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Pang C, Yuan B, Ren K, Xu H, Nie K, Yu C, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Ozkan SA, Yang Q. Activates B lymphocytes and enhanced immune response: A promising adjuvant based on PLGA nanoparticle to improve the sensitivity of ZEN monoclonal antibody. Talanta 2024; 274:126005. [PMID: 38599116 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In preparing monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma cell technology, the quality of B lymphocytes used for cell fusion directly affects the sensitivity of monoclonal antibodies. To obtain B-lymphocytes producing high-quality specific antibodies for cell fusion during the immunization phase of the antigen, we prepared a TH2-Cell stimulatory delivery system as a novel adjuvant. Astragalus polysaccharide has a good ability to enhance antigenic immune response, and it was encapsulated in biocompatible materials PLGA as an immunostimulatory factor to form the delivery system (APS-PLGA). The preparation conditions of APSP were optimized using RSM to attain the highest utilization of APS. Immunization against ZEN-BSA antigen using APSP as an adjuvant to obtain B lymphocytes producing ZEN-specific antibodies for cell fusion. As results present, APSP could induce a stronger TH2 immune response through differentiating CD4 T cells and promoting IL-4 and IL-6 cytokines. Moreover, it could slow down the release efficiency of ZEN-BSA and enhance the targeting of ZEN-BSA to lymph nodes in vivo experiments. Ultimately, the sensitivity of mouse serum ZEN-specific antibodies was enhanced upon completion of immunization, indicating a significant upregulation of high-quality B lymphocyte expression. In the preparation of monoclonal antibodies, the proportion of positive wells for the first screening was 60%, and the inhibition rates of the antibodies were all similar (>50%). Then we obtained the ZEN monoclonal antibody with IC50 of 0.049 ng/mL, which was more sensitive than most antibodies prepared under conventional adjuvants. Finally, a TRFIAS strip assay was preliminarily established with a LOD value of 0.246 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Pang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Yuan
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyun Ren
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Xu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunying Nie
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Yu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanli Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China.
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Lee YH, Tsai KW, Lu KC, Shih LJ, Hu WC. Cancer as a Dysfunctional Immune Disorder: Pro-Tumor TH1-like Immune Response and Anti-Tumor THαβ Immune Response Based on the Complete Updated Framework of Host Immunological Pathways. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102497. [PMID: 36289759 PMCID: PMC9599225 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunological pathways are delicate to cope with different types of pathogens. In this article, we divide immunological pathways into two groups: Immunoglobulin G-related eradicable immunities and Immunoglobulin A-related tolerable immunities. Once immune cells encounter an antigen, they can become anergic or trigger immune reactions. Immunoglobulin D B cells and γδ T cells are recognizing self-antigens to become anergic. Immunoglobulin M B cells and αβ T cells can trigger host immune reactions. Eradicable immune responses can be divided into four groups: TH1/TH2/TH22/THαβ (TH—T Helper cell groups). Tolerable immune responses can be divided into four groups: TH1-like/TH9/TH17/TH3. Four groups mean hosts can cope with four types of pathogens. Cancer is related to immune dysfunction. TH1-like immunity is pro-tumor immunity and THαβ is anti-tumor immunity. TH1-like immunity is the host tolerable immunity against intracellular micro-organisms. THαβ immunity is the host eradicable immunity against viruses. Cancer is also related to clonal anergy by Immunoglobulin D B cells and γδ T cells. Oncolytic viruses are related to the activation of anti-viral THαβ immunity. M2 macrophages are related to the tolerable TH1-like immunity, and they are related to metastasis. This review is key to understanding the immune pathogenesis of cancer. We can then develop better therapeutic agents to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Lee
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jane Shih
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-266289779 (ext. 67633)
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Di Agosta E, Salvati L, Corazza M, Baiardini I, Ambrogio F, Angileri L, Antonelli E, Belluzzo F, Bonamonte D, Bonzano L, Brancaccio R, Custurone P, De Marco A, Detoraki A, Di Guida A, Di Leo E, Fantò M, Fassio F, Ferrucci SM, Foti C, Gallo R, Gatta A, Guarneri F, Guidolin L, Hansel K, Lamacchia D, Lombardo C, Minciullo PL, Napolitano M, Pannofino A, Paravisi A, Parente R, Passante M, Patruno C, Peroni D, Quecchia C, Schettini N, Spadaro G, Stingeni L, Tarrini D, Tramontana M, Nettis E, Rossi O. Quality of life in patients with allergic and immunologic skin diseases: in the eye of the beholder. Clin Mol Allergy 2021; 19:26. [PMID: 34930291 PMCID: PMC8690422 DOI: 10.1186/s12948-021-00165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic and immunologic skin diseases negatively impact the quality of life (QoL) of affected patients with detrimental consequences. Nonetheless, in everyday clinical practice the evaluation of QoL is often overlooked. Considering the increasing prevalence of atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, hereditary angioedema, cutaneous mastocytosis, and urticaria, it is essential to determine the effects of allergic and immunologic skin diseases on QoL. A joint meeting (GET TOGETHER 2021) of the Italian Society of Allergology, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC) and the Italian Society of Allergological, Occupational and Environmental Dermatology (SIDAPA) aimed to summarize the features of the main QoL tools used in these diseases and to describe the extent of QoL impairment as well as the impact of treatments on QoL, particularly biologic therapies. The assessment of QoL in patients with allergic and immunologic skin diseases relies on generic, organ-specific and disease-specific questionnaires. While generic and organ-specific questionnaires allow comparison between different diseases, disease-specific questionnaires are designed and validated for specific cohorts: the QoL Index for Atopic Dermatitis (QoLIAD) and the Childhood Atopic Dermatitis Impact Scale (CADIS) in atopic dermatitis, the ACD-11 in allergic contact dermatitis, the Angioedema QoL Questionnaire (AE-QoL) and the Hereditary Angioedema QoL questionnaire (HAE-QoL) in hereditary angioedema, the Mastocytosis QoL Questionnaires (MCQoL e MQLQ) in cutaneous mastocytosis, and the Chronic Urticaria QoL questionnaire (CU-Q2oL) in urticaria. Among the many factors that variably contribute to QoL impairment, pruritus can represent the leading cause of patient discomfort. Biologic therapies significantly ameliorate QoL in atopic dermatitis, hereditary angioedema, mastocytosis and chronic urticaria. In general, adequate management strategies are essential for improving QoL in patients with allergic and immunologic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Di Agosta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Monica Corazza
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Baiardini
- Respiratory Unit for Continuity of Care, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ambrogio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Dermatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Angileri
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Elettra Antonelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Domenico Bonamonte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Dermatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Bonzano
- Dermatology Unit, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Brancaccio
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, "Santa Maria Della Speranza" Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Paolo Custurone
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Aurora De Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Section of Dermatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Detoraki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology, Clinical Pathology and Infectious Disease, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Adriana Di Guida
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Di Leo
- Section of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Unit of Internal Medicine-"F. Miulli" Hospital, Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Bari, Italy
| | - Marta Fantò
- Unit of Allergology, Department of Dermatology, Policlinico Umberto I, Hospital-University Sapienza of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo Fassio
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Mariel Ferrucci
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Foti
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Section of Dermatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Section of Dermatology - Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessia Gatta
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, G. d'Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidolin
- Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Katharina Hansel
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Donatella Lamacchia
- Personalized Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Carla Lombardo
- Allergy Unit, Villa Igea Hospital. A.P.S.S. Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Lucia Minciullo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - Maddalena Napolitano
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pannofino
- Allergology and Immunology Clinic, Operative Unit of Medicine, Policoro Hospital, Policoro, Matera, Italy
| | - Andrea Paravisi
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberta Parente
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Passante
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Diego Peroni
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Quecchia
- Io e l'Asma Center, Children's Hospital, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Natale Schettini
- Section of Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luca Stingeni
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Tarrini
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Tramontana
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eustachio Nettis
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, School and Chair of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Bari - Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Oliviero Rossi
- Immunoallergology Unit, SOD Immunoallergologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy.
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Nguyen TG. The therapeutic implications of activated immune responses via the enigmatic immunoglobulin D. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:107-122. [PMID: 33410368 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1861265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody and the least appreciated member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family. Since its discovery over half a century ago, the essence of its function in the immune system has been somewhat enigmatic and less well-defined than other antibody classes. Membrane-bound IgD (mIgD) is mostly recognized as B-cell receptor (BCR) while secreted IgD (sIgD) has been recently implicated in 'arming' basophils and mast cells in mucosal innate immunity. Activations of immune responses via mIgD-BCR or sIgD by specific antigens or anti-IgD antibody thereby produce a broad and complex mix of cellular, antibody and cytokine responses from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such broadly activated immune responses via IgD were initially deemed to potentiate and exacerbate the onset of autoimmune and allergic conditions. Paradoxically, treatments with anti-IgD antibody suppressed and ameliorated autoimmune conditions and allergic inflammations in mouse models without compromising the host's general immune defence, demonstrating a unique and novel therapeutic application for anti-IgD antibody treatment. Herein, this review endeavored to collate and summarize the evidence of the unique characteristics and features of activated immune responses via mIgD-BCR and sIgD that revealed an unappreciated immune-regulatory function of IgD in the immune system via an amplifying loop of anti-inflammatory Th2 and tolerogenic responses, and highlighted a novel therapeutic paradigm in harnessing these immune responses to treat human autoimmune and allergic conditions.
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Chen K, Magri G, Grasset EK, Cerutti A. Rethinking mucosal antibody responses: IgM, IgG and IgD join IgA. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:427-441. [PMID: 32015473 PMCID: PMC10262260 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses at mucosal surfaces have historically focused on IgA. Growing evidence highlights the complexity of IgA-inducing pathways and the functional impact of IgA on mucosal commensal bacteria. In the gut, IgA contributes to the establishment of a mutualistic host-microbiota relationship that is required to maintain homeostasis and prevent disease. This Review discusses how mucosal IgA responses occur in an increasingly complex humoral defence network that also encompasses IgM, IgG and IgD. Aside from integrating the protective functions of IgA, these hitherto neglected mucosal antibodies may strengthen the communication between mucosal and systemic immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Giuliana Magri
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilie K Grasset
- The Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
- The Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain.
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Nguyen TG. Harnessing Newton’s third-law paradigm to treat autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammations. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:813-824. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Bhatia J, Sarin A, Wollina U, Lotti T, Navarini AA, Mueller SM, Grabbe S, Saloga J, Rokni GR, Goldust M. Review of biologics in allergic contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 83:179-181. [PMID: 32347968 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The resistant and recalcitrant nature of severe allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) makes its management challenging. With advances in the understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of ACD, newer therapeutic targets are becoming apparent. In particular, the use of biologics has gained momentum, given the specificity of their action. This article aims to review the presently available data on the use of biologics in ACD. English-language-based literature available on the use of biological therapy was thoroughly probed in the following databases as on October 14, 2019: PubMed, Google Scholar, The Cochrane library, Embase, Scopus, and EBSCO. The following keywords were used: "contact dermatitis", "allergens", "delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction", "biologics", "biological therapy", "monoclonal antibodies", "patch testing", "TNF-α inhibitors", "infliximab", "adalimumab", "etanercept", "dupilumab", "omalizumab", "secukinumab", "ustekinumab", "rituximab".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jushya Bhatia
- Department of Dermatology, Sarin Skin Solutions, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Sarin Skin Solutions, New Delhi, India
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torello Lotti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Studies Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology & Allergy, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Mueller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ghasem R Rokni
- Associate Professor of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Rome G. Marconi, Rome, Italy
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