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Raveney BJE, El‐Darawish Y, Sato W, Arinuma Y, Yamaoka K, Hori S, Yamamura T, Oki S. Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) expression distinguishes self-reactive helper T cells in systemic autoimmune disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15864. [PMID: 36069030 PMCID: PMC9549730 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic T helper cells (Th cells) that respond to self-antigen cannot be easily distinguished from beneficial Th cells. These cells can generate systemic autoimmune disease in response to widely expressed self-antigens. In this study, we have identified neuropilin-1 (NRP1) as a cell surface marker of self-reactive Th cells. NRP1+ Th cells, absent in non-regulatory T cell subsets in normal mice, appeared in models of systemic autoimmune disease and strongly correlated with disease symptoms. NRP1+ Th cells were greatly reduced in Nr4a2 cKO mice, which have reduced self-reactive responses but showed normal responses against exogenous antigens. Transfer of NRP1+ Th cells was sufficient to initiate or accelerate systemic autoimmune disease, and targeting NRP1-expressing Th cells therapeutically ameliorated SLE-like autoimmune symptoms in BXSB-Yaa mice. Peripheral NRP1+ Th cells were significantly increased in human SLE patients. Our data suggest that self-reactive Th cells can be phenotypically distinguished within the Th cell pool. These findings offer a novel approach to identify self-reactive Th cells and target them to treat systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben JE Raveney
- Department of ImmunologyNational Institute of NeuroscienceTokyoJapan
| | - Yosif El‐Darawish
- Department of ImmunologyNational Institute of NeuroscienceTokyoJapan
| | - Wakiro Sato
- Department of ImmunologyNational Institute of NeuroscienceTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiyuki Arinuma
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious DiseasesKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Kunihiro Yamaoka
- Department of Rheumatology and Infectious DiseasesKitasato University School of MedicineSagamiharaJapan
| | - Shohei Hori
- Laboratory for Immunology and MicrobiologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Department of ImmunologyNational Institute of NeuroscienceTokyoJapan
| | - Shinji Oki
- Department of ImmunologyNational Institute of NeuroscienceTokyoJapan
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2
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Chapoval SP, Keegan AD. Perspectives and potential approaches for targeting neuropilin 1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mol Med 2021; 27:162. [PMID: 34961486 PMCID: PMC8711287 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel type b coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. With over 224 million confirmed infections with this virus and more than 4.6 million people dead because of it, it is critically important to define the immunological processes occurring in the human response to this virus and pathogenetic mechanisms of its deadly manifestation. This perspective focuses on the contribution of the recently discovered interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with neuropilin 1 (NRP1) receptor, NRP1 as a virus entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, its role in different physiologic and pathologic conditions, and the potential to target the Spike-NRP1 interaction to combat virus infectivity and severe disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Program in Oncology at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- SemaPlex LLC, Ellicott City, MD, USA.
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Oncology at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Xie Y, Xie F, Zhang L, Zhou X, Huang J, Wang F, Jin J, Zhang L, Zeng L, Zhou F. Targeted Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy Using Tumor Infiltrating Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101672. [PMID: 34658167 PMCID: PMC8596143 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, T cells, B cells, and many other cells play important and distinct roles in anti-tumor immunotherapy. Although the immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive cell transfer can elicit durable clinical responses, only a few patients benefit from these therapies. Increased understanding of tumor-infiltrating immune cells can provide novel therapies and drugs that induce a highly specific anti-tumor immune response to certain groups of patients. Herein, the recent research progress on tumor-infiltrating B cells and T cells, including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and exhausted T cells and their role in anti-tumor immunity, is summarized. Moreover, several anti-tumor therapy approaches are discussed based on different immune cells and their prospects for future applications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xie
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhou310015China
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Feng Xie
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityRui'an325200China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jun Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Fangwei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Jin Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Long Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhou310015China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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4
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Gaddis DE, Padgett LE, Wu R, Hedrick CC. Neuropilin-1 Expression on CD4 T Cells Is Atherogenic and Facilitates T Cell Migration to the Aorta in Atherosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3237-3246. [PMID: 31740486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) is a type I transmembrane protein that plays important roles in axonal guidance, neuronal development, and angiogenesis. Nrp1 also helps migrate thymus-derived regulatory T cells to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-producing tumors. However, little is known about the role of Nrp1 on CD4 T cells in atherosclerosis. In ApoE-/- mice fed a Western diet for 15 wk, we found a 2-fold increase in Nrp1+Foxp3- CD4 T cells in their spleens, periaortic lymph nodes, and aortas, compared with chow-fed mice. Nrp1+Foxp3- CD4 T cells had higher proliferation potential, expressed higher levels of the memory marker CD44, and produced more IFN-γ when compared with Nrp1- CD4 T cells. Treatment of CD4 T cells with oxLDL increased Nrp1 expression. Furthermore, atherosclerosis-susceptible mice selectively deficient for Nrp1 expression on T cells developed less atherosclerosis than their Nrp1-sufficient counterparts. Mechanistically, we found that CD4 T cells that express Nrp1 have an increased capacity to migrate to the aorta and periaortic lymph nodes compared to Nrp1- T cells, suggesting that the expression of Nrp1 facilitates the recruitment of CD4 T cells into the aorta where they can be pathogenic. Thus, we have identified a novel role of Nrp1 on CD4 T cells in atherosclerosis. These results suggest that manipulation of Nrp1 expression on T cells can affect the outcome of atherosclerosis and lower disease incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E Gaddis
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lindsey E Padgett
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Runpei Wu
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Torres-Salido MT, Sanchis M, Solé C, Moliné T, Vidal M, Vidal X, Solà A, Hotter G, Ordi-Ros J, Cortés-Hernández J. Urinary Neuropilin-1: A Predictive Biomarker for Renal Outcome in Lupus Nephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184601. [PMID: 31533337 PMCID: PMC6769814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, Lupus Nephritis (LN) is still awaiting a biomarker to better monitor disease activity, guide clinical treatment, and predict a patient’s long-term outcome. In the last decade, novel biomarkers have been identified to monitor the disease, but none have been incorporated into clinical practice. The transmembrane receptor neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is highly expressed by mesangial cells and its genetic deletion results in proteinuric disease and glomerulosclerosis. NRP-1 is increased in kidney biopsies of LN. In this work we were interested in determining whether urinary NRP-1 levels could be a biomarker of clinical response in LN. Our results show that patients with active LN have increased levels of urinary NRP-1. When patients were divided according to clinical response, responders displayed higher urinary and tissue NRP-1 levels at the time of renal biopsy. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve, comparing baseline creatinine, proteinuria, urinary NRP-1, and VEGFA protein levels, showed NRP-1 to be an independent predictor for clinical response. In addition, in vitro studies suggest that NRP-1could promote renal recovery through endothelial proliferation and migration, mesangial migration and local T cell cytotoxicity. Based on these results, NRP-1 may be used as an early prognostic biomarker in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mireia Sanchis
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Rheumatology research group, Lupus Unit, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Solé
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Rheumatology research group, Lupus Unit, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moliné
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Department of Renal Pathology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Vidal
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Department of Renal Pathology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Vidal
- Clinical Pharmacology Service, Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Fundació Institut Català de Farmacologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anna Solà
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Georgina Hotter
- Department of Experimental Pathology, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Ordi-Ros
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Rheumatology research group, Lupus Unit, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josefina Cortés-Hernández
- Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Rheumatology research group, Lupus Unit, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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Fedorczyk B, Lipiński PFJ, Puszko AK, Tymecka D, Wilenska B, Dudka W, Perret GY, Wieczorek R, Misicka A. Triazolopeptides Inhibiting the Interaction between Neuropilin-1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-165. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091756. [PMID: 31064153 PMCID: PMC6539594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the interaction of neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has become an interesting mechanism for potential anticancer therapies. In our previous works, we have obtained several submicromolar inhibitors of this interaction, including branched pentapeptides of general structure Lys(Har)-Xxx-Xxx-Arg. With the intent to improve the proteolytic stability of our inhibitors, we turned our attention to 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles as peptide bond isosteres. In the present contribution, we report the synthesis of 23 novel triazolopeptides along with their inhibitory activity. The compounds were synthesized using typical peptide chemistry methods, but with a conversion of amine into azide completely on solid support. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized derivatives spans from 9.2% to 58.1% at 10 μM concentration (the best compound Lys(Har)-GlyΨ[Trl]GlyΨ[Trl]Arg, 3, IC50 = 8.39 μM). Synthesized peptidotriazoles were tested for stability in human plasma and showed remarkable resistance toward proteolysis, with half-life times far exceeding 48 h. In vitro cell survival test resulted in no significant impact on bone marrow derived murine cells 32D viability. By means of molecular dynamics, we were able to propose a binding mode for compound 3 and discuss the observed structure–activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna K Puszko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Tymecka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Beata Wilenska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wioleta Dudka
- Laboratory of Cytometry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gerard Y Perret
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U1125, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France.
| | - Rafal Wieczorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Misicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Neuropeptides, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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7
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Bartosińska J, Michalak-Stoma A, Kowal M, Raczkiewicz D, Krasowska D, Chodorowska G, Giannopoulos K. Analysis of circulating soluble programmed death 1 (PD-1), neuropilin 1 (NRP-1) and human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) in psoriatic patients. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:167-172. [PMID: 31320849 PMCID: PMC6627263 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.73329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating soluble programmed death 1 (PD-1), neuropilin 1 (NRP-1) and human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) take part in modulating immune tolerance causing disturbances in the molecular mechanisms responsible for maintenance of balance between effector and regulatory components of the immune system. Since their cell-surface expression levels were found to be changed in lesional and/or non-lesional skin of psoriatic patients, analysis of soluble PD-1, NRP-1 and HLA-G concentrations sheds more light on their role in detecting unbalanced immune tolerance in psoriasis. AIM To assess soluble PD-1, NRP-1 and HLA-G concentrations in psoriasis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 57 psoriatic patients and 29 controls. Duration of psoriasis was in the range 1 to 55 years; the median was 19 years. The plasma concentrations of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G), soluble NRP-1 (sNRP-1) and soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) were examined using the ELISA method. Severity of the skin lesions was assessed by means of Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), body surface area (BSA) and Physician Global Assessment (PGA). RESULTS Psoriasis Area Severity Index in the studied group was in the range 3 to 43; the median was 12. Body surface area was in the range 2-75%; the median was 15%. The median value of PGA was 3. Soluble NRP concentration was significantly higher in the psoriatic patients (median: 1.59 pg/ml; range: 0.67-2.62 pg/ml) than in the control group (median: 1.35 pg/ml; range: 0.05-2.61 pg/ml) (p = 0.010). Soluble PD-1 and sHLA-G concentrations were not significantly different between the studied and control groups (p = 0.094 and p = 0.482, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Increased concentrations of sNRP-1 and unchanged values of sHLA-G and sPD-1 concentrations may be indicative of impaired immune tolerance mechanisms in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bartosińska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalak-Stoma
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kowal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Raczkiewicz
- Institute of Statistics and Demography, Warsaw School of Economics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chodorowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Paediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Giannopoulos
- Experimental Hematooncology Department, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Hematology Department, St John’s Cancer Center, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Niland S, Eble JA. Neuropilins in the Context of Tumor Vasculature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030639. [PMID: 30717262 PMCID: PMC6387129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 form a small family of plasma membrane spanning receptors originally identified by the binding of semaphorin and vascular endothelial growth factor. Having no cytosolic protein kinase domain, they function predominantly as co-receptors of other receptors for various ligands. As such, they critically modulate the signaling of various receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, and other molecules involved in the regulation of physiological and pathological angiogenic processes. This review highlights the diverse neuropilin ligands and interacting partners on endothelial cells, which are relevant in the context of the tumor vasculature and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to tumor cells, the latter contains cancer-associated fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. Based on the prevalent neuropilin-mediated interactions, the suitability of various neuropilin-targeted substances for influencing tumor angiogenesis as a possible building block of a tumor therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Niland
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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9
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Kessel A, Lin C, Vadasz Z, Peri R, Eiza N, Berkowitz D. The association between semaphorin 3A levels and gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease. Clin Immunol 2017; 184:73-76. [PMID: 28502679 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disease affecting the small intestine. We aim to assess serum level and expression of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) on T regulatory (Treg) cells in CD patients. Twenty-six newly diagnosed celiac patients, 13 celiac patients on a gluten-free diet and 16 healthy controls included in the study. Sema3A protein level in the serum of celiac patients was significantly higher compared to healthy group (7.17±1.8ng/ml vs. 5.67±1.5ng/ml, p=0.012). Sema3A expression on Treg cells was statistically lower in celiac patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.009) and significantly lower in celiac patients compared to celiac patients on gluten free diet (p=0.04). Negative correlation was found between Sema3A on Teg cells and the level of IgA anti-tTG antibodies (r=-0.346, p<0.01) and anti-DGP (r=-0.448, p<0.01). This study suggests involvement of the Sema3A in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Kessel
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Chen Lin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zahava Vadasz
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Regina Peri
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nasren Eiza
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Drora Berkowitz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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10
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Zhang D, Chen Z, Wang DC, Wang X. Regulatory T cells and potential inmmunotherapeutic targets in lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016; 34:277-90. [PMID: 25962964 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer and metastasis are two of the most lethal diseases globally and seldom have effective therapies. Immunotherapy is considered as one of the powerful alternatives. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress the activation of the immune system, maintain immune tolerance to self-antigens, and contribute to immunosuppression of antitumor immunity, which is critical for tumor immune evasion in epithelial malignancies, including lung cancer. The present review gives an overview of the biological functions and regulations of Tregs associated with the development of lung cancer and metastasis and explores the potentials of Treg-oriented therapeutic targets. Subsets and features of Tregs mainly include naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) (CD4(+) nTregs and CD8(+) nTregs) and adaptive/induced Tregs (CD4(+) iTregs and CD8(+) iTregs). Tregs, especially in circulation or regional lymph nodes, play an important role in the progress and metastasis of lung cancer and are considered as therapeutic targets and biomarkers to predict the survival length and recurrence of lung cancer. Increasing understanding of Tregs' functional mechanisms will lead to a number of clinical trials on the discovery and development of Treg-oriented new therapies. Tregs play important roles in lung cancer and metastasis, and the understanding of Tregs becomes more critical for clinical applications and therapies. Thus, Tregs and associated factors can be potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- Minhang Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Shanghai, China
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11
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Liberal R, Grant CR, Longhi MS, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. Regulatory T cells: Mechanisms of suppression and impairment in autoimmune liver disease. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:88-97. [PMID: 25850692 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are three classic liver diseases with probable autoimmune etiology: primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. The occurrence of these autoimmune conditions is determined by the breakdown of immune-regulatory mechanisms that in health are responsible for maintaining immunological tolerance against self-antigens. Among the multiple T cell subsets with suppressive function, the regulatory T cells (Tregs), defined by the expression of CD4, the IL-2 receptor α chain (CD25), and the transcription factor FOXP3, have emerged as having a central role in maintaining immune-tolerance to autoantigens. Tregs are equipped with an array of mechanisms of suppression, including the modulation of antigen presenting cell maturation and function, the killing of target cells, the disruption of metabolic pathways, and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In all the three autoimmune liver diseases mentioned above, there is evidence pointing for either a reduced frequency and/or function of Tregs. Here, we review the definition, phenotypic characteristics, and mechanisms of suppression employed by Tregs and then we discuss the evidence available pointing to their impairment in patients with autoimmune liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Liberal
- Institute of Liver Studies and Paediatric Liver, GI & Nutrition Centre, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, London, UK
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12
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Chaudhary B, Khaled YS, Ammori BJ, Elkord E. Neuropilin 1: function and therapeutic potential in cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:81-99. [PMID: 24263240 PMCID: PMC11028473 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-013-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 (NRP1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that acts as a co-receptor for a number of extracellular ligands including class III/IV semaphorins, certain isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor and transforming growth factor beta. An exact understanding of the role of NRP1 in the immune system has been obscured by the differences in NRP1 expression observed between mice and humans. In mice, NRP1 is selectively expressed on thymic-derived Tregs and greatly enhances immunosuppressive function. In humans, NRP1 is expressed on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) where it aids in priming immune responses and on a subset of T regulatory cells (Tregs) isolated from secondary lymph nodes. Preliminary studies that show NRP1 expression on T cells confers enhanced immunosuppressive activity. However, the mechanism by which this activity is mediated remains unclear. NRP1 expression has also been identified on activated T cells and Tregs isolated from inflammatory microenvironments, suggesting NRP1 might represent a novel T cell activation marker. Of clinical interest, NRP1 may enhance Treg tumour infiltration and a decrease in NRP1+ Tregs correlates with successful chemotherapy, suggesting a specific role for NRP1 in cancer pathology. As a therapeutic target, NRP1 allows simultaneous targeting of NRP1-expressing tumour vasculature, NRP1+ Tregs and pDCs. With the development of anti-NRP1 monoclonal antibodies and cell-penetrating peptides, NRP1 represents a promising new target for cancer therapies. This paper reviews current knowledge on the role and function of NRP1 in Tregs and pDCs, both in physiological and cancer settings, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Chaudhary
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, The Crescent, Peel Building G25, Manchester, M5 4WT UK
| | - Yazan S. Khaled
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, The Crescent, Peel Building G25, Manchester, M5 4WT UK
- Institutes of Cancer, Inflammation & Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Basil J. Ammori
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, The Crescent, Peel Building G25, Manchester, M5 4WT UK
- Institutes of Cancer, Inflammation & Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, The Crescent, Peel Building G25, Manchester, M5 4WT UK
- Institutes of Cancer, Inflammation & Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Stimulation of MMP-1 and CCL2 by NAMPT in PDL cells. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:437123. [PMID: 24058270 PMCID: PMC3766615 DOI: 10.1155/2013/437123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms and characterized by the destruction of the periodontium. Obese individuals have an increased risk of periodontitis, and elevated circulating levels of adipokines, such as nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), may be a pathomechanistic link between both diseases. The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the regulation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells by NAMPT and its production under inflammatory and infectious conditions. NAMPT caused a significant upregulation of 9 genes and downregulation of 3 genes, as analyzed by microarray analysis. Eight of these genes could be confirmed by real-time PCR: NAMPT induced a significant upregulation of EGR1, MMP-1, SYT7, ITPKA, CCL2, NTM, IGF2BP3, and NRP1. NAMPT also increased significantly the MMP-1 and CCL2 protein synthesis. NAMPT was significantly induced by interleukin-1β and the periodontal microorganism P. gingivalis. NAMPT may contribute to periodontitis through upregulation of MMP-1 and CCL2 in PDL cells. Increased NAMPT levels, as found in obesity, may therefore represent a mechanism whereby obesity could confer an increased risk of periodontitis. Furthermore, microbial and inflammatory signals may enhance the NAMPT synthesis in PDL cells and thereby contribute to the increased gingival and serum levels of this adipokine, as found in periodontitis.
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Reilkoff RA, Peng H, Murray LA, Peng X, Russell T, Montgomery R, Feghali-Bostwick C, Shaw A, Homer RJ, Gulati M, Mathur A, Elias JA, Herzog EL. Semaphorin 7a+ regulatory T cells are associated with progressive idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and are implicated in transforming growth factor-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 187:180-8. [PMID: 23220917 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201206-1109oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Lymphocytes are increasingly associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Semaphorin 7a (Sema 7a) participates in lymphocyte activation. OBJECTIVES To define the relationship between Sema 7a and lymphocytes in IPF. METHODS We characterized the significance of Sema 7a+ lymphocytes in humans with IPF and in a mouse model of lung fibrosis caused by lung-targeted, transgenic overexpression of TGF-β1. We determined the site of Sema 7a expression in human and murine lungs and circulation and used adoptive transfer approaches to define the relevance of lymphocytes coexpressing Sema7a and the markers CD19, CD4, or CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ in TGF-β1-induced murine lung fibrosis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Subjects with IPF show expression of Sema 7a on lung CD4+ cells and circulating CD4+ or CD19+ cells. Sema 7a expression is increased on CD4+ cells and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, but not CD19+ cells, in subjects with progressive IPF. Sema 7a is expressed on lymphocytes expressing CD4 but not CD19 in the lungs and spleen of TGF-β1-transgenic mice. Sema 7a expressing bone marrow-derived cells induce lung fibrosis and alter the production of T-cell mediators, including IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A, and IL-10. These effects require CD4 but not CD19. In comparison to Sema 7a-CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells, Sema7a+CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ cells exhibit reduced expression of regulatory genes such as IL-10, and adoptive transfer of these cells induces fibrosis and remodeling in the TGF-β1-exposed murine lung. CONCLUSIONS Sema 7a+CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are associated with disease progression in subjects with IPF and induce fibrosis in the TGF-β1-exposed murine lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Reilkoff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hansen W, Hutzler M, Abel S, Alter C, Stockmann C, Kliche S, Albert J, Sparwasser T, Sakaguchi S, Westendorf AM, Schadendorf D, Buer J, Helfrich I. Neuropilin 1 deficiency on CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells impairs mouse melanoma growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2001-16. [PMID: 23045606 PMCID: PMC3478934 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilin 1 mediates anti-tumor control by promoting regulatory T cell infiltration. Infiltration of Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells is considered to be a critical step during tumor development and progression. T reg cells supposedly suppress locally an effective anti-tumor immune response within tumor tissues, although the precise mechanism by which T reg cells infiltrate the tumor is still unclear. We provide evidence that Neuropilin 1 (Nrp-1), highly expressed by Foxp3+ T reg cells, regulates the immunological anti-tumor control by guiding T reg cells into the tumor in response to tumor-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We demonstrate for the first time that T cell–specific ablation of Nrp-1 expression results in a significant breakdown in tumor immune escape in various transplantation models and in a spontaneous, endogenously driven melanoma model associated with strongly reduced tumor growth and prolonged tumor-free survival. Strikingly, numbers of tumor-infiltrating Foxp3+ T reg cells were significantly reduced accompanied by enhanced activation of CD8+ T cells within tumors of T cell–specific Nrp-1–deficient mice. This phenotype can be reversed by adoptive transfer of Nrp-1+ T reg cells from wild-type mice. Thus, our data strongly suggest that Nrp-1 acts as a key mediator of Foxp3+ T reg cell infiltration into the tumor site resulting in a dampened anti-tumor immune response and enhanced tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hansen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Vadasz Z, Haj T, Halasz K, Rosner I, Slobodin G, Attias D, Kessel A, Kessler O, Neufeld G, Toubi E. Semaphorin 3A is a marker for disease activity and a potential immunoregulator in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R146. [PMID: 22697500 PMCID: PMC3446531 DOI: 10.1186/ar3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) and neuropilin-1 (NP-1) play a regulatory role in immune responses and have a demonstrated effect on the course of collagen induced arthritis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of sema3A and NP-1 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the specific effect of sema3A on the auto-reactive properties of B cells in SLE patients. Methods Thirty two SLE and 24 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were assessed and compared with 40 normal individuals. Sema3A serum levels were measured and correlated with SLE disease activity. The in vitro effect of sema3A in reducing Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) expression in B cells of SLE patients was evaluated. Results Sema3A serum levels in SLE patients were found to be significantly lower than in RA patients (55.04 ± 16.30 ng/ml versus 65.54 ± 14.82 ng/ml, P = 0.018) and lower yet than in normal individuals (55.04 ± 16.30 ng/ml versus 74.41 ± 17.60 ng/ml, P < 0.0001). Altered serum sema3A levels were found to be in inverse correlation with SLE disease activity, mainly with renal damage. The expression of both sema3A and NP-1 on B cells from SLE patients was significantly different in comparison with normal healthy individuals. Finally, when sema3A was co-cultured with cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN)-stimulated B cells of SLE patients, their TLR-9 expression was significantly reduced, by almost 50% (P = 0.001). Conclusions This is the first study in which a reduced serum level of sema3A was found in association with SLE disease activity. It also raises the possibility that sema3A may have a regulatory function in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahava Vadasz
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa-31048, Israel
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Saban MR, Davis CA, Avelino A, Cruz F, Maier J, Bjorling DE, Sferra TJ, Hurst RE, Saban R. VEGF signaling mediates bladder neuroplasticity and inflammation in response to BCG. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 11:16. [PMID: 22059553 PMCID: PMC3226567 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-11-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background This work tests the hypothesis that increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) observed during bladder inflammation modulates nerve plasticity. Methods Chronic inflammation was induced by intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) into the urinary bladder and the density of nerves expressing the transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) or pan-neuronal marker PGP9.5 was used to quantify alterations in peripheral nerve plasticity. Some mice were treated with B20, a VEGF neutralizing antibody to reduce the participation of VEGF. Additional mice were treated systemically with antibodies engineered to specifically block the binding of VEGF to NRP1 (anti-NRP1B) and NRP2 (NRP2B), or the binding of semaphorins to NRP1 (anti-NRP1 A) to diminish activity of axon guidance molecules such as neuropilins (NRPs) and semaphorins (SEMAs). To confirm that VEGF is capable of inducing inflammation and neuronal plasticity, another group of mice was instilled with recombinant VEGF165 or VEGF121 into the urinary bladder. Results The major finding of this work was that chronic BCG instillation resulted in inflammation and an overwhelming increase in both PGP9.5 and TRPV1 immunoreactivity, primarily in the sub-urothelium of the urinary bladder. Treatment of mice with anti-VEGF neutralizing antibody (B20) abolished the effect of BCG on inflammation and nerve density. NRP1A and NRP1B antibodies, known to reduce BCG-induced inflammation, failed to block BCG-induced increase in nerve fibers. However, the NRP2B antibody dramatically potentiated the effects of BCG in increasing PGP9.5-, TRPV1-, substance P (SP)-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactivity (IR). Finally, instillation of VEGF121 or VEGF165 into the mouse bladder recapitulated the effects of BCG and resulted in a significant inflammation and increase in nerve density. Conclusions For the first time, evidence is being presented supporting that chronic BCG instillation into the mouse bladder promotes a significant increase in peripheral nerve density that was mimicked by VEGF instillation. Effects of BCG were abolished by pre-treatment with neutralizing VEGF antibody. The present results implicate the VEGF pathway as a key modulator of inflammation and nerve plasticity, introduces a new animal model for investigation of VEGF-induced nerve plasticity, and suggests putative mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Tugues S, Koch S, Gualandi L, Li X, Claesson-Welsh L. Vascular endothelial growth factors and receptors: anti-angiogenic therapy in the treatment of cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 32:88-111. [PMID: 21565214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are critical regulators of vascular and lymphatic function during development, in health and in disease. There are five mammalian VEGF ligands and three VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases. In addition, several VEGF co-receptors that lack intrinsic catalytic activity, but that indirectly modulate the responsiveness to VEGF contribute to the final biological effect. This review describes the molecular features of VEGFs, VEGFRs and co-receptors with focus on their role in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sònia Tugues
- Uppsala University, Dept. of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Dag Hammarskjöldsv. 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Tran-Van H, Avota E, Börtlein C, Mueller N, Schneider-Schaulies S. Measles virus modulates dendritic cell/T-cell communication at the level of plexinA1/neuropilin-1 recruitment and activity. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:151-63. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Saban MR, Sferra TJ, Davis CA, Simpson C, Allen A, Maier J, Fowler B, Knowlton N, Birder L, Wu XR, Saban R. Neuropilin-VEGF signaling pathway acts as a key modulator of vascular, lymphatic, and inflammatory cell responses of the bladder to intravesical BCG treatment. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F1245-56. [PMID: 20861073 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00352.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that VEGF receptors and coreceptors (neuropilins; NRP) are expressed on nonendothelial cells in human bladder urothelium, in one human bladder cancer cell line (J82), and in the mouse bladder urothelium. In addition, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, NRP1, and NRP2 expressions were upregulated in animal models of chronic bladder inflammation induced by four weekly instillations of protease-activated receptors (PAR)-activating peptides or bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) into the mouse bladder. Here, we used four weekly instillations of BCG as a model for chronic bladder inflammation to further investigate whether VEGF receptors and NRPs play a role in the migration of inflammatory cells and inflammation-induced lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. For this purpose, we used neutralizing antibodies that were engineered to specifically block the binding of VEGF to NRP (anti-NRP1(B)) and the binding of semaphorins to NRP (anti-NRP1(A)). C57BL/6 mice received intraperitoneal injections of PBS, anti-NRP1(A)- or anti-NRP1(B)-neutralizing antibodies and then were challenged chronically with intravesical PBS or BCG. At the end of chronic challenge period, a fluorescent internalizable tracer, scVEGF/Cy5.5, was administered to all mice and near-infrared fluorescence images were obtained in vivo and in real time. BCG increased the overall accumulation of scVEGF/Cy5.5 in the urinary bladder urothelium and inflammatory cells. In addition, BCG increased the density of blood and lymphatic vessels concomitantly with an upregulation of NRP2 expression in lymphatic vessels. Treatment of the mice with NRP1-neutralizing antibodies dramatically reduced scVEGF/Cy5.5 uptake, polymorphonuclear (myeloperoxidase-positive cells) and dendritic cell (CD11c-positive cells) infiltration, and decreased the overall density of BCG-induced blood and lymphatic vessels. These results implicate NRPs as critical in vivo regulators of the vascular and inflammatory responses to the intravesical administration of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Saban
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA.
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Myc-regulated microRNAs attenuate embryonic stem cell differentiation. EMBO J 2009; 28:3157-70. [PMID: 19745813 PMCID: PMC2744176 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc proteins are known to have an important function in stem cell maintenance. As Myc has been shown earlier to regulate microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in proliferation, we sought to determine whether c-Myc also affects embryonic stem (ES) cell maintenance and differentiation through miRNAs. Using a quantitative primer-extension PCR assay we identified miRNAs, including, miR-141, miR-200, and miR-429 whose expression is regulated by c-Myc in ES cells, but not in the differentiated and tumourigenic derivatives of ES cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicate that in ES cells c-Myc binds proximal to genomic regions encoding the induced miRNAs. We used expression profiling and seed homology to identify genes specifically downregulated both by these miRNAs and by c-Myc. We further show that the introduction of c-Myc-induced miRNAs into murine ES cells significantly attenuates the downregulation of pluripotency markers on induction of differentiation after withdrawal of the ES cell maintenance factor LIF. In contrast, knockdown of the endogenous miRNAs accelerate differentiation. Our data show that in ES cells c-Myc acts, in part, through a subset of miRNAs to attenuate differentiation.
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Sojka DK, Hughson A, Fowell DJ. CTLA-4 is required by CD4+CD25+ Treg to control CD4+ T-cell lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1544-51. [PMID: 19462377 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 is constitutively expressed by CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg but its precise role in Treg function is not clear. Although blockade of CTLA-4 interferes with Treg function, studies using CTLA-4-deficient Treg have failed to reveal an essential requirement for CTLA-4 in Treg suppression in vivo. Conditional deletion of CTLA-4 in Foxp3(+) T cells disrupts immune homeostasis in vivo but the immune processes disrupted by CTLA-4 deletion have not been determined. We demonstrate that Treg expression of CTLA-4 is essential for Treg control of lymphopenia-induced CD4 T-cell expansion. Despite IL-10 expression, CTLA-4-deficient Treg were unable to control the expansion of CD4(+) target cells in a lymphopenic environment. Moreover, unlike their WT counterparts, CTLA-4-deficient Treg failed to inhibit cytokine production associated with homeostatic expansion and were unable to prevent colitis. Thus, while Treg developing in the absence of CTLA-4 appear to acquire some compensatory suppressive mechanisms in vitro, we identify a non-redundant role for CTLA-4 in Treg function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy K Sojka
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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