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Mihalić A, Železnjak J, Lisnić B, Jonjić S, Juranić Lisnić V, Brizić I. Immune surveillance of cytomegalovirus in tissues. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:959-981. [PMID: 39134803 PMCID: PMC11364667 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a representative member of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of herpesviruses, is common in the human population, but immunocompetent individuals are generally asymptomatic when infected with this virus. However, in immunocompromised individuals and immunologically immature fetuses and newborns, CMV can cause a wide range of often long-lasting morbidities and even death. CMV is not only widespread throughout the population but it is also widespread in its hosts, infecting and establishing latency in nearly all tissues and organs. Thus, understanding the pathogenesis of and immune responses to this virus is a prerequisite for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Multiple arms of the immune system are engaged to contain the infection, and general concepts of immune control of CMV are now reasonably well understood. Nonetheless, in recent years, tissue-specific immune responses have emerged as an essential factor for resolving CMV infection. As tissues differ in biology and function, so do immune responses to CMV and pathological processes during infection. This review discusses state-of-the-art knowledge of the immune response to CMV infection in tissues, with particular emphasis on several well-studied and most commonly affected organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mihalić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Železnjak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Berislav Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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2
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Creisher PS, Klein SL. Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007323. [PMID: 38421182 PMCID: PMC11237665 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYViral infections during pregnancy are associated with significant adverse perinatal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy is a unique immunologic and physiologic state, which can influence control of virus replication, severity of disease, and vertical transmission. The placenta is the organ of the maternal-fetal interface and provides defense against microbial infection while supporting the semi-allogeneic fetus via tolerogenic immune responses. Some viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, and rubella virus, can breach these defenses, directly infecting the fetus and having long-lasting consequences. Even without direct placental infection, other viruses, including respiratory viruses like influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still cause placental damage and inflammation. Concentrations of progesterone and estrogens rise during pregnancy and contribute to immunological adaptations, placentation, and placental development and play a pivotal role in creating a tolerogenic environment at the maternal-fetal interface. Animal models, including mice, nonhuman primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, are instrumental for mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy and identification of targetable treatments to improve health outcomes of pregnant individuals and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Karner D, Kvestak D, Lisnic B, Cokaric Brdovcak M, Juranic Lisnic V, Kucan Brlic P, Hasan M, Lenac Rovis T. Comprehensive Analysis of Soluble Mediator Profiles in Congenital CMV Infection Using an MCMV Model. Viruses 2024; 16:208. [PMID: 38399983 PMCID: PMC10891658 DOI: 10.3390/v16020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may cause life-threatening disease and permanent damage to the central nervous system. The mouse model of CMV infection is most commonly used to study mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis. While essential to limit mouse CMV (MCMV) replication, the inflammatory responses, particularly IFNγ and TNFα, cause neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Other soluble mediators of the immune response in most tissues remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we quantified 48 soluble mediators of the immune response, including 32 cytokines, 10 chemokines, 3 growth factors/regulators, and 3 soluble receptors in the spleen, liver, lungs, and brain at 9 and 14 days postinfection (dpi). Our analysis found 25 induced molecules in the brain at 9 dpi, with an additional 8 showing statistically elevated responses at 14 dpi. Specifically, all analyzed CCL group cytokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, and CCL11) were upregulated at 14 dpi in the brain. Furthermore, data revealed differentially regulated analytes across tissues, such as CCL11, CXCL5, and IL-10 in the brain, IL-33/IL-33R in the liver, and VEGF-a and IL-5 in the lungs. Overall, this study provides an overview of the immune dynamics of soluble mediators in congenital CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dubravka Karner
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Daria Kvestak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Maja Cokaric Brdovcak
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Paola Kucan Brlic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
| | - Milena Hasan
- Cytometry and Biomarkers Unit of Technology and Service (CB TechS), Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (D.K.); (D.K.); (B.L.); (M.C.B.); (V.J.L.); (P.K.B.)
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Human Cytomegalovirus Induces Vitamin-D Resistance In Vitro by Dysregulating the Transcriptional Repressor Snail. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092004. [PMID: 36146811 PMCID: PMC9505537 DOI: 10.3390/v14092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin-D supplementation is considered to play a beneficial role against multiple viruses due to its immune-regulating and direct antimicrobial effects. In contrast, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has shown to be resistant to treatment with vitamin D in vitro by downregulation of the vitamin-D receptor. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism and possible biological consequences of vitamin-D resistance during HCMV infection. Mechanistically, HCMV induced vitamin-D resistance by downregulating the vitamin-D receptor (VDR) within hours of lytic infection. We found that the VDR was inhibited at the promoter level, and treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors could restore VDR expression. VDR downregulation highly correlated with the upregulation of the transcriptional repressor Snail1, a mechanism likely contributing to the epigenetic inactivation of the VDR promoter, since siRNA-mediated knockdown of Snail partly restored levels of VDR expression. Finally, we found that direct addition of the vitamin-D-inducible antimicrobial peptide LL-37 strongly and significantly reduced viral titers in infected fibroblasts, highlighting VDR biological relevance and the potential of vitamin-D-inducible peptides for the antiviral treatment of vitamin-D deficient patients.
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Wang C, Li J, Yang X, Wang Q, Zhong H, Liu Y, Yan W, He Y, Deng Z, Xiao J, Feng H. Black carp IKKε collaborates with IRF3 in the antiviral signaling. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:160-168. [PMID: 34500054 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is activated by IκB kinase ε (IKKε) and Tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which plays a crucial role in the interferon signaling in vertebrates. However, the regulation of teleost IRF3 by IKKε remains largely unknown. In this study, the IRF3 homologue (bcIRF3) of black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) has been cloned and characterized. The transcription of bcIRF3 was detected to increase in host cells in response to different stimuli. bcIRF3 distributed predominantly in the cytosolic area; however, translocated into nuclei after virus infection. bcIRF3 showed IFN-inducing ability in reporter assay and EPC cells expressing bcIRF3 showed enhanced antiviral ability against both grass carp reovirus (GCRV) and spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Moreover, knockdown of bcIRF3 reduced the antiviral ability of the host cells, and the transcription of antiviral-related cytokines was obviously lower in bcIRF3-deficient host cells than that of control cells. The data of reporter assay and plaque assay demonstrated that bcIKKε obviously enhanced bcIRF3-mediated IFN production and antiviral activity. Immunofluorescent staining and co-immunoprecipitation assay revealed that bcIKKε interacted with bcIRF3. It was interesting that the nuclear translocation of bcIRF3 and bcIKKε was enhanced by each other when these two molecules were co-expressed in the cells, however, the protein levels of bcIRF3 and bcIKKε were decreased mutually. Thus, our data support the conclusion that bcIKKε interacts with bcIRF3 and enhances bcIRF3-mediated antiviral signaling during host innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Study and Utilization of Ethnic Medicinal Plant Resources, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua, 418008, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Huijuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yankai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Weiyi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yunfan He
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Zhuoyi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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A Brief Analysis of Tissue-Resident NK Cells in Pregnancy and Endometrial Diseases: The Importance of Pharmacologic Modulation. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are lymphocytes involved in the innate and adaptative immune response. These cells are located in peripheral blood and tissues with ample functions, from immune vigilant to tolerogenic reactions. In the endometrium, NK cell populations vary depending on age, hormones, and inflammation. When pregnancy occurs, tissue-resident NK cells and conventional NK cells are recruited to protect the fetus, a tolerogenic response. On the contrary, in the inflamed endometrium, various inflammatory cells down-regulate NK tolerance and impair embryo implantation. Therefore, NK cells’ pharmacological modulation is difficult to achieve. Several strategies have been used, from progesterone, lipid emulsions to steroids; the success has not been as expected. However, new therapeutic approaches have been proposed to decrease the endometrial inflammatory burden and increase pregnancy success based on understanding NK cell physiology.
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