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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. Deciphering the role of miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: Predictive targeting and pathway modulation - A systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102483. [PMID: 39236856 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a multifaceted neurodegenerative disorder, is increasingly understood through the regulatory lens of microRNAs (miRNAs). This review comprehensively examines the pivotal roles of miRNAs in AD pathogenesis, shedding light on their influence across various pathways. We delve into the biogenesis and mechanisms of miRNAs, emphasizing their significant roles in brain function and regulation. The review then navigates the complex landscape of AD pathogenesis, identifying key genetic, environmental, and molecular factors, with a focus on hallmark pathological features like amyloid-beta accumulation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Central to our discussion is the intricate involvement of miRNAs in these processes, highlighting their altered expression patterns in AD and subsequent functional implications, from amyloid-beta metabolism to tau pathology, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and synaptic dysfunction. The predictive analysis of miRNA targets using computational methods, complemented by experimental validations, forms a crucial part of our discourse, unraveling the contributions of specific miRNAs to AD. Moreover, we explore the therapeutic potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and in miRNA-based interventions, while addressing the challenges in translating these findings into clinical practice. This review aims to enhance understanding of miRNAs in AD, offering a foundation for future research directions and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- IIMT College of Pharmacy, IIMT Group of Colleges, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, USA.
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2
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Gomaa AA, Abdallah DM, El-Abhar HS, El-Mokadem BM. Repurposing Aprepitant: Can it protect against doxorubicin-induced Chemobrain beyond its antiemetic role? Life Sci 2024; 359:123210. [PMID: 39488263 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024]
Abstract
The substance P (SP) and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) axis is crucial in numerous pathological processes, including inflammation, stress responses, pain perception, and vomiting. Consequently, aprepitant, an NK-1R blocker, is used as an antiemetic in chemotherapy, including the use of doxorubicin (DOX), but whether aprepitant can also assuage DOX-mediated chemobrain remains to be unveiled. Here, we scrutinized the potential neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanisms of aprepitant using DOX-induced chemobrain model, where rats were allocated into 4 groups (control, aprepitant, DOX, and DOX+ aprepitant). Cognitive deficits were assessed through behavioral tests and hippocampal structural alterations were determined by H&E and toluidine blue staining. Biochemical measurements were performed using ELISA, real-time quantitative PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical methods. Aprepitant improved cognitive responses, and hippocampal morphology, enhancing the presence of intact neurons. At the molecular tier, aprepitant significantly reduced hippocampal contents of SP and the inflammatory markers NF-κB and IL-1β. Additionally, it signified its antioxidant and antiapoptotic capacities by downregulating cleaved caspase-3 protein expression and curbing the content of malondialdehyde but boosted those of glutathione and Bcl-2. Aprepitant also downregulated the expression of miR-146a and turned off the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress cascade PERK/eIF-2α/ATF-4/CHOP. To recapitulate, aprepitant demonstrates a neuroprotective effect against DOX-mediated chemobrain by alleviating inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic responses, partly by reducing SP, ER stress, and miR-146a. These findings not only underscore the potential of aprepitant as a neuroprotective agent but also offer new understanding of the mechanisms behind chemobrain, leading to better therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6(th) of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bassant M El-Mokadem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Chinese University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zhang SY, Zhang LY, Wen R, Yang N, Zhang TN. Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117295. [PMID: 39146765 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable research efforts, inflammatory diseases remain a heavy burden on human health, causing significant economic losses annually. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a significant role in regulating inflammation (via histone and non-histone protein deacetylation) and chromatin structure and gene expression regulation. Herein, we present a detailed description of the different HDACs and their functions and analyze the role of HDACs in inflammatory diseases, including pro-inflammatory cytokine production reduction, immune cell function modulation, and anti-inflammatory cell activity enhancement. Although HDAC inhibitors have shown broad inflammatory disease treatment potentials, their clinical applicability remains limited because of their non-specific effects, adverse effects, and drug resistance. With further research and insight, these inhibitors are expected to become important tools for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. This review aims to explore the mechanisms and application prospects of HDACs and their inhibitors in multiple inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ri Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
| | - Tie-Ning Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, PICU, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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Gharibi S, Moghimi B, Mahmoudi MB, Shahvazian E, Yazd EF, Yadegari M, Tahoori MT, Yazdanpanah E, Haghmorad D, Oksenych V. Dysregulation of miR-223, miR-146a, and miR-193a Expression Profile in Acute and Chronic Phases of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 Mice. Cells 2024; 13:1499. [PMID: 39273069 PMCID: PMC11393975 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease with an unknown etiology. The purpose of this research was to assess miR-223, miR-146a, and miR-193a in acute and chronic phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice to consider the possible role of these genes in the pathogenesis of MS. EAE induction was given by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide on female C57BL/6 mice. Clinical scores and other criteria were followed daily until day 21 for the acute group and day 77 for the chronic group. At the end of the course, inflammation and demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS) were assessed by histological analysis. MicroRNA expression levels were assessed by real-time PCR. EAE development attenuated in the chronic group, and histological analysis showed less infiltration and demyelination in the chronic group compared to the acute group. The upper expression of miR-223 is demonstrated in the acute phase of EAE. Moreover, the expression levels of miR-146a and miR-193a decreased in the chronic phase of EAE. MiR-223 showed a highly coordinated elevation in the acute phase both in vivo and in vitro. MiR-146a shares a pathway with miR-223 through effecting IL-6 expression. Further studies are needed to reveal their impact on EAE and possible applications as drug targets and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gharibi
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University 1 Gheringhap Street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Bahram Moghimi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | - Ehsan Farashahi Yazd
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Yadegari
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taher Tahoori
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Dariush Haghmorad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Al-Dahimavi S, Safaralizadeh R, Khalaj-Kondori M. Evaluating the Serum Level of ACTH and Investigating the Expression of miR-26a, miR-34a, miR-155-5p, and miR-146a in the Peripheral Blood Cells of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10909-z. [PMID: 39223335 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder affecting white and gray matter. This study aimed to investigate the association between clinical outcomes in MS patients and the levels of certain molecules in their serum, including ACTH, IL-17, and specific miRNAs: miR-26a, miR-34a, miR-155-5p, and miR-146a. Fifty healthy people and 75 blood samples from MS patients were selected. MS patients had higher expression levels of IL-17, miR-26a, miR-34a, and miR-146a compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in miR-155-5p expression between the two groups (p = 0.203). MS patients also had higher serum levels of ACTH compared to the normal population (p < 0.0001). In MS patients, there was a negative correlation between IL-17 and miR-155-5p expression levels (p = 0.048, r = - 0.229). Similarly, a significant negative correlation was observed between ACTH and miR-155-5p in the control group (p = 0.044, r = - 0.286). The study's analysis revealed no significant difference in the expression of miR-155-5p between MS patients and normal individuals; the study's examination revealed that the expression level of IL-17, miR-26a, miR-34a, and miR-146a was higher in MS patients than in normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Al-Dahimavi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Sharma M, Tanwar AK, Purohit PK, Pal P, Kumar D, Vaidya S, Prajapati SK, Kumar A, Dhama N, Kumar S, Gupta SK. Regulatory roles of microRNAs in modulating mitochondrial dynamics, amyloid beta fibrillation, microglial activation, and cholinergic signaling: Implications for alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105685. [PMID: 38670299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains a formidable challenge due to its complex pathology, notably involving mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) signaling. This study delves into the underexplored realm of miRNAs' impact on mitochondrial dynamics and their interplay with amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation and tau pathology in AD. Addressing identified gaps, our research utilizes advanced molecular techniques and AD models, alongside patient miRNA profiles, to uncover miRNAs pivotal in mitochondrial regulation. We illuminate novel miRNAs influencing mitochondrial dynamics, Aβ, and tau, offering insights into their mechanistic roles in AD progression. Our findings not only enhance understanding of AD's molecular underpinnings but also spotlight miRNAs as promising therapeutic targets. By elucidating miRNAs' roles in mitochondrial dysfunction and their interactions with hallmark AD pathologies, our work proposes innovative strategies for AD therapy, aiming to mitigate disease progression through targeted miRNA modulation. This contribution marks a significant step toward novel AD treatments, emphasizing the potential of miRNAs in addressing this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ankur Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Management, SVKM's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Shirpur Campus, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandeep Vaidya
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Aadesh Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Dhama
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sokindra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, USA.
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Gareev I, Beylerli O, Zhao B. MiRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Biomark Res 2024; 12:17. [PMID: 38308370 PMCID: PMC10835919 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke, most often occurring between the ages of 45 and 60. Hypertension is most often the cause of ICH. Less often, atherosclerosis, blood diseases, inflammatory changes in cerebral vessels, intoxication, vitamin deficiencies, and other reasons cause hemorrhages. Cerebral hemorrhage can occur by diapedesis or as a result of a ruptured vessel. This very dangerous disease is difficult to treat, requires surgery and can lead to disability or death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs (about 18-22 nucleotides) that are involved in a variety of biological processes including cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, etc., through gene repression. A growing number of studies have demonstrated miRNAs deregulation in various cardiovascular diseases, including ICH. In addition, given that computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are either not available or do not show clear signs of possible vessel rupture, accurate and reliable analysis of circulating miRNAs in biological fluids can help in early diagnosis for prevention of ICH and prognosis patient outcome after hemorrhage. In this review, we highlight the up-to-date findings on the deregulated miRNAs in ICH, and the potential use of miRNAs in clinical settings, such as therapeutic targets and non-invasive diagnostic/prognostic biomarker tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgiz Gareev
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, 450008, Russia
| | - Ozal Beylerli
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, 450008, Russia
| | - Boxian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
- Harbin Medical University No, 157, Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Geiger L, Orsi G, Cseh T, Gombos K, Illés Z, Czéh B. Circulating microRNAs correlate with structural and functional MRI parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1173212. [PMID: 37881368 PMCID: PMC10597671 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1173212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Circulating microRNAs are promising biomarkers for multiple sclerosis (MS). Our aim was to correlate serum microRNA levels with various magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters. Methods We recruited 50 MS patients and measured cervical spine and cerebral white matter lesions together with regional brain volumes. Microstructural changes in the white matter were investigated with diffusion tensor imaging. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to measure cerebral metabolites. Functional connectivity within the default mode network was examined with resting-state functional MRI. On the day of the MRI measurements, we collected serum samples and carried out quantitative analysis of ten pre-selected microRNAs using droplet digital PCR. Results Serum level of miR-143.3p could differentiate between MS subtypes and had lower levels in progressive MS types. We found significant associations between microRNA levels and MRI measures: (1) higher miR-92a.3p and miR-486.5p levels were associated with greater total white matter lesion volumes within the cervical spine, (2) decreased miR-142.5p levels was associated with reduced total creatinine concentration and (3) miR-92a.3p, miR-142.5p and miR-486.5p levels were associated with functional connectivity strengths between specific nodes of the default mode network. Specifically, we found a negative association between miR-92a.3p and miR-486.5p levels and connectivity strength between the lateral temporal cortex and posterior inferior parietal lobule, and a positive association between miR-142.5p level and connectivity strength between the retrosplenial cortex and temporal pole. However, miRNA levels were not associated with regional brain volumes. Conclusion We provide here further evidence that circulating microRNAs may show correlation with both structural and functional neuroimaging outcomes in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Geiger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Orsi
- HUN-REN-PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Cseh
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gombos
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Illés
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Lukiw WJ. MicroRNA (miRNA) Complexity in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:788. [PMID: 37372073 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
AD is a complex, progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disorder representing the most common cause of senile dementia and neurological dysfunction in our elderly domestic population. The widely observed heterogeneity of AD is a reflection of the complexity of the AD process itself and the altered molecular-genetic mechanisms operating in the diseased human brain and CNS. One of the key players in this complex regulation of gene expression in human pathological neurobiology are microRNAs (miRNAs) that, through their actions, shape the transcriptome of brain cells that normally associate with very high rates of genetic activity, gene transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) generation. The analysis of miRNA populations and the characterization of their abundance, speciation and complexity can further provide valuable clues to our molecular-genetic understanding of the AD process, especially in the sporadic forms of this common brain disorder. Current in-depth analyses of high-quality AD and age- and gender-matched control brain tissues are providing pathophysiological miRNA-based signatures of AD that can serve as a basis for expanding our mechanistic understanding of this disorder and the future design of miRNA- and related RNA-based therapeutics. This focused review will consolidate the findings from multiple laboratories as to which are the most abundant miRNA species, both free and exosome-bound in the human brain and CNS, which miRNA species appear to be the most prominently affected by the AD process and review recent developments and advancements in our understanding of the complexity of miRNA signaling in the hippocampal CA1 region of AD-affected brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Alchem Biotech Research, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Hubert A, Achour D, Grare C, Zarcone G, Muntaner M, Hamroun A, Gauthier V, Amouyel P, Matran R, Zerimech F, Lo-Guidice JM, Dauchet L. The relationship between residential exposure to atmospheric pollution and circulating miRNA in adults living in an urban area in northern France. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107913. [PMID: 37037173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MicroRNAs are epigenetic regulatory factors capable of silencing the expression of target genes and might mediate the effects of air pollution on health. The objective of the present population-based study was to investigate the association between microRNA expression and long-term, residential exposure to atmospheric PM10 and NO2. METHOD We included 998 non-smoking adult participants from the cross-sectional ELISABET survey (2010-2014) in the Lille urban area of France. The mean residential annual pollution levels were estimated with an atmospheric dispersion modelling system. Ten microRNAs were selected on the basis of the literature data, together with two housekeeping microRNAs (miR-93-5p and miR-191-5p) and were quantified with RT-qPCRs. Multivariate linear regression models were used to study the association between microRNAs and air pollution. The threshold for statistical significance (after correction for the FDR) was set to p < 0.1. RESULTS The mean annual exposure between 2011 and the year of inclusion was 26.4 ± 2.0 µg/m3 for PM10 and 24.7 ± 5.1 µg/m3 for NO2. Each 2 µg/m3 increment in PM10 exposure was associated with an 8.6% increment (95%CI [3.1; 14.3]; pFDR = 0.019) in miR-451a expression. A 5 µg/m3 increment in NO2 exposure was associated with a 5.3% increment ([0.7; 10]; pFDR = 0.056) in miR451a expression, a 3.6% decrement (95%CI [-6.1; -1.1]; pFDR = 0.052) in miR-223-3p expression, a 3.8% decrement (95%CI[-6.8; -0.7]; pFDR = 0.079) in miR-28-3p expression, a 4.3% decrement (95%CI [-7.7; -0.8]; pFDR = 0.055) in miR-146a-5p expression, and a 4.0% decrement (95% CI[-7.4; -0.4]; pFDR = 0.059) in miR-23a-5p expression. The difference between the two housekeeping microRNAs miR-93-5p and miR-191-5p was also associated with PM10 and NO2 exposure. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that circulating miRNAs are potentially valuable biomarkers of the effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hubert
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Djamal Achour
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Céline Grare
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Gianni Zarcone
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Manon Muntaner
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Aghiles Hamroun
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Victoria Gauthier
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Régis Matran
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Farid Zerimech
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Luc Dauchet
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Lukiw WJ, Pogue AI. Endogenous miRNA-Based Innate-Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Invasion of the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3363. [PMID: 36834773 PMCID: PMC9966119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, possesses an unusually large positive-sense, single-stranded viral RNA (ssvRNA) genome of about ~29,903 nucleotides (nt). In many respects, this ssvRNA resembles a very large, polycistronic messenger RNA (mRNA) possessing a 5'-methyl cap (m7GpppN), a 3'- and 5'-untranslated region (3'-UTR, 5'-UTR), and a poly-adenylated (poly-A+) tail. As such, the SARS-CoV-2 ssvRNA is susceptible to targeting by small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) and/or microRNA (miRNA), as well as neutralization and/or inhibition of its infectivity via the human body's natural complement of about ~2650 miRNA species. Depending on host cell and tissue type, in silico analysis, RNA sequencing, and molecular-genetic investigations indicate that, remarkably, almost every single human miRNA has the potential to interact with the primary sequence of SARS-CoV-2 ssvRNA. Individual human variation in host miRNA abundance, speciation, and complexity among different human populations and additional variability in the cell and tissue distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor (ACE2R) appear to further contribute to the molecular-genetic basis for the wide variation in individual host cell and tissue susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. In this paper, we review recently described aspects of the miRNA and ssvRNA ribonucleotide sequence structure in this highly evolved miRNA-ssvRNA recognition and signaling system and, for the first time, report the most abundant miRNAs in the control superior temporal lobe neocortex (STLN), an anatomical area involved in cognition and targeted by both SARS-CoV-2 invasion and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We further evaluate important factors involving the neurotropic nature of SARS-CoV-2 and miRNAs and ACE2R distribution in the STLN that modulate significant functional deficits in the brain and CNS associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19's long-term neurological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Alchem Biotech Research, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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12
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PRKCA Promotes Mitophagy through the miR-15a-5p/PDK4 Axis to Relieve Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0046522. [PMID: 36448837 PMCID: PMC9872609 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00465-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by sepsis is a common respiratory critical illness with high morbidity and mortality. Protein kinase C-alpha (PRKCA) plays a protective role in sepsis-induced ALI. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of PRKCA in ALI caused by sepsis is unclear. Animal and cell models of sepsis were established by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-surgery and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) treatment, respectively. Lentivirus transfection was used to overexpress PRKCA. H&E staining and lung injury in CLP-surgery mice were evaluated. Gene expression was evaluated using qPCR and Western blotting. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was examined using qPCR and ELISA. The expression of LC3 and TOM20 was evaluated using immunofluorescence assays. Cell apoptosis was assessed using a flow cytometry assay. The bond between miR-15a-5p and PDK4 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo and in vitro, PRKCA overexpression reduced lung injury to prompt mitophagy and inhibit the inflammatory response, ROS production, and cell apoptosis. miR-15a-5p was highly expressed in macrophages treated with LPS/IFN-γ and was negatively mediated by PRKCA. The overexpression of miR-15a-5p reduced the effects of PRKCA upregulation in macrophages. miR-15a-5p could restrain mitophagy in LPS/IFN-γ-treated macrophages by directly targeting PDK4. Furthermore, PDK4 knockdown reversed the inhibition of cell apoptosis and inflammatory factor release caused by miR-15a-5p silencing. The PRKCA/miR-15a-5p/PDK4 axis alleviated ALI caused by sepsis by promoting mitophagy and repressing anti-inflammatory response.
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13
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Mao S, Wu J, Yan J, Zhang W, Zhu F. Dysregulation of miR-146a: a causative factor in epilepsy pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1094709. [PMID: 37213914 PMCID: PMC10196196 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1094709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-146a is an NF-κB-dependent miRNA that acts as an anti-inflammatory miRNA via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway. miR-146a targets multiple genes and has been identified to directly or indirectly regulate processes other than inflammation, including intracellular Ca changes, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. miR-146a is an important regulator of gene expression in epilepsy development and progression. Furthermore, miR-146a-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) contribute to the genetic susceptibility to drug resistance and seizure severity in epilepsy patients. This study summarizes the abnormal expression patterns of miR-146a in different types and stages of epilepsy and its potential molecular regulation mechanism, indicating that miR-146a can be used as a novel biomarker for epilepsy diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Mao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinhan Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingkai Yan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Weijun Zhang
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- Feng Zhu
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14
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Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Aslani M. Dysregulated miRNAs network in the critical COVID-19: An important clue for uncontrolled immunothrombosis/thromboinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109040. [PMID: 35839566 PMCID: PMC9271492 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Known as a pivotal immunohemostatic response, immunothrombosis is activated to restrict the diffusion of pathogens. This beneficial intravascular defensive mechanism represents the close interaction between the immune and coagulation systems. However, its uncontrolled form can be life-threatening to patients with the critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hyperinflammation and ensuing cytokine storm underlie the activation of the coagulation system, something which results in the provocation of more immune-inflammatory responses by the thrombotic mediators. This vicious cycle causes grave clinical complications and higher risks of mortality. Classified as an evolutionarily conserved family of the small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) serve as the fine-tuners of genes expression and play a key role in balancing the pro/anticoagulant and pro-/anti-inflammatory factors maintaining homeostasis. Therefore, any deviation from their optimal expression levels or efficient functions can lead to severe complications. Despite their extensive effects on the molecules and processes involved in uncontrolled immunothrombosis, some genetic agents and uncontrolled immunothrombosis-induced interfering factors (e.g., miRNA-single nucleotide polymorphysms (miR-SNPs), the complement system components, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) have apparently disrupted their expressions/functions. This review study aims to give an overview of the role of miRNAs in the context of uncontrolled immunothrombosis/thromboinflammation accompanied by some presumptive interfering factors affecting their expressions/functions in the critical COVID-19. Detecting, monitoring, and resolving these interfering agents mafy facilitate the design and development of the novel miRNAs-based therapeutic approaches to the reduction of complications incidence and mortality in patients with the critical COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Shahabeddin Mortazavi-Jahromi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.
| | - Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Lukiw WJ. NF-kB (p50/p65)-Mediated Pro-Inflammatory microRNA (miRNA) Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:943492. [PMID: 35836546 PMCID: PMC9274251 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.943492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Walter J. Lukiw
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16
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Fan Z, Bin L. Will Sirtuin 2 Be a Promising Target for Neuroinflammatory Disorders? Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:915587. [PMID: 35813508 PMCID: PMC9256990 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.915587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory disorder is a general term that is associated with the progressive loss of neuronal structure or function. At present, the widely studied diseases with neuroinflammatory components are mainly divided into neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, namely, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, depression, stroke, and so on. An appropriate neuroinflammatory response can promote brain homeostasis, while excessive neuroinflammation can inhibit neuronal regeneration and damage the central nervous system. Apart from the symptomatic treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors, antidepressants/anxiolytics, and neuroprotective drugs, the treatment of neuroinflammation is a promising therapeutic method. Sirtuins are a host of class III histone deacetylases, that require nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for their lysine residue deacetylase activity. The role of sirtuin 2 (SIRT2), one of the sirtuins, in modulating senescence, myelin formation, autophagy, and inflammation has been widely studied. SIRT2 is associated with many neuroinflammatory disorders considering it has deacetylation properties, that regulate the entire immune homeostasis. The aim of this review was to summarize the latest progress in regulating the effects of SIRT2 on immune homeostasis in neuroinflammatory disorders. The overall structure and catalytic properties of SIRT2, the selective inhibitors of SIRT2, the relationship between immune homeostasis and SIRT2, and the multitasking role of SIRT2 in several diseases with neuroinflammatory components were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Basic Research With Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) on Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of TCM, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Acupuncture Neuromodulation, Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of TCM, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Bin,
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17
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Ehtewish H, Arredouani A, El-Agnaf O. Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Mechanistic Biomarkers of Diabetes Mellitus-Associated Cognitive Decline. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6144. [PMID: 35682821 PMCID: PMC9181591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunctions such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other forms of dementia are recognized as common comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies or definitive clinical diagnostic and prognostic tools for dementia, and the mechanisms underpinning the link between T2DM and cognitive dysfunction remain equivocal. Some of the suggested pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in diabetes patients include hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and altered insulin signaling, neuroinflammation, cerebral microvascular injury, and buildup of cerebral amyloid and tau proteins. Given the skyrocketing global rates of diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders, there is an urgent need to discover novel biomarkers relevant to the co-morbidity of both conditions to guide future diagnostic approaches. This review aims to provide a comprehensive background of the potential risk factors, the identified biomarkers of diabetes-related cognitive decrements, and the underlying processes of diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction. Aging, poor glycemic control, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemic episodes, depression, and vascular complications are associated with increased risk of dementia. Conclusive research studies that have attempted to find specific biomarkers are limited. However, the most frequent considerations in such investigations are related to C reactive protein, tau protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, advanced glycation end products, glycosylated hemoglobin, and adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Ehtewish
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar;
| | - Abdelilah Arredouani
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar;
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Omar El-Agnaf
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS), College of Health & Life Sciences (CHLS), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar;
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha 34110, Qatar
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18
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Lukiw WJ. Fission Impossible: Stabilized miRNA-Based Analogs in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:875957. [PMID: 35592255 PMCID: PMC9111010 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.875957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- *Correspondence: Walter J. Lukiw
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19
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Aslani M, Mortazavi-Jahromi SS, Mirshafiey A. Cytokine storm in the pathophysiology of COVID-19: Possible functional disturbances of miRNAs. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108172. [PMID: 34601331 PMCID: PMC8452524 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19, is an enveloped positives-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Beta-CoVs sub-family. A sophisticated hyper-inflammatory reaction named cytokine storm is occurred in patients with severe/critical COVID-19, following an imbalance in immune-inflammatory processes and inhibition of antiviral responses by SARS-CoV-2, which leads to pulmonary failure, ARDS, and death. The miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs with an average length of 22 nucleotides which play various roles as one of the main modulators of genes expression and maintenance of immune system homeostasis. Recent evidence has shown that Homo sapiens (hsa)-miRNAs have the potential to work in three pivotal areas including targeting the virus genome, regulating the inflammatory signaling pathways, and reinforcing the production/signaling of IFNs-I. However, it seems that several SARS-CoV-2-induced interfering agents such as viral (v)-miRNAs, cytokine content, competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), etc. preclude efficient function of hsa-miRNAs in severe/critical COVID-19. This subsequently leads to increased virus replication, intense inflammatory processes, and secondary complications development. In this review article, we provide an overview of hsa-miRNAs roles in viral genome targeting, inflammatory pathways modulation, and IFNs responses amplification in severe/critical COVID-19 accompanied by probable interventional factors and their function. Identification and monitoring of these interventional elements can help us in designing the miRNAs-based therapy for the reduction of complications/mortality rate in patients with severe/critical forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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