion. Soluble IC proteins and their ligands can also be detected in plasma, but have not been systematically examined in PWH. Since T-cell exhaustion is associated with HIV persistence on ART, we aimed to determine if soluble IC proteins and their ligands also correlated with the size of the HIV reservoir and HIV-specific T-cell function. Methods We used multiplex bead-based immunoassay to quantify soluble programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), PD-1 Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 Ligand 2 (PD-L2) in plasma from PWH off ART (n=20), on suppressive ART (n=75) and uninfected controls (n=20). We also quantified expression of membrane-bound IC and frequencies of functional T-cells to Gag and Nef peptide stimulation on CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells using flow cytometry. The HIV reservoir was quantified in circulating CD4+ T-cells using qPCR for total and integrated HIV DNA, cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA and 2LTR circles. Results Soluble (s) PD-L2 level was higher in PWH off and on ART compared to uninfected controls. Higher levels of sPD-L2 correlated with lower levels of HIV total DNA and higher frequencies of gag-specific CD8+ T-cells expressing CD107a, IFNγ or TNFα. In contrast, the concentration of sLAG-3 was similar in uninfected individuals and PWH on ART, but was significantly elevated in PWH off ART. Higher levels of sLAG-3 correlated with higher levels of HIV total and integrated DNA, and lower frequency of gag-specific CD4+ T cells expressing CD107a. Similar to sLAG-3, levels of sPD-1 were elevated in PWH off ART and normalized in PWH on ART. sPD-1 was positively correlated with the frequency of gag-specific CD4+ T cells expressing TNF-a and the expression of membrane-bound PD-1 on total CD8+ T-cells in PWH on ART. Discussion Plasma soluble IC proteins and their ligands correlate with markers of the HIV reservoir and HIV-specific T-cell function and should be investigated further in in large population-based studies of the HIV reservoir or cure interventions in PWH on ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Y. Chiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maya D. Schou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James H. McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Thomas A. Rasmussen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Active PD-L1 incorporation within HIV virions functionally impairs T follicular helper cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010673. [PMID: 35788752 PMCID: PMC9286290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (BnAbs) during HIV infection is classically attributed to an inadequate B-cell help brought by functionally impaired T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. However, the determinants of Tfh-cell functional impairment and the signals contributing to this condition remain elusive. In the present study, we showed that PD-L1 is incorporated within HIV virions through an active mechanism involving p17 HIV matrix protein. We subsequently showed that in vitro produced PD-L1high but not PD-L1low HIV virions, significantly reduced Tfh-cell proliferation and IL-21 production, ultimately leading to a decreased of IgG1 secretion from GC B cells. Interestingly, Tfh-cell functions were fully restored in presence of anti-PD-L1/2 blocking mAbs treatment, demonstrating that the incorporated PD-L1 proteins were functionally active. Taken together, the present study unveils an immunovirological mechanism by which HIV specifically exploits the regulatory potential of PD-L1 to suppress the immune system during the course of HIV infection. During HIV infection, the development of effective BnAbs remains a rare phenomenon, occurring in only 15–20% of HIV-infected individuals after years of infection. Although multiple mechanisms may be involved, recent studies have suggested that functional impairment of Tfh cells, through immune checkpoint (IC)/IC-Ligand (IC-L) interactions, may lead to a decrease in B-cell help leading to low BnAbs production. Our laboratory recently showed that PD-L1 was predominantly expressed on lymph node (LN) migratory dendritic cells located predominantly in extra-follicular areas, implying that the source of IC-L contributing to Tfh-cell functional impairment may be independent of cellular expression of IC-L. These observations prompted us to investigate the potential contribution of IC-L incorporated within HIV virion envelope to Tfh-cell functional impairment. We subsequently demonstrated that PD-L1 was incorporated into a large fraction of HIV virions in the plasma of viremic HIV-infected individuals. Interestingly, PD-L1 remains active when incorporated into HIV virions envelope and could impaired Tfh-cell proliferation, resulting in decreased IgG1 production by B cells in vitro. These findings demonstrate an unsuspected mechanism contributing to the regulation of Tfh-cell function, which may contribute to the low production of BnAbs by B cells during HIV infection.
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Jafarzadeh A, Kumar S, Bodhale N, Jafarzadeh S, Nemati M, Sharifi I, Sarkar A, Saha B. The expression of PD-1 and its ligands increases in Leishmania infection and its blockade reduces the parasite burden. Cytokine 2022; 153:155839. [PMID: 35276636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The expression of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligands- PD-L1 and PD-L2- on T cells and macrophages', respectively, increases in Leishmania infection. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction induces T cell anergy, T cell apoptosis and exhaustion, diversion of T cells toward TH2 and T-reg cells but inhibits M1 macrophage activities by suppression of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These changes exacerbate Leishmania infection. As PD-L1-deficient, but not PD-L2-deficient, mice were protected againstL. mexicanainfection, differential roles have been proposed for PD-L1 and PD-L2 in mouse models of leishmaniasis. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction in various in vitro and Leishmania-infected mouse, hamster and dog models enhanced IFN-γ and NO production, reduced IL-10 and TGF-β generation, promoted T cell proliferation and reduced parasite burden. Therefore, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy to restore protective immunity during leishmaniasis, particularly, in drug-resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Sara Jafarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Haematology and Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Iraj Sharifi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arup Sarkar
- Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre For Cell Science, Pune 411007, India; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Liao G, Zhao Z, Qian Y, Ling X, Chen S, Li X, Kong FMS. Prognostic Role of Soluble Programmed Death Ligand 1 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 11:774131. [PMID: 35004295 PMCID: PMC8732757 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.774131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore whether soluble programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) is a potential prognostic biomarker in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases was carried out. Original studies with inclusion of sPD-L1, progression-free survival, and overall survival in NSCLC were eligible. The primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied for data analysis. RESULTS Eight studies involving 710 patients with NSCLC were included in the analysis. A pooled data analysis revealed that high levels of sPD-L1 were correlated with poorer overall survival (HR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.82-3.00; P < 0.001) and progression-free survival (HR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.62-3.40, P < 0.001). A subgroup analysis revealed that high levels of sPD-L1 were correlated with poor overall survival in patients treated with immunotherapy (HR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.79-3.22; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This pooled analysis of published data suggests that sPD-L1 may serve as a readily available biomarker for survival in NSCLC patients treated with ICI based treatment. Prospective studies with well-designed standard assessment methods should be conducted to validate the prognostic role of sPD-L1 in NSCLC. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021283177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuting Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiean Ling
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shanyi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianming Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng-Ming Spring Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3034. [PMID: 34204509 PMCID: PMC8233757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon T-cell receptor stimulation, the Programmed cell Death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T-cells can interact with its ligand PD-L1 expressed at the surface of cancer cells or antigen-presenting cells. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are routinely used for the treatment of cancers, but their clinical efficacy varies largely across the variety of tumor types. A part of the variability is linked to the existence of several forms of PD-L1, either expressed on the plasma membrane (mPD-L1), at the surface of secreted cellular exosomes (exoPD-L1), in cell nuclei (nPD-L1), or as a circulating, soluble protein (sPD-L1). Here, we have reviewed the different origins and roles of sPD-L1 in humans to highlight the biochemical and functional heterogeneity of the soluble protein. sPD-L1 isoforms can be generated essentially by two non-exclusive processes: (i) proteolysis of m/exoPD-L1 by metalloproteases, such as metalloproteinases (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM), which are capable of shedding membrane PD-L1 to release an active soluble form, and (ii) the alternative splicing of PD-L1 pre-mRNA, leading in some cases to the release of sPD-L1 protein isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain. The expression and secretion of sPD-L1 have been observed in a large variety of pathologies, well beyond cancer, notably in different pulmonary diseases, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and viral diseases. The expression and role of sPD-L1 during pregnancy are also evoked. The structural heterogeneity of sPD-L1 proteins, and associated functional/cellular plurality, should be kept in mind when considering sPD-L1 as a biomarker or as a drug target. The membrane, exosomal and soluble forms of PD-L1 are all integral parts of the highly dynamic PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, essential for immune-tolerance or immune-escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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Sun S, Chen Y, Liu Z, Tian R, Liu J, Chen E, Mao E, Pan T, Qu H. Serum-soluble PD-L1 may be a potential diagnostic biomarker in sepsis. Scand J Immunol 2021; 94:e13049. [PMID: 33934376 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether serum-soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) is a potential biomarker for identifying sepsis. This study enrolled 64 septic patients, 29 patients with acute appendicitis, 33 patients with acute pancreatitis and 30 healthy volunteers. Sepsis was defined according to the Sepsis 3.0 criteria.[1] The associated clinical parameters were recorded, blood samples were collected on the first day of diagnosis, and serum sPD-L1 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Compared with the control group, a significant increase in sPD-L1 levels was observed in patients with sepsis (n = 64). Increased sPD-L1 expression correlated strongly with increased clinical inflammatory values (CRP, PCT and WBC) and decreased immunological functional parameters (CD3+ , CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for sPD-L1 in combination with the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was superior to the AUC for either sPD-L1 or SOFA score in regard to the diagnosis of sepsis. sPD-L1 may represent a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiong Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enqiang Mao
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongping Qu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Farrukh H, El-Sayes N, Mossman K. Mechanisms of PD-L1 Regulation in Malignant and Virus-Infected Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094893. [PMID: 34063096 PMCID: PMC8124996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a receptor on T cells, and its ligand, PD-L1, have been a topic of much interest in cancer research. Both tumour and virus-infected cells can upregulate PD-L1 to suppress cytotoxic T-cell killing. Research on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis has led to the development of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) as promising cancer therapies. Although effective in some cancer patients, for many, this form of treatment is ineffective due to a lack of immunogenicity in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Despite the development of therapies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, the mechanisms and pathways through which these proteins are regulated are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the latest research on molecules of inflammation and innate immunity that regulate PD-L1 expression, how its expression is regulated during viral infection, and how it is modulated by different cancer therapies. We also highlight existing research on the development of different combination therapies with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies. This information can be used to develop better cancer immunotherapies that take into consideration the pathways involved in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, so these molecules do not reduce their efficacy, which is currently seen with some cancer therapies. This review will also assist in understanding how the TME changes during treatment, which will provide further rationale for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Farrukh
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Nader El-Sayes
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Ben Salah E, Sakly W, Barrera C, Mosbahi S, Bellanger AP, Farhani R, Ksia A, Gottstein B, Nouri A, Babba H, Millon L. Soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1) as predictor of early surgical outcomes of paediatric cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 43:e12809. [PMID: 33207012 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Following treatment, cystic echinococcosis (CE) exhibits a relatively high relapse rate. Here, we evaluated the value of soluble programmed death-1 (sPD-1), sPD-1 ligand (sPD-L1) and anti-recP29 antibody concentrations, as predictors of early surgical treatment outcomes in young CE-affected patients. METHODS AND RESULTS This prospective study included 59 Tunisian children (177 plasmas), where CE was surgically treated and monitored for 3 post-operative years. Based on CE post-surgical development, patients were clustered into a 'No relapsed' CE (NRCE; n = 39) and a 'Relapsed' CE (RCE; n = 20) group. Plasma levels of sPD-1, sPD-L1 and anti-recP29 IgG were measured using ELISA. In the NRCE group, sPD-1, sPD-L1 and anti-recP29 IgG concentrations were significantly lower at D365 than at D30. By contrast, in the RCE group, no significant difference was observed between D0, D30 and D365. When considering individual variations, the probability to be 'relapse-free' was 67% and 73% when anti-recP29 IgG and sPD-L1 level, respectively, decreased between D30 and D365. The probability to be 'relapse-free' was 86% when the sPD-1 level decreased between D30 and D365 (P = .003; chi-square test). CONCLUSION sPD-1 may be a useful biomaker for the early evaluation of surgical procedure efficacy in paediatric CE cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Ben Salah
- Departement de Biologie clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wahiba Sakly
- Departement de Biologie clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Coralie Barrera
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Sana Mosbahi
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Medical School, Tunisia
| | - Anne-Pauline Bellanger
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, France
| | - Rabeb Farhani
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Medical School, Tunisia
| | - Amine Ksia
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Medical School, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abdellatif Nouri
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Monastir, Medical School, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Departement de Biologie clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Laurence Millon
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, France
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Bailly C, Vergoten G. Proposed mechanisms for the extracellular release of PD-L1 by the anticancer saponin platycodin D. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106675. [PMID: 32531711 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PTD) is an oleanane-type terpenoid saponin, isolated from the plant Platycodon grandiflorus. PTD displays multiple pharmacological effects, notably significant anticancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Recently, PTD was shown to trigger the extracellular release of the immunologic checkpoint glycoprotein PD-L1. The reduction of PD-L1 expression at the surface of cancer cells leads to interleukin-2 secretion and T cells activation. In the present review, we have analyzed the potential origin of this atypical PTD-induced PD-L1 release to propose a mechanistic explanation. For that, we considered all published scientific information, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the natural product (a modeling analysis of PTD and the related saponin β -escin is provided). On this basis, we raise the hypothesis that the capacity of PTD to induce PD-L1 extracellular release derives from two main mechanisms: (i) a drug-promoted shedding of membrane PD-L1 by metalloproteases or more likely, (ii) a cholesterol binding-related effect, that would lead to perturbation of membrane raft domains, limiting the recruitment of proteins like TLR4. The drug-induced membrane effects (frequently observed with saponin drugs), associated with a production of interferon-γ,can favor the release of proteins like PD-L1 into membrane vesicles. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that PTD is a cholesterol-dependent lipid raft-modulating agent able to promote the formation of PD-L1 containing extracellular vesicles. The anticancer potential of PTD and its capacity to modulate the functioning of the PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint should be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gérard Vergoten
- University of Lille, Inserm, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, ICPAL, 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006 Lille, France
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The importance of exosomal PDL1 in tumour immune evasion. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:209-215. [DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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