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Resting Metabolic Rate for Diagnosing Tae-Eum Sasang Type and Unraveling the Mechanism of Type-Specific Obesity. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040672. [PMID: 36832160 PMCID: PMC9955353 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased resting metabolic rate (RMR), representing augmented energy expenditure, is a preferred physical characteristic; however, the Tae-Eum Sasang type, with a high incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases, has a higher RMR. This study scrutinized the physical characteristics of Sasang typology, a traditional Korean personalized medicine, to resolve this discrepancy, which can unravel the mechanism of Tae-Eum-type-specific obesity and improve the Tae-Eum Sasang-type diagnosis. A total of 395 healthy participants provided Sasang-type diagnosis using Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool and physical features, including skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, and RMR, along with those standardized using body weight. The Tae-Eum-type group showed significantly higher body weight, body mass index, body fat mass, and unstandardized RMR (kcal/day) than others, while their standardized measures of RMR per weigh (RMRw, kcal/day/kg) and percent skeletal muscle (PSM, %) were significantly lower. The logistic regression model revealed that the RMRw is pivotal for discriminating Tae-Eum type from others and explaining the developmental mechanism of Tae-Eum-type obesity. The aforementioned might provide a theoretical framework for Sasang-type diagnosis and Sasang-type-specific health promotion using bodily exercise and medical herbs.
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Yi J, Ku B, Kim SG, Khil T, Lim Y, Shin M, Jeon S, Kim J, Kang B, Shin J, Kim K, Jeong AY, Park JH, Choi J, Cha W, Shin C, Shin W, Kim JU. Traditional Korean Medicine-Based Forest Therapy Programs Providing Electrophysiological Benefits for Elderly Individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4325. [PMID: 31698811 PMCID: PMC6888007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to develop forest therapy programs (FTPs) to prevent dementia and related health problems in the elderly population, with the assumption that health benefits are FTP-type specific and depend on the participant's psychophysiological traits. For this purpose, we developed two distinct FTPs, namely, a guided-breathing meditation program (BP) and a walking program (WP); we adopted the approach of Sasang constitutional (SC) medicine, which categorizes individuals into one of three SC types (SC1, SC2, or SC3) for medical care. The FTPs ran 11 sessions over 11 weeks. We recruited 29/31/28 participants who were 65 years of age or older for the BP/WP/control groups, respectively; obtained electrophysiological measurements via electroencephalogram (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), and bioimpedance; and analyzed the intervention effects with analysis of covariance. Compared with the control, the BP and WP resulted in benefits for neural activity and parasympathetic nervous activity (PNA), respectively, and both FTPs yielded distinct beneficial effects on bioimpedance. Constitution-specific effects were also present. The SC1- and SC2-type participants gained positive effects in neural activity from the BP and WP, respectively. The SC3-type participants showed improvements in PNA from the WP. In conclusion, for older individuals, both programs conferred health benefits that would help prevent dementia, and the benefits were program-specific and constitution-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyune Yi
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Boncho Ku
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Seul Gee Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Taegyu Khil
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Youngsuwn Lim
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Minja Shin
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Sookja Jeon
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Jingun Kim
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Byunghoon Kang
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Jongyeon Shin
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Kahye Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Ah Young Jeong
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | | | - Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong, Gyungnam 52151, Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong, Gyungnam 52151, Korea
| | - Changseob Shin
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Wonsop Shin
- Department of Forest Therapy, Graduate School of Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea; (J.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Jaeuk U. Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
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Pulmonary Function Difference in Sasang Constitutional Types. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:9074613. [PMID: 29853979 PMCID: PMC5954875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9074613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in pulmonary function among Sasang constitutional types in young adults. The Sasang Constitutional Analysis Tool (SCAT), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and cardiopulmonary exercise tests were conducted in 417 participants from 2009 to 2015. Subjects with the Tae-Eum (TE) type had significantly higher inspiratory capacity (IC) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) values than those with the So-Yang (SY) and So-Eum (SE) types (P < 0.0001). The TE and SY types showed higher forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) values than the SE type (P < 0.0001). An increase in IRV and a decrease in expiratory reserve volume (ERV) in TE type males remained even after adjusting for covariate factors. These results indicate that young adults with the TE type have weaker lung function than those with the other constitutional types, suggesting its innate physiological pulmonary features.
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